Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For the thermodynamics course in the Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering department
Thermodynamics: An Interactive Approach employs a layered approach that introduces the important concepts of mass, energy, and entropy early, and progressively refines them throughout the text. To create a rich learning experience for today’s thermodynamics student, this book melds traditional content with the web-based resources and learning tools of TEST: The Expert System for Thermodynamics (www.pearsonhighered.com/bhattacharjee)–an interactive platform that offers smart thermodynamic tables for property evaluation and analysis tools for mass, energy, entropy, and exergy analysis of open and closed systems.
MasteringEngineering not included. Students, if MasteringEngineering is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MasteringEngineering should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MasteringEngineering for Thermodynamics is a total learning package. This innovative online program emulates the instructor’s office—hour environment, guiding students through engineering concepts from Thermodynamics with self-paced individualized coaching.
Teaching and Learning Experience
To provide a better teaching and learning experience, for both instructors and students, this program will:
- Personalize Learning with Individualized Coaching: MasteringEngineering emulates the instructor’s office-hour environment using self-paced individualized coaching.
- Introduce Fundamental Theories Early: A layered approach introduces important concepts early, and progressively refines them in subsequent chapters to lay a foundation for true understanding.
- Engage Students with Interactive Content: To create a rich learning experience for today’s thermodynamics student, this book melds traditional content with web-based resources and learning tools.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 1 | ||
| Copyright Page | 2 | ||
| Table of Contents | 3 | ||
| Preface | 17 | ||
| Introduction Thermodynamic System and Its Interactions with the Surroundings | 23 | ||
| 0.1 Thermodynamic Systems | 23 | ||
| 0.2 Test and Animations | 25 | ||
| 0.3 Examples of Thermodynamic Systems | 25 | ||
| 0.4 Interactions Between the System and Its Surroundings | 27 | ||
| 0.5 Mass Interaction | 27 | ||
| 0.6 Test and the TESTcalcs | 29 | ||
| 0.7 Energy, Work, and Heat | 29 | ||
| 0.7.1 Heat and Heating Rate | 32 | ||
| 0.7.2 Work and Power | 34 | ||
| 0.8 Work Transfer Mechanisms | 35 | ||
| 0.8.1 Mechanical Work | 35 | ||
| 0.8.2 Shaft Work | 37 | ||
| 0.8.3 Electrical Work | 37 | ||
| 0.8.4 Boundary Work | 38 | ||
| 0.8.5 Flow Work | 40 | ||
| 0.8.6 Net Work Transfer | 41 | ||
| 0.8.7 Other Interactions | 43 | ||
| 0.9 Closure | 43 | ||
| Chapter 1 Description of a System: States and Properties | 56 | ||
| 1.1 Consequences of Interactions | 56 | ||
| 1.2 States | 56 | ||
| 1.3 Macroscopic vs. Microscopic Thermodynamics | 58 | ||
| 1.4 An Image Analogy | 59 | ||
| 1.5 Properties of State | 60 | ||
| 1.5.1 Property Evaluation by State TESTcalcs | 60 | ||
| 1.5.2 Properties Related to System Size | 62 | ||
| 1.5.3 Density and Specific Volume | 64 | ||
| 1.5.4 Velocity and Elevation | 65 | ||
| 1.5.5 Pressure | 65 | ||
| 1.5.6 Temperature | 69 | ||
| 1.5.7 Stored Energy | 71 | ||
| 1.5.8 Flow Energy and Enthalpy | 74 | ||
| 1.5.9 Entropy | 76 | ||
| 1.5.10 Exergy | 78 | ||
| 1.6 Property Classification | 79 | ||
| 1.7 Evaluation of Extended State | 80 | ||
| 1.8 Closure | 83 | ||
| Chapter 2 Development of Balance Equations for Mass, Energy, and Entropy: Application to Closed-Steady Systems | 91 | ||
| 2.1 Balance Equations | 91 | ||
| 2.1.1 Mass Balance Equation | 92 | ||
| 2.1.2 Energy Balance Equation | 94 | ||
| 2.1.3 Entropy Balance Equation | 99 | ||
| 2.1.4 Entropy and Reversibility | 102 | ||
| 2.2 Closed-Steady Systems | 107 | ||
| 2.3 Cycles—a Special Case of Closed-Steady Systems | 110 | ||
| 2.3.1 Heat Engine | 110 | ||
| 2.3.2 Refrigerator and Heat Pump | 113 | ||
| 2.3.3 The Carnot Cycle | 115 | ||
| 2.3.4 The Kelvin Temperature Scale | 119 | ||
| 2.4 Closure | 120 | ||
| Chapter 3 Evaluation of Properties: Material Models | 135 | ||
| 3.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and States | 135 | ||
| 3.1.1 Equilibrium and LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) | 135 | ||
| 3.1.2 The State Postulate | 136 | ||
| 3.1.3 Differential Thermodynamic Relations | 138 | ||
| 3.2 Material Models | 140 | ||
| 3.2.1 State TESTcalcs and TEST-Codes | 141 | ||
| 3.3 The SL (Solid/Liquid) Model | 141 | ||
| 3.3.1 SL Model Assumptions | 142 | ||
| 3.3.2 Equations of State | 142 | ||
| 3.3.3 Model Summary: SL Model | 143 | ||
| 3.4 The PC (Phase-Change) Model | 145 | ||
| 3.4.1 A New Pair of Properties—Qualities x and y | 146 | ||
| 3.4.2 Numerical Simulation | 147 | ||
| 3.4.3 Property Diagrams | 148 | ||
| 3.4.4 Extending the Diagrams: The Solid Phase | 150 | ||
| 3.4.5 Thermodynamic Property Tables | 151 | ||
| 3.4.6 Evaluation of Phase Composition | 153 | ||
| 3.4.7 Properties of Saturated Mixture | 155 | ||
| 3.4.8 Subcooled or Compressed Liquid | 158 | ||
| 3.4.9 Supercritical Vapor or Liquid | 160 | ||
| 3.4.10 Sublimation States | 160 | ||
| 3.4.11 Model Summary—PC Model | 160 | ||
| 3.5 GAS MODELS | 161 | ||
| 3.5.1 The IG (Ideal Gas) and PG (Perfect Gas) Models | 161 | ||
| 3.5.2 IG and PG Model Assumptions | 161 | ||
| 3.5.3 Equations of State | 162 | ||
| 3.5.4 Model Summary: PG and IG Models | 167 | ||
| 3.5.5 The RG (Real Gas) Model | 171 | ||
| 3.5.6 RG Model Assumptions | 172 | ||
| 3.5.7 Compressibility Charts | 173 | ||
| 3.5.8 Other Equations of State | 174 | ||
| 3.5.9 Model Summary: RG Model | 175 | ||
| 3.6 Mixture Models | 176 | ||
| 3.6.1 Vacuum | 176 | ||
| 3.7 Standard Reference State and Reference Values | 177 | ||
| 3.8 Selection of a Model | 177 | ||
| 3.9 Closure | 179 | ||
| Chapter 4 Mass, Energy, and Entropy Analysis of Open-Steady Systems | 191 | ||
| 4.1 Governing Equations and Device Efficiencies | 191 | ||
| 4.1.1 TEST and the Open-Steady TESTcalcs | 192 | ||
| 4.1.2 Energetic Efficiency | 193 | ||
| 4.1.3 Internally Reversible System | 194 | ||
| 4.1.4 Isentropic Efficiency | 196 | ||
| 4.2 Comprehensive Analysis | 197 | ||
| 4.2.1 Pipes, Ducts, or Tubes | 197 | ||
| 4.2.2 Nozzles and Diffusers | 200 | ||
| 4.2.3 Turbines | 205 | ||
| 4.2.4 Compressors, Fans, and Pumps | 209 | ||
| 4.2.5 Throttling Valves | 212 | ||
| 4.2.6 Heat Exchangers | 214 | ||
| 4.2.7 TEST and the Multi-Flow, Non-Mixing TESTcalcs | 214 | ||
| 4.2.8 Mixing Chambers and Separators | 216 | ||
| 4.2.9 TEST and the Multi-Flow, Mixing TESTcalcs | 216 | ||
| 4.3 Closure | 219 | ||
| Chapter 5 Mass, Energy, and Entropy Analysis of Unsteady Systems | 231 | ||
| 5.1 Unsteady Processes | 231 | ||
| 5.1.1 Closed Processes | 232 | ||
| 5.1.2 TEST and the Closed-Process TESTcalcs | 233 | ||
| 5.1.3 Energetic Efficiency and Reversibility | 233 | ||
| 5.1.4 Uniform Closed Processes | 236 | ||
| 5.1.5 Non-Uniform Systems | 248 | ||
| 5.1.6 TEST and the Non-Uniform Closed-Process TESTcalcs | 248 | ||
| 5.1.7 Open Processes | 252 | ||
| 5.1.8 TEST and Open-Process TESTcalcs | 254 | ||
| 5.2 Transient Analysis | 257 | ||
| 5.2.1 Closed-Transient Systems | 257 | ||
| 5.2.2 Isolated Systems | 258 | ||
| 5.2.3 Mechanical Systems | 259 | ||
| 5.2.4 Open-Transient Systems | 260 | ||
| 5.3 Differential Processes | 262 | ||
| 5.4 Thermodynamic Cycle as a Closed Process | 263 | ||
| 5.4.1 Origin of Internal Energy | 264 | ||
| 5.4.2 Clausius Inequality and Entropy | 264 | ||
| 5.5 Closure | 265 | ||
| Chapter 6 Exergy Balance Equation: Application to Steady and Unsteady Systems | 275 | ||
| 6.1 Exergy Balance Equation | 275 | ||
| 6.1.1 Exergy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility | 278 | ||
| 6.1.2 TESTcalcs for Exergy Analysis | 281 | ||
| 6.2 Closed-Steady Systems | 282 | ||
| 6.2.1 Exergy Analysis of Cycles | 283 | ||
| 6.3 Open-Steady Systems | 285 | ||
| 6.4 Closed Processes | 290 | ||
| 6.5 Open Processes | 293 | ||
| 6.6 Closure | 295 | ||
| Chapter 7 Reciprocating Closed Power Cycles | 302 | ||
| 7.1 The Closed Carnot Heat Engine | 302 | ||
| 7.1.1 Significance of the Carnot Engine | 304 | ||
| 7.2 IC Engine Terminology | 304 | ||
| 7.3 Air-Standard Cycles | 307 | ||
| 7.3.1 TEST and the Reciprocating Cycle TESTcalcs | 308 | ||
| 7.4 Otto Cycle | 308 | ||
| 7.4.1 Cycle Analysis | 309 | ||
| 7.4.2 Qualitative Performance Predictions | 310 | ||
| 7.4.3 Fuel Consideration | 310 | ||
| 7.5 Diesel Cycle | 313 | ||
| 7.5.1 Cycle Analysis | 314 | ||
| 7.5.2 Fuel Consideration | 315 | ||
| 7.6 Dual Cycle | 317 | ||
| 7.7 Atkinson and Miller Cycles | 318 | ||
| 7.8 Stirling Cycle | 319 | ||
| 7.9 Two-Stroke Cycle | 322 | ||
| 7.10 Fuels | 322 | ||
| 7.11 Closure | 323 | ||
| Chapter 8 Open Gas Power Cycle | 331 | ||
| 8.1 The Gas Turbine | 331 | ||
| 8.2 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle | 333 | ||
| 8.2.1 TEST and the Open Gas Power Cycle TESTcalcs | 335 | ||
| 8.2.2 Fuel Consideration | 335 | ||
| 8.2.3 Qualitative Performance Predictions | 336 | ||
| 8.2.4 Irreversibilities in an Actual Cycle | 339 | ||
| 8.2.5 Exergy Accounting of Brayton Cycle | 341 | ||
| 8.3 Gas Turbine with Regeneration | 343 | ||
| 8.4 Gas Turbine with Reheat | 344 | ||
| 8.5 Gas Turbine with Intercooling and Reheat | 346 | ||
| 8.6 Regenerative Gas Turbine with Reheat and Intercooling | 347 | ||
| 8.7 Gas Turbines For Jet Propulsion | 349 | ||
| 8.7.1 The Momentum Balance Equation | 349 | ||
| 8.7.2 Jet Engine Performance | 351 | ||
| 8.7.3 Air-Standard Cycle for Turbojet Analysis | 354 | ||
| 8.8 Other Forms of Jet Propulsion | 356 | ||
| 8.9 Closure | 356 | ||
| Chapter 9 Open Vapor Power Cycles | 367 | ||
| 9.1 The Steam Power Plant | 367 | ||
| 9.2 The Rankine Cycle | 368 | ||
| 9.2.1 Carbon Footprint | 370 | ||
| 9.2.2 TEST and the Open Vapor Power Cycle TESTcalcs | 370 | ||
| 9.2.3 Qualitative Performance Predictions | 372 | ||
| 9.2.4 Parametric Study of the Rankine Cycle | 374 | ||
| 9.2.5 Irreversibilities in an Actual Cycle | 375 | ||
| 9.2.6 Exergy Accounting of Rankine Cycle | 377 | ||
| 9.3 Modification of Rankine Cycle | 378 | ||
| 9.3.1 Reheat Rankine Cycle | 378 | ||
| 9.3.2 Regenerative Rankine Cycle | 380 | ||
| 9.4 Cogeneration | 385 | ||
| 9.5 Binary Vapor Cycle | 388 | ||
| 9.6 Combined Cycle | 389 | ||
| 9.7 Closure | 391 | ||
| Chapter 10 Refrigeration Cycles | 405 | ||
| 10.1 Refrigerators and Heat Pump | 405 | ||
| 10.2 Test and the Refrigeration Cycle TESTcalcs | 406 | ||
| 10.3 Vapor-Refrigeration Cycles | 406 | ||
| 10.3.1 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle | 407 | ||
| 10.3.2 Vapor Compression Cycle | 407 | ||
| 10.3.3 Analysis of an Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle | 408 | ||
| 10.3.4 Qualitative Performance Predictions | 409 | ||
| 10.3.5 Actual Vapor-Compression Cycle | 410 | ||
| 10.3.6 Components of a Vapor-Compression Plant | 413 | ||
| 10.3.7 Exergy Accounting of Vapor Compression Cycle | 413 | ||
| 10.3.8 Refrigerant Selection | 415 | ||
| 10.3.9 Cascade Refrigeration Systems | 416 | ||
| 10.3.10 Multistage Refrigeration with Flash Chamber | 418 | ||
| 10.4 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle | 419 | ||
| 10.5 Gas Refrigeration Cycles | 421 | ||
| 10.5.1 Reversed Brayton Cycle | 421 | ||
| 10.5.2 Linde-Hampson Cycle | 424 | ||
| 10.6 Heat Pump Systems | 425 | ||
| 10.7 Closure | 426 | ||
| Chapter 11 Evaluation of Properties: Thermodynamic Relations | 439 | ||
| 11.1 Thermodynamic Relations | 439 | ||
| 11.1.1 The Tds Relations | 439 | ||
| 11.1.2 Partial Differential Relations | 441 | ||
| 11.1.3 The Maxwell Relations | 443 | ||
| 11.1.4 The Clapeyron Equation | 446 | ||
| 11.1.5 The Clapeyron-Clausius Equation | 447 | ||
| 11.2 Evaluation of Properties | 448 | ||
| 11.2.1 Internal Energy | 448 | ||
| 11.2.2 Enthalpy | 450 | ||
| 11.2.3 Entropy | 451 | ||
| 11.2.4 Volume Expansivity and Compressibility | 452 | ||
| 11.2.5 Specific Heats | 452 | ||
| 11.2.6 Joule-Thompson Coefficient | 455 | ||
| 11.3 The Real Gas (RG) Model | 456 | ||
| 11.4 Mixture Models | 460 | ||
| 11.4.1 Mixture Composition | 460 | ||
| 11.4.2 Mixture TESTcalcs | 462 | ||
| 11.4.3 PG and IG Mixture Models | 464 | ||
| 11.4.4 Mass, Energy, and Entropy Equations for IG-Mixtures | 468 | ||
| 11.4.5 Real Gas Mixture Model | 472 | ||
| 11.5 Closure | 474 | ||
| Chapter 12 Psychrometry | 481 | ||
| 12.1 The Moist Air Model | 481 | ||
| 12.1.1 Model Assumptions | 481 | ||
| 12.1.2 Saturation Processes | 482 | ||
| 12.1.3 Absolute and Relative Humidity | 483 | ||
| 12.1.4 Dry- and Wet-Bulb Temperatures | 484 | ||
| 12.1.5 Moist Air (Ma ) TESTcalcs | 484 | ||
| 12.1.6 More Properties of Moist Air | 485 | ||
| 12.2 Mass and Energy Balance Equations | 488 | ||
| 12.2.1 Open-Steady Device | 488 | ||
| 12.2.2 Closed Process | 490 | ||
| 12.3 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperature | 491 | ||
| 12.4 Psychrometric Chart | 493 | ||
| 12.5 Air-Conditioning Processes | 495 | ||
| 12.5.1 Simple Heating or Cooling | 495 | ||
| 12.5.2 Heating with Humidification | 496 | ||
| 12.5.3 Cooling with Dehumidification | 498 | ||
| 12.5.4 Evaporative Cooling | 499 | ||
| 12.5.5 Adiabatic Mixing | 501 | ||
| 12.5.6 Wet Cooling Tower | 502 | ||
| 12.6 Closure | 505 | ||
| Chapter 13 Combustion | 511 | ||
| 13.1 Combustion Reaction | 511 | ||
| 13.1.1 Combustion TESTcalcs | 512 | ||
| 13.1.2 Fuels | 514 | ||
| 13.1.3 Air | 515 | ||
| 13.1.4 Combustion Products | 518 | ||
| 13.2 System Analysis | 520 | ||
| 13.3 Open-Steady Device | 520 | ||
| 13.3.1 Enthalpy of Formation | 522 | ||
| 13.3.2 Energy Analysis | 524 | ||
| 13.3.3 Entropy Analysis | 529 | ||
| 13.3.4 Exergy Analysis | 532 | ||
| 13.3.5 Isothermal Combustion—Fuel Cells | 537 | ||
| 13.3.6 Adiabatic Combustion—Power Plants | 538 | ||
| 13.4 Closed Process | 540 | ||
| 13.5 Combustion Efficiencies | 542 | ||
| 13.6 Closure | 544 | ||
| Chapter 14 Equilibrium | 551 | ||
| 14.1 Criteria for Equilibrium | 551 | ||
| 14.2 Equilibrium of Gas Mixtures | 556 | ||
| 14.3 Phase Equilibrium | 560 | ||
| 14.3.1 Osmotic Pressure and Desalination | 565 | ||
| 14.4 Chemical Equilibrium | 568 | ||
| 14.4.1 Equilibrium TESTcalcs | 571 | ||
| 14.4.2 Equilibrium Composition | 572 | ||
| 14.4.3 Significance of Equilibrium Constant | 576 | ||
| 14.5 Closure | 582 | ||
| Chapter 15 Gas Dynamics | 589 | ||
| 15.1 One-Dimensional Flow | 589 | ||
| 15.1.1 Static, Stagnation and Total Properties | 590 | ||
| 15.1.2 The Gas Dynamics TESTcalc | 591 | ||
| 15.2 Isentropic Flow of a Perfect Gas | 593 | ||
| 15.3 Mach Number | 594 | ||
| 15.4 Shape of an Isentropic Duct | 597 | ||
| 15.5 Isentropic Table for Perfect Gases | 599 | ||
| 15.6 Effect of Back Pressure: Converging Nozzle | 602 | ||
| 15.7 Effect of Back Pressure: Converging-Diverging Nozzle | 604 | ||
| 15.7.1 Normal Shock | 606 | ||
| 15.7.2 Normal Shock in a Nozzle | 609 | ||
| 15.8 Nozzle and Diffuser Coefficients | 612 | ||
| 15.9 Closure | 617 | ||
| Appendix A | 625 | ||
| Appendix B | 696 | ||
| Answers to Key Problems | 702 | ||
| Index | 706 | ||
| A | 706 | ||
| B | 706 | ||
| C | 706 | ||
| D | 707 | ||
| E | 708 | ||
| F | 709 | ||
| G | 709 | ||
| H | 710 | ||
| I | 710 | ||
| J | 711 | ||
| K | 711 | ||
| L | 711 | ||
| M | 711 | ||
| N | 712 | ||
| O | 712 | ||
| P | 713 | ||
| Q | 713 | ||
| R | 713 | ||
| S | 714 | ||
| T | 715 | ||
| U | 717 | ||
| V | 717 | ||
| W | 717 | ||
| Z | 718 |