BOOK
Hughes Electrical and Electronic Technology
Edward Hughes | John Hiley | Ian McKenzie-Smith | Keith Brown
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
All engineers need to understand the fundamental principles of electrical and electronic technology. This best-selling text provides a clear and accessible introduction to the area, with balanced coverage of electrical, electronic, and power engineering.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Short Contents | v | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Prefaces | xvii | ||
| Section 1 Electrical Principles | 1 | ||
| 1 International System of Measurement | 3 | ||
| 1.1 The International System | 4 | ||
| 1.2 SI derived units | 5 | ||
| 1.3 Unit of turning moment or torque | 6 | ||
| 1.4 Unit of work or energy | 7 | ||
| 1.5 Unit of power | 8 | ||
| 1.6 Efficiency | 9 | ||
| 1.7 Temperature | 10 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 10 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 11 | ||
| 2 Introduction to Electrical Systems | 12 | ||
| 2.1 Electricity and the engineer | 13 | ||
| 2.2 An electrical system | 13 | ||
| 2.3 Electric charge | 15 | ||
| 2.4 Movement of electrons | 15 | ||
| 2.5 Current flow in a circuit | 16 | ||
| 2.6 Electromotive force and potential difference | 16 | ||
| 2.7 Electrical units | 17 | ||
| 2.8 Ohm’s law | 20 | ||
| 2.9 Resistors | 22 | ||
| 2.10 Resistor coding | 23 | ||
| 2.11 Conductors and insulators | 25 | ||
| 2.12 The electric circuit in practice | 26 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 27 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 28 | ||
| 3 Simple DC Circuits | 30 | ||
| 3.1 Series circuits | 31 | ||
| 3.2 Parallel networks | 36 | ||
| 3.3 Series circuits versus parallel networks | 41 | ||
| 3.4 Kirchhoff’s laws | 42 | ||
| 3.5 Power and energy | 49 | ||
| 3.6 Resistivity | 52 | ||
| 3.7 Temperature coefficient of resistance | 54 | ||
| 3.8 Temperature rise | 56 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 57 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 58 | ||
| 4 Network Theorems | 61 | ||
| 4.1 New circuit analysis techniques | 62 | ||
| 4.2 Kirchhoff’s laws and network solution | 62 | ||
| 4.3 Mesh analysis | 70 | ||
| 4.4 Nodal analysis | 72 | ||
| 4.5 Superposition theorem | 75 | ||
| 4.6 Thévenin’s theorem | 77 | ||
| 4.7 The constant-current generator | 81 | ||
| 4.8 Norton’s theorem | 84 | ||
| 4.9 Delta–star transformation | 86 | ||
| 4.10 Star–delta transformation | 87 | ||
| 4.11 II and T networks | 88 | ||
| 4.12 Maximum power transfer | 92 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 93 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 93 | ||
| 5 Capacitance and Capacitors | 96 | ||
| 5.1 Capacitors | 97 | ||
| 5.2 Hydraulic analogy | 98 | ||
| 5.3 Charge and voltage | 99 | ||
| 5.4 Capacitance | 99 | ||
| 5.5 Capacitors in parallel | 100 | ||
| 5.6 Capacitors in series | 100 | ||
| 5.7 Distribution of voltage across capacitors in series | 101 | ||
| 5.8 Capacitance and the capacitor | 102 | ||
| 5.9 Electric fields | 103 | ||
| 5.10 Electric field strength and electric flux density | 103 | ||
| 5.11 Relative permittivity | 105 | ||
| 5.12 Capacitance of a multi-plate capacitor | 106 | ||
| 5.13 Composite-dielectric capacitors | 107 | ||
| 5.14 Charging and discharging currents | 110 | ||
| 5.15 Growth and decay | 111 | ||
| 5.16 Analysis of growth and decay | 113 | ||
| 5.17 Discharge of a capacitor through a resistor | 116 | ||
| 5.18 Transients in CR networks | 118 | ||
| 5.19 Energy stored in a charged capacitor | 123 | ||
| 5.20 Force of attraction between oppositely charged plates | 124 | ||
| 5.21 Dielectric strength | 125 | ||
| 5.22 Leakage and conduction currents in capacitors | 126 | ||
| 5.23 Displacement current in a dielectric | 127 | ||
| 5.24 Types of capacitor and capacitance | 127 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 130 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 131 | ||
| 6 Electromagnetism | 136 | ||
| 6.1 Magnetic field | 137 | ||
| 6.2 Direction of magnetic field | 137 | ||
| 6.3 Characteristics of lines of magnetic flux | 137 | ||
| 6.4 Magnetic field due to an electric current | 138 | ||
| 6.5 Magnetic field of a solenoid | 139 | ||
| 6.6 Force on a current-carrying conductor | 140 | ||
| 6.7 Force determination | 142 | ||
| 6.8 Electromagnetic induction | 144 | ||
| 6.9 Direction of induced e.m.f. | 144 | ||
| 6.10 Magnitude of the generated or induced e.m.f. | 145 | ||
| 6.11 Magnitude of e.m.f. induced in a coil | 147 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 149 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 149 | ||
| 7 Simple Magnetic Circuits | 151 | ||
| 7.1 Introduction to magnetic circuits | 152 | ||
| 7.2 Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength | 152 | ||
| 7.3 Permeability of free space or magnetic constant | 153 | ||
| 7.4 Relative permeability | 155 | ||
| 7.5 Reluctance | 157 | ||
| 7.6 ‘Ohm’s law for a magnetic circuit’ | 158 | ||
| 7.7 Determination of the B/H characteristic | 160 | ||
| 7.8 Comparison of electromagnetic and electrostatic terms | 162 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 163 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 163 | ||
| 8 Inductance in a DC Circuit | 166 | ||
| 8.1 Inductive and non-inductive circuits | 167 | ||
| 8.2 Unit of inductance | 168 | ||
| 8.3 Inductance in terms of flux-linkages per ampere | 170 | ||
| 8.4 Factors determining the inductance of a coil | 173 | ||
| 8.5 Ferromagnetic-cored inductor in a d.c. circuit | 175 | ||
| 8.6 Growth in an inductive circuit | 176 | ||
| 8.7 Analysis of growth | 179 | ||
| 8.8 Analysis of decay | 181 | ||
| 8.9 Transients in LR networks | 183 | ||
| 8.10 Energy stored in an inductor | 186 | ||
| 8.11 Mutual inductance | 189 | ||
| 8.12 Coupling coefficient | 192 | ||
| 8.13 Coils connected in series | 193 | ||
| 8.14 Types of inductor and inductance | 195 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 196 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 197 | ||
| 9 Alternating Voltage and Current | 201 | ||
| 9.1 Alternating systems | 202 | ||
| 9.2 Generation of an alternating e.m.f. | 202 | ||
| 9.3 Waveform terms and definitions | 206 | ||
| 9.4 Relationship between frequency, speed and number of pole pairs | 208 | ||
| 9.5 Average and r.m.s. values of an alternating current | 208 | ||
| 9.6 Average and r.m.s. values of sinusoidal currents and voltages | 210 | ||
| 9.7 Average and r.m.s. values of non-sinusoidal currents and voltages | 215 | ||
| 9.8 Representation of an alternating quantity by a phasor | 216 | ||
| 9.9 Addition and subtraction of sinusoidal alternating quantities | 218 | ||
| 9.10 Phasor diagrams drawn with r.m.s. values instead of maximum values | 220 | ||
| 9.11 Alternating system frequencies in practice | 221 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 222 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 222 | ||
| 10 Single-phase Series Circuits | 226 | ||
| 10.1 Basic a.c. circuits | 227 | ||
| 10.2 Alternating current in a resistive circuit | 227 | ||
| 10.3 Alternating current in an inductive circuit | 228 | ||
| 10.4 Current and voltage in an inductive circuit | 230 | ||
| 10.5 Mechanical analogy of an inductive circuit | 232 | ||
| 10.6 Resistance and inductance in series | 233 | ||
| 10.7 Alternating current in a capacitive circuit | 236 | ||
| 10.8 Current and voltage in a capacitive circuit | 237 | ||
| 10.9 Analogies of a capacitance in an a.c. circuit | 238 | ||
| 10.10 Resistance and capacitance in series | 238 | ||
| 10.11 Alternating current in an RLC circuit | 240 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 244 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 245 | ||
| 11 Single-phase Parallel Networks | 247 | ||
| 11.1 Basic a.c. parallel circuits | 248 | ||
| 11.2 Simple parallel circuits | 248 | ||
| 11.3 Parallel impedance circuits | 252 | ||
| 11.4 Polar impedances | 256 | ||
| 11.5 Polar admittances | 259 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 261 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 261 | ||
| 12 Complex Notation | 263 | ||
| 12.1 The j operator | 264 | ||
| 12.2 Addition and subtraction of phasors | 265 | ||
| 12.3 Voltage, current and impedance | 266 | ||
| 12.4 Admittance, conductance and susceptance | 269 | ||
| 12.5 RL series circuit admittance | 270 | ||
| 12.6 RC series circuit admittance | 270 | ||
| 12.7 Parallel admittance | 271 | ||
| 12.8 Calculation of power using complex notation | 275 | ||
| 12.9 Power and voltamperes | 276 | ||
| 12.10 Complex power | 277 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 281 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 282 | ||
| 13 Power in AC Circuits | 285 | ||
| 13.1 The impossible power | 286 | ||
| 13.2 Power in a resistive circuit | 286 | ||
| 13.3 Power in a purely inductive circuit | 287 | ||
| 13.4 Power in a purely capacitive circuit | 289 | ||
| 13.5 Power in a circuit with resistance and reactance | 290 | ||
| 13.6 Power factor | 292 | ||
| 13.7 Active and reactive currents | 294 | ||
| 13.8 The practical importance of power factor | 296 | ||
| 13.9 Power factor improvement or correction | 297 | ||
| 13.10 Parallel loads | 298 | ||
| 13.11 Measurement of power in a single-phase circuit | 300 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 300 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 301 | ||
| 14 Resonance in AC Circuits | 302 | ||
| 14.1 Introduction | 303 | ||
| 14.2 Frequency variation in a series RLC circuit | 303 | ||
| 14.3 The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit | 306 | ||
| 14.4 The current in a series RLC circuit | 306 | ||
| 14.5 Voltages in a series RLC circuit | 306 | ||
| 14.6 Quality factor Q | 307 | ||
| 14.7 Oscillation of energy at resonance | 309 | ||
| 14.8 Mechanical analogy of a resonant circuit | 310 | ||
| 14.9 Series resonance using complex notation | 310 | ||
| 14.10 Bandwidth | 311 | ||
| 14.11 Selectivity | 313 | ||
| 14.12 Parallel resonance | 316 | ||
| 14.13 Current magnification | 317 | ||
| 14.14 Parallel and series equivalents | 318 | ||
| 14.15 The two-branch parallel resonant circuit | 319 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 322 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 322 | ||
| 15 Network Theorems Applied to AC Networks | 325 | ||
| 15.1 One stage further | 326 | ||
| 15.2 Kirchhoff’s laws and network solution | 326 | ||
| 15.3 Nodal analysis (Node Voltage method) | 333 | ||
| 15.4 Superposition theorem | 333 | ||
| 15.5 Thévenin’s theorem | 335 | ||
| 15.6 Norton’s theorem | 340 | ||
| 15.7 Star–delta transformation | 344 | ||
| 15.8 Delta–star transformation | 345 | ||
| 15.9 Maximum power transfer | 347 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 348 | ||
| Section 2 Electronic Engineering | 353 | ||
| 16 Electronic Systems | 355 | ||
| 16.1 Introduction to systems | 356 | ||
| 16.2 Electronic systems | 357 | ||
| 16.3 Basic amplifiers | 357 | ||
| 16.4 Basic attenuators | 360 | ||
| 16.5 Block diagrams | 360 | ||
| 16.6 Layout of block diagrams | 361 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 361 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 361 | ||
| 17 Passive Filters | 362 | ||
| 17.1 Introduction | 363 | ||
| 17.2 Types of filter | 363 | ||
| 17.3 Frequency response | 365 | ||
| 17.4 Logarithms | 365 | ||
| 17.5 Log scales | 368 | ||
| 17.6 The decibel (dB) | 369 | ||
| 17.7 The low-pass or lag circuit | 372 | ||
| 17.8 The high-pass or lead circuit | 376 | ||
| 17.9 Passband (or bandpass) filter | 379 | ||
| 17.10 Stopband (or bandstop) filters | 382 | ||
| 17.11 Bode plots | 382 | ||
| 17.12 2-port Networks | 388 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 396 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 397 | ||
| 18 Amplifier Equivalent Networks | 399 | ||
| 18.1 Amplifier constant-voltage equivalent networks | 400 | ||
| 18.2 Amplifier constant-current equivalent networks | 402 | ||
| 18.3 Logarithmic units | 404 | ||
| 18.4 Frequency response | 407 | ||
| 18.5 Feedback | 409 | ||
| 18.6 Effect of feedback on input and output resistances | 413 | ||
| 18.7 Effect of feedback on bandwidth | 415 | ||
| 18.8 Distortion | 415 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 416 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 416 | ||
| 19 Semiconductor Materials | 419 | ||
| 19.1 Introduction | 420 | ||
| 19.2 Atomic structure | 420 | ||
| 19.3 Covalent bonds | 421 | ||
| 19.4 An n-type semiconductor | 423 | ||
| 19.5 A p-type semiconductor | 424 | ||
| 19.6 Junction diode | 425 | ||
| 19.7 Construction and static characteristics of a junction diode | 428 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 430 | ||
| 20 Rectifiers and Amplifier Circuits | 431 | ||
| 20.1 Rectifier circuits | 432 | ||
| 20.2 Half-wave rectifier | 432 | ||
| 20.3 Full-wave rectifier network | 435 | ||
| 20.4 Bridge rectifier network | 437 | ||
| 20.5 Smoothing | 439 | ||
| 20.6 Zener diode | 442 | ||
| 20.7 Bipolar junction transistor | 442 | ||
| 20.8 Construction of bipolar transistor | 444 | ||
| 20.9 Common-base and common-emitter circuits | 444 | ||
| 20.10 Static characteristics for a common-base circuit | 445 | ||
| 20.11 Static characteristics for a common-emitter circuit | 446 | ||
| 20.12 Relationship between a and b | 447 | ||
| 20.13 Load line for a transistor | 448 | ||
| 20.14 Transistor as an amplifier | 449 | ||
| 20.15 Circuit component selection | 456 | ||
| 20.16 Equivalent circuits of a transistor | 457 | ||
| 20.17 Hybrid parameters | 461 | ||
| 20.18 Limitations to the bipolar junction transistor | 462 | ||
| 20.19 Stabilizing voltages supplies | 463 | ||
| 20.20 Transistor as a switch | 467 | ||
| 20.21 Field effect transistor (FET) | 467 | ||
| 20.22 JUGFET | 467 | ||
| 20.23 IGFET | 470 | ||
| 20.24 Static characteristics of a FET | 472 | ||
| 20.25 Equivalent circuit of a FET | 472 | ||
| 20.26 The FET as a switch | 473 | ||
| 20.27 Cascaded amplifiers | 474 | ||
| 20.28 Integrated circuits | 479 | ||
| 20.29 Operational amplifiers | 480 | ||
| 20.30 The inverting operational amplifier | 481 | ||
| 20.31 The summing amplifier | 483 | ||
| 20.32 The non-inverting amplifier | 484 | ||
| 20.33 Differential amplifiers | 485 | ||
| 20.34 Common-mode rejection ratio | 487 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 487 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 489 | ||
| 21 Interfacing Digital and Analogue Systems | 498 | ||
| 21.1 The need for conversion | 499 | ||
| 21.2 Digital-to-analogue conversion | 499 | ||
| 21.3 D/A converter hardware | 502 | ||
| 21.4 D/A converters in practice | 504 | ||
| 21.5 R/2R ladder D/A converter | 506 | ||
| 21.6 Analogue-to-digital conversion | 507 | ||
| 21.7 Simple comparator | 509 | ||
| 21.8 A/D converters | 510 | ||
| 21.9 Converters in action | 512 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 513 | ||
| 22 Digital Numbers | 516 | ||
| 22.1 Introduction | 517 | ||
| 22.2 Binary numbers | 517 | ||
| 22.3 Decimal to binary conversion | 518 | ||
| 22.4 Binary addition | 519 | ||
| 22.5 Binary subtraction | 520 | ||
| 22.6 Binary multiplication | 520 | ||
| 22.7 Binary division | 521 | ||
| 22.8 Negative binary numbers | 523 | ||
| 22.9 Signed binary addition | 524 | ||
| 22.10 Signed binary subtraction | 525 | ||
| 22.11 Signed binary multiplication | 526 | ||
| 22.12 Signed binary division | 527 | ||
| 22.13 The octal system | 528 | ||
| 22.14 Hexadecimal numbers | 529 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 530 | ||
| 23 Digital Systems | 531 | ||
| 23.1 Introduction to logic | 532 | ||
| 23.2 Basic logic statements or functions | 532 | ||
| 23.3 The OR function | 532 | ||
| 23.4 The AND function | 533 | ||
| 23.5 The EXCLUSIVE-OR function | 533 | ||
| 23.6 The NOT function | 534 | ||
| 23.7 Logic gates | 534 | ||
| 23.8 The NOR function | 535 | ||
| 23.9 The NAND function | 535 | ||
| 23.10 Logic networks | 536 | ||
| 23.11 Combinational logic | 537 | ||
| 23.12 Gate standardization | 540 | ||
| 23.13 Karnaugh maps for simplifying combinational logic | 543 | ||
| 23.14 Timing diagrams | 550 | ||
| 23.15 Combinational and sequential logic circuits | 551 | ||
| 23.16 Synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits | 551 | ||
| 23.17 Basic storage elements | 552 | ||
| 23.18 Integrated circuit logic gates | 560 | ||
| 23.19 Programmable logic and hardware description languages | 561 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 565 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 565 | ||
| 24 Signals | 569 | ||
| 24.1 Classification of signals | 570 | ||
| 24.2 Representation of a signal by a continuum of impulses | 576 | ||
| 24.3 Impulse response | 578 | ||
| 24.4 Convolution sum for discrete-time systems | 578 | ||
| 24.5 Convolution integral for continuous-time systems | 581 | ||
| 24.6 Deconvolution | 582 | ||
| 24.7 Relation between impulse response and unit step response | 583 | ||
| 24.8 Step and impulse responses of discrete-time systems | 584 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 585 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 586 | ||
| 25 Data Transmission and Signals | 588 | ||
| 25.1 Transmission of information | 589 | ||
| 25.2 Analogue signals | 589 | ||
| 25.3 Digital signals | 590 | ||
| 25.4 Bandwidth | 592 | ||
| 25.5 Modulation | 593 | ||
| 25.6 Filters | 595 | ||
| 25.7 Demodulation | 596 | ||
| 25.8 Amplifying signals | 597 | ||
| 25.9 Digital or analogue? | 598 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 599 | ||
| 26 Communications | 600 | ||
| 26.1 Basic concepts | 601 | ||
| 26.2 Information theory for source coding | 603 | ||
| 26.3 Data communication systems | 605 | ||
| 26.4 Coding for efficient transmission | 606 | ||
| 26.5 Source coding | 609 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 611 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 611 | ||
| 27 Fibreoptics | 613 | ||
| 27.1 Introduction | 614 | ||
| 27.2 Fibre loss | 614 | ||
| 27.3 Refraction | 615 | ||
| 27.4 Light acceptance | 617 | ||
| 27.5 Attenuation | 618 | ||
| 27.6 Bandwidth | 618 | ||
| 27.7 Modulation | 619 | ||
| 27.8 Optical fibre systems | 620 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 621 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 622 | ||
| Section 3 Power Engineering | 623 | ||
| 28 Multiphase Systems | 625 | ||
| 28.1 Disadvantages of the single-phase system | 626 | ||
| 28.2 Generation of three-phase e.m.f.s | 626 | ||
| 28.3 Delta connection of three-phase windings | 627 | ||
| 28.4 Star connection of three-phase windings | 628 | ||
| 28.5 Voltages and currents in a star-connected system | 631 | ||
| 28.6 Voltages and currents in a delta-connected system | 632 | ||
| 28.7 Power in a three-phase system with a balanced load | 635 | ||
| 28.8 Measurement of active power in a three-phase, three-wire system | 636 | ||
| 28.9 Power factor measurement by means of two wattmeters | 638 | ||
| 28.10 Two-phase systems | 641 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 642 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 643 | ||
| 29 Transformers | 646 | ||
| 29.1 Introduction | 647 | ||
| 29.2 Core factors | 647 | ||
| 29.3 Principle of action of a transformer | 648 | ||
| 29.4 EMF equation of a transformer | 649 | ||
| 29.5 Phasor diagram for a transformer on no load | 651 | ||
| 29.6 Phasor diagram for an ideal loaded transformer | 653 | ||
| 29.7 Useful and leakage fluxes in a transformer | 655 | ||
| 29.8 Leakage flux responsible for the inductive reactance of a transformer | 657 | ||
| 29.9 Methods of reducing leakage flux | 657 | ||
| 29.10 Equivalent circuit of a transformer | 658 | ||
| 29.11 Phasor diagram for a transformer on load | 659 | ||
| 29.12 Approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer | 660 | ||
| 29.13 Simplification of the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer | 661 | ||
| 29.14 Voltage regulation of a transformer | 662 | ||
| 29.15 Efficiency of a transformer | 666 | ||
| 29.16 Condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer | 667 | ||
| 29.17 Open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a transformer | 669 | ||
| 29.18 Calculation of efficiency from the open-circuit and short-circuit tests | 670 | ||
| 29.19 Calculation of the voltage regulation from the short-circuit test | 670 | ||
| 29.20 Three-phase core-type transformers | 672 | ||
| 29.21 Auto-transformers | 672 | ||
| 29.22 Current transformers | 673 | ||
| 29.23 Waveform of the magnetizing current of a transformer | 674 | ||
| 29.24 Air-cored transformer | 675 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 676 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 676 | ||
| 30 Introduction to Machine Theory | 680 | ||
| 30.1 The role of the electrical machine | 681 | ||
| 30.2 Conversion process in a machine | 681 | ||
| 30.3 Methods of analysis of machine performance | 683 | ||
| 30.4 Magnetic field energy | 684 | ||
| 30.5 Simple analysis of force of alignment | 685 | ||
| 30.6 Energy balance | 686 | ||
| 30.7 Division of converted energy and power | 689 | ||
| 30.8 Force of alignment between parallel magnetized surfaces | 690 | ||
| 30.9 Rotary motion | 693 | ||
| 30.10 Reluctance motor | 694 | ||
| 30.11 Doubly excited rotating machines | 696 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 698 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 698 | ||
| 31 AC Synchronous Machine Windings | 702 | ||
| 31.1 General arrangement of synchronous machines | 703 | ||
| 31.2 Types of rotor construction | 703 | ||
| 31.3 Stator windings | 705 | ||
| 31.4 Expression for the e.m.f. of a stator winding | 708 | ||
| 31.5 Production of rotating magnetic flux by three-phase currents | 708 | ||
| 31.6 Analysis of the resultant flux due to three-phase currents | 710 | ||
| 31.7 Reversal of direction of rotation of the magnetic flux | 712 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 713 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 713 | ||
| 32 Characteristics of AC Synchronous Machines | 715 | ||
| 32.1 Armature reaction in a three-phase synchronous generator | 716 | ||
| 32.2 Voltage regulation of a synchronous generator | 717 | ||
| 32.3 Synchronous impedance | 718 | ||
| 32.4 Parallel operation of synchronous generators | 721 | ||
| 32.5 Three-phase synchronous motor: principle of action | 723 | ||
| 32.6 Advantages and disadvantages of the synchronous motor | 723 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 724 | ||
| 33 Induction Motors | 726 | ||
| 33.1 Principle of action | 727 | ||
| 33.2 Frequency of rotor e.m.f. and current | 728 | ||
| 33.3 The equivalent circuit of the three-phase induction motor | 729 | ||
| 33.4 Mechanical power and torque | 735 | ||
| 33.5 The torque/speed curve and effect of rotor resistance | 739 | ||
| 33.6 Experimental tests to obtain motor equivalent circuit parameters | 741 | ||
| 33.7 Starting torque | 746 | ||
| 33.8 Starting of a three-phase induction motor fitted with a cage rotor | 747 | ||
| 33.9 Comparison of cage and slip-ring rotors | 748 | ||
| 33.10 Braking | 748 | ||
| 33.11 Single-phase induction motors | 749 | ||
| 33.12 Capacitor-run induction motors | 751 | ||
| 33.13 Split-phase motors | 752 | ||
| 33.14 Shaded-pole motors | 752 | ||
| 33.15 Variable speed operation of induction motors | 753 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 754 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 754 | ||
| 34 Electrical Energy Systems | 757 | ||
| 34.1 Energy units | 758 | ||
| 34.2 Forms of energy | 758 | ||
| 34.3 Energy conversion and quality of energy | 759 | ||
| 34.4 Demand for electricity and the National Grid | 762 | ||
| 34.5 Generating plant | 766 | ||
| 34.6 Nuclear power | 772 | ||
| 34.7 Renewable energy | 773 | ||
| 34.8 Distributed/Embedded generation | 797 | ||
| 34.9 Demand management | 798 | ||
| 34.10 The cost of generating electricity | 802 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 803 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 804 | ||
| 35 Power Systems | 806 | ||
| 35.1 System representation | 807 | ||
| 35.2 Power system analysis | 808 | ||
| 35.3 Voltage-drop calculations | 809 | ||
| 35.4 The medium-length line | 812 | ||
| 35.5 The per-unit method | 817 | ||
| 35.6 Per-unit impedance | 818 | ||
| 35.7 Base power – SB or MV AB | 819 | ||
| 35.8 Faults in a power system | 823 | ||
| 35.9 Representation of a grid connection | 826 | ||
| 35.10 Transmission Line effects | 827 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 835 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 836 | ||
| 36 Direct-current Machines | 840 | ||
| 36.1 General arrangement of a d.c. machine | 841 | ||
| 36.2 Double-layer drum windings | 842 | ||
| 36.3 Calculation of e.m.f. generated in an armature winding | 845 | ||
| 36.4 Armature reaction | 846 | ||
| 36.5 Armature reaction in a d.c. motor | 849 | ||
| 36.6 Commutation | 850 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 852 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 852 | ||
| 37 Direct-current Motors | 854 | ||
| 37.1 Armature and field connections | 855 | ||
| 37.2 A d.c. machine as generator or motor | 855 | ||
| 37.3 Speed of a motor | 857 | ||
| 37.4 Torque of an electric motor | 858 | ||
| 37.5 Speed characteristics of electric motors | 860 | ||
| 37.6 Torque characteristics of electric motors | 861 | ||
| 37.7 Speed control of d.c. motors | 862 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 868 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 868 | ||
| 38 Control System Motors | 871 | ||
| 38.1 Review | 872 | ||
| 38.2 Motors for regulators | 872 | ||
| 38.3 RPC system requirements | 873 | ||
| 38.4 Geneva cam | 874 | ||
| 38.5 The stepping (or stepper) motor | 874 | ||
| 38.6 The variable-reluctance motor | 875 | ||
| 38.7 The hybrid stepping motor | 876 | ||
| 38.8 Drive circuits | 878 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 879 | ||
| 39 Motor Selection and Efficiency | 880 | ||
| 39.1 Selecting a motor | 881 | ||
| 39.2 Speed | 881 | ||
| 39.3 Power rating and duty cycles | 882 | ||
| 39.4 Load torques | 883 | ||
| 39.5 The motor and its environment | 884 | ||
| 39.6 Machine efficiency | 885 | ||
| 39.7 Hysteresis | 886 | ||
| 39.8 Current-ring theory of magnetism | 886 | ||
| 39.9 Hysteresis loss | 888 | ||
| 39.10 Losses in motors and generators | 891 | ||
| 39.11 Efficiency of a d.c. motor | 893 | ||
| 39.12 Approximate condition for maximum efficiency | 894 | ||
| 39.13 Determination of efficiency | 894 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 897 | ||
| 40 Power Electronics | 899 | ||
| 40.1 Introductory | 900 | ||
| 40.2 Thyristor | 900 | ||
| 40.3 Some thyristor circuits | 902 | ||
| 40.4 Limitations to thyristor operation | 904 | ||
| 40.5 The thyristor in practice | 904 | ||
| 40.6 The fully controlled a.c./d.c. converter | 904 | ||
| 40.7 AC/DC inversion | 905 | ||
| 40.8 Switching devices in inverters | 908 | ||
| 40.9 Three-phase rectifier networks | 909 | ||
| 40.10 The three-phase fully controlled converter | 911 | ||
| 40.11 Inverter-fed induction motors | 911 | ||
| 40.12 Soft-starting induction motors | 912 | ||
| 40.13 DC to DC conversion switched-mode power supplies | 913 | ||
| Summary of important formulae | 915 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 916 | ||
| Section 4 Measurements, Sensing and Actuation | 917 | ||
| 41 Control Systems, Sensors and Actuators | 919 | ||
| 41.1 Introduction | 920 | ||
| 41.2 Open-loop and closed-loop systems | 921 | ||
| 41.3 Damping | 922 | ||
| 41.4 Components of a control system | 924 | ||
| 41.5 Transfer function | 925 | ||
| 41.6 Regulators and servomechanisms | 926 | ||
| 41.7 Types of control | 928 | ||
| 41.8 Sensors | 929 | ||
| 41.9 Actuators | 932 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 933 | ||
| 42 Electronic Measuring Instruments and Devices | 935 | ||
| 42.1 Introduction to analogue and electronic instruments | 936 | ||
| 42.2 Digital electronic voltmeters | 937 | ||
| 42.3 Digital electronic ammeters and wattmeters | 939 | ||
| 42.4 Graphical display devices | 939 | ||
| 42.5 The vacuum diode | 940 | ||
| 42.6 The vacuum triode | 941 | ||
| 42.7 Modern applications of vacuum-tube technology | 942 | ||
| 42.8 Cathode-ray tube | 947 | ||
| 42.9 Deflecting systems of a cathode-ray tube | 948 | ||
| 42.10 Cathode-ray oscilloscope | 948 | ||
| 42.11 Digital oscilloscope | 950 | ||
| 42.12 Use of the oscilloscope in waveform measurement | 951 | ||
| 42.13 Oscilloscope connection | 952 | ||
| Terms and concepts | 955 | ||
| Appendix: Symbols, Abbreviations, Definitions and Diagrammatic Symbols | 957 | ||
| Answers to Exercises | 962 | ||
| Index | 972 |