BOOK
Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context, Global Edition
Paul L Knox | Sallie A Marston
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For courses in Human Geography.
A distinctly modern look at human geography
Described as “fresh, innovative, and intelligent,” Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context is acclaimed for its global approach, conceptual rigor, engaging real-world applications, and outstanding visual program. Knox and Marston foster awareness of current issues and developing trends from a geographic perspective, and provide a solid foundation in the fundamentals of human geography.
The authors integrate compelling local, regional, and global viewpoints to give meaning to people and places. By providing access to the latest ideas, concepts, and theories, the text deepens students’ understanding of the interdependence of places and regions in a globalizing world. The Seventh Edition extends Knox/Marston’s modern approach, integrating new technology as well as new visual and thematic features relevant to human geography today.
MasteringGeography™ not included. Students, if MasteringGeography is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. MasteringGeography should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information.
MasteringGeography is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product designed to personalize learning and improve results. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title Page | 11 | ||
| Copyright Page | 12 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 23 | ||
| Contents | 14 | ||
| Book & MasteringGeography™ Walkthrough | 1 | ||
| Preface | 21 | ||
| About the Authors | 25 | ||
| Digital & Print Resources | 26 | ||
| 1 Geography Matters | 29 | ||
| Why Geography Matters | 30 | ||
| Why Places Matter | 30 | ||
| The Influence of Places | 30 | ||
| The Meaning of Places | 31 | ||
| Studying Human Geography | 32 | ||
| Geographical Relationships | 33 | ||
| The Basic Tools and Methods of Human Geographers | 33 | ||
| 1.1 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS Why Geography Matters | 34 | ||
| 1.2 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Maps | 36 | ||
| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | 38 | ||
| Spatial Analysis | 39 | ||
| Location | 39 | ||
| 1.3 WINDOW ON THE WORLD Greenwich, England | 40 | ||
| Distance | 41 | ||
| Space | 43 | ||
| Accessibility | 43 | ||
| 1.4 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Assessing Spatial Inequality | 44 | ||
| Spatial Interaction | 45 | ||
| Regional Analysis | 47 | ||
| Regionalization | 47 | ||
| Landscape | 48 | ||
| Sense of Place | 48 | ||
| Developing a Geographical Imagination | 51 | ||
| Future Geographies | 52 | ||
| Conclusion | 53 | ||
| Key Terms | 54 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 54 | ||
| Unplugged | 54 | ||
| Data Analysis | 55 | ||
| 2 The Changing Global Context | 57 | ||
| The Premodern World | 58 | ||
| Hearth Areas | 58 | ||
| The Growth of Early Empires | 59 | ||
| The Geography of the Premodern World | 61 | ||
| An Interdependent World Geography | 63 | ||
| 2.1 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS The Expansion and Disintegration of States | 64 | ||
| Core and Periphery in the New World-System | 68 | ||
| Organizing the Periphery | 71 | ||
| The Struggle for Independence | 75 | ||
| Contemporary Globalization | 76 | ||
| Key Issues in a Globalizing World | 77 | ||
| 2.2 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Commodity Chains | 78 | ||
| 2.3 WINDOW ON THE WORLD America’s Drowning Atlantic Seaboard | 82 | ||
| 2.4 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Core-Periphery Disparity | 84 | ||
| Westernization and Cultural Imperialism | 85 | ||
| Future Geographies | 86 | ||
| Conclusion | 87 | ||
| Key Terms | 88 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 88 | ||
| Unplugged | 89 | ||
| Data Analysis | 89 | ||
| 3 Geographies of Population and Migration | 91 | ||
| The Demographer’s Toolbox | 92 | ||
| Censuses and Vital Records | 92 | ||
| Limitations of the Census | 93 | ||
| Population Distribution and Composition | 93 | ||
| Population Distribution | 93 | ||
| Population Density | 95 | ||
| Population Composition | 95 | ||
| 3.1 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Population Segregation in the United States | 97 | ||
| Age-Sex Pyramids | 98 | ||
| Population Cohorts | 98 | ||
| The Effect of Population Cohorts | 100 | ||
| 3.2 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Education Abroad | 102 | ||
| Population Dynamics and Processes | 104 | ||
| Birth (or Fertility) Rates | 104 | ||
| Total Fertility Rate | 104 | ||
| Death (or Mortality) Rates | 104 | ||
| Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy | 105 | ||
| Medical and Health Geographies | 107 | ||
| 3.3 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS The Global and the Local in Health and Disease | 108 | ||
| Demographic Transition Theory | 111 | ||
| The Demographic Trap | 111 | ||
| Education, Women, and Demographic Transformation | 112 | ||
| Population Movement and Migration | 112 | ||
| Mobility and Migration | 112 | ||
| Documenting and Explaining Migration | 114 | ||
| Push and Pull Factors and Types of Migration | 114 | ||
| International Voluntary Migration | 115 | ||
| Labor Migration | 115 | ||
| 3.4 WINDOW ON THE WORLD Internal Displacement | 116 | ||
| Amenity Migration | 119 | ||
| International Forced Migration | 119 | ||
| Internal Voluntary Migration | 121 | ||
| Internal Forced Migration | 121 | ||
| Population Debates and Policies | 123 | ||
| Population and Resources | 123 | ||
| Population Policies and Programs | 124 | ||
| International Population Policies | 125 | ||
| The UN Millennium Development Goals | 126 | ||
| Progress on the MDGs | 127 | ||
| Future Geographies | 127 | ||
| Conclusion | 129 | ||
| Key Terms | 130 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 130 | ||
| Unplugged | 130 | ||
| Data Analysis | 131 | ||
| 4 People and Nature | 133 | ||
| Nature as a Concept | 134 | ||
| The Earth Summits | 134 | ||
| Alternative Solutions to Environmental Problems | 136 | ||
| Nature and Society Defined | 137 | ||
| The Complex Relationship of Environmental Impacts, Population, and Affluence | 137 | ||
| 4.1 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS The Political Ecology of Carbon Offsets | 138 | ||
| Nature–Society Interactions | 141 | ||
| Environmental Attitudes and Philosophies in the United States | 141 | ||
| Classical Environmental Philosophies | 142 | ||
| Contemporary Environmental Philosophies | 143 | ||
| Global Change in the Anthropocene | 144 | ||
| European Colonial Expansion | 144 | ||
| Global Climate Change | 148 | ||
| What is Climate Change? | 148 | ||
| How Do We Know Climate Is Changing? | 149 | ||
| What Are Some Projected Impacts of These Changes? | 149 | ||
| What’s to Be Done? | 151 | ||
| The Climate Change Controversy | 151 | ||
| Energy, Land-Use Change and Environment | 153 | ||
| Energy Needs and Environmental Impacts | 153 | ||
| 4.2 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Energy Consumption and Production | 154 | ||
| Biomass and Hydropower | 156 | ||
| Land Use and Environmental Impacts | 160 | ||
| 4.3 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Renewable Energy Resources | 162 | ||
| Water Use and Access | 166 | ||
| The State of the Global Environment | 168 | ||
| Global Environmental Governance | 168 | ||
| 4.4 WINDOW ON THE WORLD Ecotourism | 170 | ||
| Environmental Sustainability | 172 | ||
| Future Geographies | 173 | ||
| Conclusion | 174 | ||
| Key Terms | 176 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 176 | ||
| Unplugged | 176 | ||
| Data Analysis | 177 | ||
| 5 Cultural Geographies | 179 | ||
| Culture as a Geographical Process | 180 | ||
| Culture | 180 | ||
| Geography and Culture | 181 | ||
| A Two-Way Relationship | 181 | ||
| Traditions of Cultural Geography | 182 | ||
| Building Cultural Complexes | 183 | ||
| Cultural Landscape | 183 | ||
| 5.1 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY UNESCO World Heritage Landscapes | 184 | ||
| Critique of Sauer’s Cultural Landscape | 186 | ||
| European Approaches to Culture and Place | 186 | ||
| Cultural Traits | 187 | ||
| Cultural Complexes and Regions | 187 | ||
| 5.2 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS Shaping Place Through Fact and Fiction, Practice and Representation | 188 | ||
| Cultural Systems | 190 | ||
| Culture and Society | 190 | ||
| Culture and Identity | 192 | ||
| Sex and Gender | 192 | ||
| Feminism and Gender | 194 | ||
| Gender and Class | 194 | ||
| Ethnicity | 194 | ||
| 5.3 SPATIAL INEQUALITY The Global Gender Gap | 195 | ||
| Race | 196 | ||
| Whiteness, Blackness, and Rap Music | 197 | ||
| Geographies of Disability | 198 | ||
| Children’s Geographies and Geographies of Childhood | 198 | ||
| Emergent Cultural Geographies | 199 | ||
| Actor-Network Theory | 199 | ||
| Non-Representational Theory | 199 | ||
| Emotional Geographies | 200 | ||
| Materialism | 201 | ||
| Globalization and Cultural Change | 202 | ||
| Americanization and Globalization | 202 | ||
| A Global Culture | 203 | ||
| 5.4 WINDOW ON THE WORLD Geographies of Beauty and Plastic Surgery | 204 | ||
| Future Geographies | 206 | ||
| Conclusion | 208 | ||
| Key Terms | 209 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 210 | ||
| Unplugged | 210 | ||
| Data Analysis | 211 | ||
| 6 Language, Communication, and Belief | 213 | ||
| Geographies of Language | 214 | ||
| What Is Language? | 214 | ||
| The World of Language | 215 | ||
| Language Relationships and Dynamics | 219 | ||
| Language Family | 219 | ||
| Language Trees | 219 | ||
| Language Hearths | 222 | ||
| Indentify and Language | 223 | ||
| 6.1 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS Language Revival | 224 | ||
| Communication | 226 | ||
| 6.2 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Geographies of Literacy | 228 | ||
| Language of Social Media | 230 | ||
| Sign Language | 231 | ||
| Sensual language | 231 | ||
| Religious Geographies | 232 | ||
| Global Distribution of the World’s Religions | 232 | ||
| Migration and Religion | 232 | ||
| The World’s Major Religions | 233 | ||
| Religiosity | 237 | ||
| 6.3 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Belief Systems and Restrictions on Behavior | 238 | ||
| Other Belief Systems | 240 | ||
| Globalization, Communication, and Religion | 241 | ||
| The Influence of Modern Communications | 242 | ||
| 6.4 WINDOW ON THE WORLD Fashion Veiling | 243 | ||
| Reaction: Islam and Cultural Nationalism | 244 | ||
| Religion and Landscape | 245 | ||
| Sacred Spaces and Pilgrimages | 246 | ||
| Future Geographies | 250 | ||
| Conclusion | 250 | ||
| Key Terms | 252 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 252 | ||
| Unplugged | 252 | ||
| Data Analysis | 253 | ||
| 7 Interpreting Places and Landscapes | 255 | ||
| Behavior, Knowledge, and Human Environments | 256 | ||
| Place-Making | 258 | ||
| Territoriality | 258 | ||
| Street Art | 259 | ||
| People and Places, Insiders and Outsiders | 259 | ||
| 7.1 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Outsider Art | 261 | ||
| Experience and Meaning | 261 | ||
| Images and Behavior | 263 | ||
| Landscapes as Human Systems | 265 | ||
| The Social Meaning of Landscapes | 265 | ||
| Landscapes of National Identity | 267 | ||
| 7.2 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Route 66 | 268 | ||
| 7.3 WINDOW ON THE WORLD Trafalgar Square and British National Identity | 270 | ||
| Coded Spaces | 273 | ||
| Commercial Spaces | 273 | ||
| Globalization and Place-Making | 274 | ||
| Going Slow | 274 | ||
| Places as Objects of Consumption | 275 | ||
| 7.4 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS The Geography of Stardom: Celebrity and Place | 276 | ||
| Future Geographies | 280 | ||
| Conclusion | 281 | ||
| Key Terms | 282 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 282 | ||
| Unplugged | 283 | ||
| Data Analysis | 283 | ||
| 8 Geographies of Economic Development | 285 | ||
| Patterns of Economic Development | 286 | ||
| Technological Change and Economic Development | 286 | ||
| The Unevenness of Economic Development | 286 | ||
| Measuring Levels of Economic Development | 287 | ||
| Resources and Development | 288 | ||
| 8.1 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Technological Change and Economic Development | 290 | ||
| Resources and Development | 292 | ||
| The Economic Structure of Countries and Regions | 293 | ||
| Knowledge and Economics | 295 | ||
| International Trade | 295 | ||
| 8.2 WINDOW ON THE WORLD China’s Economic Development | 296 | ||
| 8.3 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Gender and Economic Development | 298 | ||
| Interpretations of International Patterns of Development | 301 | ||
| Regional Economic Development | 303 | ||
| The Economics of Location | 303 | ||
| Regional Economic Linkages | 303 | ||
| The Modification of Regional Core-Periphery Patterns | 304 | ||
| Globalization and Economic Development | 308 | ||
| Global Assembly Lines and Supply Chains | 309 | ||
| New Geographies of Office Employment | 313 | ||
| The Experience Economy and Place Marketing | 315 | ||
| 8.4 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS How Geopolitics has Changed the World | 316 | ||
| Future Geographies | 318 | ||
| Conclusion | 320 | ||
| Key Terms | 321 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 322 | ||
| Unplugged | 322 | ||
| Data Analysis | 323 | ||
| 9 Geographies of Food and Agriculture | 325 | ||
| Traditional Agricultural Geography | 326 | ||
| Agricultural Practices | 326 | ||
| Origins and Change in Agriculture | 327 | ||
| Shifting Cultivation | 327 | ||
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | 330 | ||
| Pastoralism | 332 | ||
| Culture and Society in Agriculture | 332 | ||
| Agricultural Revolution and Industrialization | 333 | ||
| The First Agricultural Revolution | 333 | ||
| The Second Agricultural Revolution | 334 | ||
| The Third Agricultural Revolution | 334 | ||
| The Industrialization of Agriculture | 336 | ||
| Nontraditional agricultural exports | 337 | ||
| 9.1 WINDOW ON THE WORLD The Green Revolution Then and Now | 338 | ||
| Contract Farming | 340 | ||
| Biotechnology and Agriculture | 340 | ||
| Biotechnology | 340 | ||
| Opposition to GMOs | 341 | ||
| The Adverse Effects of Biotechnology | 342 | ||
| Global Change in Food Production and Consumption | 344 | ||
| Forces of Change | 344 | ||
| National and International Agricultural Policy | 344 | ||
| What Are Some Key Agricultural Policies? | 345 | ||
| What Are Some Important Impacts of National and International Policies? | 345 | ||
| Opposition to Globalized Agriculture | 345 | ||
| Agricultural Subsidies | 345 | ||
| The Organization of the Agro-Food System | 346 | ||
| Agribusiness | 346 | ||
| Food Supply Chain | 347 | ||
| Food Regimes and Alternative Food Movements | 348 | ||
| Colonialism and Food Exports | 348 | ||
| Fresh Fruits and Vegetables | 348 | ||
| Local Food | 350 | ||
| Fast Food | 351 | ||
| 9.2 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Urban Agriculture | 352 | ||
| Fast Food and its Health Effects | 354 | ||
| Fast Food and its Environmental Impacts | 354 | ||
| 9.3 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Food Deserts | 356 | ||
| The Environment and Agricultural Industrialization | 358 | ||
| How the Environment Shapes Agriculture | 358 | ||
| How Industrial Agriculture Affects the Environment | 358 | ||
| Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in the Global Food System | 359 | ||
| Food and Hunger | 360 | ||
| Nutrition Issues | 360 | ||
| Famine, Food Security and Food Safety | 361 | ||
| Land Grabs | 361 | ||
| 9.4 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS Hunger and Poverty in the United States | 362 | ||
| Addressing Hunger | 364 | ||
| Future Geographies | 364 | ||
| Conclusion | 365 | ||
| Key Terms | 366 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 366 | ||
| Unplugged | 367 | ||
| Data Analysis | 367 | ||
| 10 Political Geographies | 369 | ||
| The Development of Political Geography | 370 | ||
| The Geopolitical Model of the State | 370 | ||
| Boundaries and Frontiers | 370 | ||
| 10.1 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS Politics at the Poles | 376 | ||
| Geopolitics and the World Order | 378 | ||
| States, Nations and Citizenship | 378 | ||
| What is a citizen | 378 | ||
| Multinational States | 379 | ||
| Russia’s State and National Transformation | 380 | ||
| State Theory | 381 | ||
| Althusser | 381 | ||
| Foucault | 381 | ||
| Deleuze | 382 | ||
| Biopolitics | 382 | ||
| Imperialism and Colonialism | 382 | ||
| Orientalism and Post-colonialism | 385 | ||
| 10.2 WINDOW ON THE WORLD The Arab Spring and Its Aftermath | 386 | ||
| China and the East/West Divide | 392 | ||
| The New World Order | 393 | ||
| 10.3 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Global Military Spending | 394 | ||
| 10.4 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Global Corruption | 398 | ||
| After the Iraq War | 399 | ||
| International and Supranational Organizations and New Regimes of Global Governance | 400 | ||
| Transnational Political Integration | 400 | ||
| Globalization, Transnational Governance, and the State | 401 | ||
| The Two-Way Street of Politics and Geography | 404 | ||
| The Politics of Geography | 404 | ||
| The Geography of Politics and Geographical Systems of Representation | 409 | ||
| Future Geographies | 413 | ||
| Conclusion | 414 | ||
| Key Terms | 415 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 415 | ||
| Unplugged | 416 | ||
| Data Analysis | 417 | ||
| 11 Urbanization and the Global Urban System | 419 | ||
| Urban Geography and Urbanization | 420 | ||
| Studying Urbanization | 420 | ||
| Urbanization and Changing Human Geographies | 421 | ||
| Foundations of the Global Urban System | 423 | ||
| 11.1 SPATIAL INEQUALITY The Prosperity of Cities | 424 | ||
| 11.2 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS Cities and Economic Development | 426 | ||
| European Urban Expansion | 428 | ||
| Industrialization and Urbanization | 429 | ||
| Colonial Cities | 431 | ||
| 11.3 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY The Urbanization Process | 432 | ||
| Transport Networks and Urban Systems | 434 | ||
| Primacy and Centrality in the Global Urban System | 435 | ||
| World Urbanization Today | 438 | ||
| World Cities | 438 | ||
| Megacities | 440 | ||
| Mature Metropolises | 442 | ||
| 11.4 WINDOW ON THE WORLD The Pearl River Delta: An Extended Metropolis | 444 | ||
| Cities and Climate Change | 445 | ||
| Future Geographies | 448 | ||
| Conclusion | 450 | ||
| Key Terms | 452 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 452 | ||
| Unplugged | 452 | ||
| Data Analysis | 453 | ||
| 12 City Spaces: Urban Structure | 455 | ||
| Spatial Patterns and Processes in North American Cities | 456 | ||
| The Multi-Nodal City | 456 | ||
| 12.1 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHY Spatial Segregation | 458 | ||
| The Polycentric Metropolis | 460 | ||
| Problems of North American Cities | 462 | ||
| 12.2 GEOGRAPHY MATTERS Detroit’s Open Geography: Problems and potential | 464 | ||
| Urban Design and Planning | 466 | ||
| European Cities | 467 | ||
| Features of European Cities | 467 | ||
| European Urban Design and Planning | 468 | ||
| Islamic Cities | 470 | ||
| Cities of the Periphery: Dualism | 473 | ||
| The Informal Economy | 473 | ||
| Slums of Hope, Slums of Despair | 475 | ||
| 12.3 WINDOW ON THE WORLD Doha, Qatar | 476 | ||
| 12.4 SPATIAL INEQUALITY Garment Workers in Dhaka | 479 | ||
| The Challenges of Growth | 480 | ||
| Future Geographies | 481 | ||
| Conclusion | 482 | ||
| Key Terms | 483 | ||
| Review & Discussion | 484 | ||
| Unplugged | 484 | ||
| Data Analysis | 485 | ||
| Glossary | 486 | ||
| A | 486 | ||
| B | 486 | ||
| C | 486 | ||
| D | 487 | ||
| E | 488 | ||
| F | 488 | ||
| G | 489 | ||
| H | 489 | ||
| I | 489 | ||
| J | 490 | ||
| K | 490 | ||
| L | 490 | ||
| M | 490 | ||
| N | 490 | ||
| O | 491 | ||
| P | 491 | ||
| Q | 491 | ||
| R | 491 | ||
| S | 492 | ||
| T | 492 | ||
| U | 493 | ||
| V | 493 | ||
| W | 493 | ||
| Y | 493 | ||
| Z | 493 | ||
| Photo Credits | 494 | ||
| Index | 495 | ||
| A | 495 | ||
| B | 495 | ||
| C | 496 | ||
| D | 497 | ||
| E | 497 | ||
| F | 498 | ||
| G | 498 | ||
| H | 499 | ||
| I | 499 | ||
| J | 500 | ||
| K | 500 | ||
| L | 500 | ||
| M | 500 | ||
| N | 501 | ||
| O | 501 | ||
| P | 501 | ||
| Q | 502 | ||
| R | 502 | ||
| S | 502 | ||
| T | 503 | ||
| U | 504 | ||
| V | 504 | ||
| W | 504 | ||
| Y | 504 | ||
| Z | 504 |