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Book Details
Abstract
Stay up to date with the rapidly changing field of medical sonography! Heavily illustrated and extensively updated to reflect the latest developments in the field, Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 7th Edition equips you with an in-depth understanding of general/abdominal and obstetric/gynecologic sonography, the two primary divisions of sonography, as well as vascular sonography and echocardiography. Each chapter includes patient history, normal anatomy (including cross-sectional anatomy), ultrasound techniques, pathology, and related laboratory findings, giving you comprehensive insight drawn from the most current, complete information available.
- Full-color presentation enhances your learning experience with vibrantly detailed images.
- Pathology tables give you quick access to clinical findings, laboratory findings, sonography findings, and differential considerations.
- Sonographic Findings highlight key clinical information.
- Key terms and chapter objectives help you study more efficiently.
- Review questions on a companion Evolve website reinforce your understanding of essential concepts.
- New chapters detail the latest clinically relevant content in the areas of:
- Essentials of Patient Care for the Sonographer
- Artifacts in Image Acquisition
- Understanding Other Imaging Modalities
- Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues in Sonography
- 3D and 4D Evaluation of Fetal Anomalies
- More than 700 new images (350 in color) clarify complex anatomic concepts.
- Extensive content updates reflect important changes in urinary, liver, musculoskeletal, breast, cerebrovascular, gynecological, and obstetric sonography.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| e9780323073011v1 | 1 | ||
| Front cover | 1 | ||
| Front Matter | 2 | ||
| Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography | 4 | ||
| Copyright page | 5 | ||
| Dedication | 6 | ||
| Contributors | 8 | ||
| Reviewers | 10 | ||
| Preface | 12 | ||
| Introducing the Seventh Edition | 12 | ||
| Distinctive Approach | 12 | ||
| Sonographic Findings. | 12 | ||
| Scope and Organization of Topics | 12 | ||
| New to This Edition | 13 | ||
| Student Resources | 13 | ||
| Workbook. | 13 | ||
| Evolve. | 13 | ||
| Instructor Resources | 13 | ||
| Evolve Online Course Management. | 14 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 16 | ||
| Table of Contents | 18 | ||
| I Foundations of Sonography | 22 | ||
| 1 Foundations of Sonography | 23 | ||
| Outline | 23 | ||
| Objectives | 23 | ||
| The Role of the Sonographer | 24 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages of a Sonography Career | 25 | ||
| Employment. | 25 | ||
| Resource Organizations. | 25 | ||
| Historical overview of Sound Theory and Medical Ultrasound | 26 | ||
| Introduction to Basic Ultrasound Principles | 28 | ||
| Acoustics | 28 | ||
| Measurement of Sound. | 29 | ||
| Frequency. | 29 | ||
| Propagation of Sound Through Tissue. | 30 | ||
| Instrumentation | 31 | ||
| Piezoelectric Crystals. | 31 | ||
| Image Resolution. | 31 | ||
| Attenuation. | 31 | ||
| Real-Time Ultrasound | 32 | ||
| Harmonic Imaging | 32 | ||
| Transducer Selection | 32 | ||
| Multielement Transducer. | 33 | ||
| Phased-Array Transducer. | 33 | ||
| Linear-Array Transducer. | 34 | ||
| Curved-Array Transducer. | 34 | ||
| Intraluminal Transducer. | 34 | ||
| Pulse-Echo Display Modes | 35 | ||
| A-Mode (Amplitude Modulation). | 35 | ||
| B-Mode (Brightness Modulation). | 35 | ||
| M-Mode (Motion Mode). | 35 | ||
| Real-time. | 35 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Ultrasound | 36 | ||
| System Controls for Image Optimization | 36 | ||
| Pulse-Echo Instrumentation. | 36 | ||
| Power Output. | 37 | ||
| Gain. | 37 | ||
| Focal Zone. | 37 | ||
| Field of View. | 37 | ||
| Reject. | 37 | ||
| Dynamic Range. | 37 | ||
| Doppler Ultrasound | 38 | ||
| Doppler Effect. | 38 | ||
| Doppler Shift. | 38 | ||
| Spectral Analysis. | 39 | ||
| Continuous Wave Doppler. | 39 | ||
| Pulsed Wave Doppler. | 39 | ||
| Color Doppler. | 40 | ||
| Power Doppler. | 40 | ||
| Doppler Optimization | 41 | ||
| Transducer Frequency. | 41 | ||
| Gain. | 41 | ||
| Power. | 41 | ||
| Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF). | 41 | ||
| Wall Filter. | 41 | ||
| 2 Introduction to Physical Findings, Physiology, and Laboratory Data | 42 | ||
| Outline | 42 | ||
| Objectives | 42 | ||
| The Health Assessment | 42 | ||
| The Interview Process | 43 | ||
| Professional Demeanor. | 43 | ||
| Two Ways to Ask Questions. | 43 | ||
| Important Interview Questions. | 43 | ||
| Biographical Data. | 43 | ||
| Chief Complaint. | 43 | ||
| Medical History. | 43 | ||
| Questions Specific to Body Structures and Systems. | 43 | ||
| Neck. | 43 | ||
| Respiratory System. | 43 | ||
| Cardiovascular System. | 43 | ||
| Breasts. | 43 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract. | 44 | ||
| Urinary System. | 44 | ||
| Female Reproductive System. | 44 | ||
| Male Reproductive System. | 44 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System. | 44 | ||
| Endocrine System. | 44 | ||
| Performing the Physical Assessment | 44 | ||
| Height and Weight. | 44 | ||
| Body Temperature. | 44 | ||
| Pulse. | 44 | ||
| Respirations. | 44 | ||
| Blood Pressure. | 44 | ||
| Auscultation. | 44 | ||
| Further Exploration of Symptoms | 45 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 45 | ||
| Normal Findings for the GI System | 45 | ||
| Inspecting the Abdomen | 45 | ||
| Guidelines for GI Assessment | 46 | ||
| Temperature. | 46 | ||
| Pulse. | 46 | ||
| Respirations. | 46 | ||
| Blood Pressure. | 46 | ||
| Common Signs and Symptoms of GI Diseases and Disorders | 46 | ||
| Abdominal Pain. | 46 | ||
| Diarrhea. | 46 | ||
| Hematochezia. | 46 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting. | 46 | ||
| Genitourinary and Urinary Systems | 46 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System | 48 | ||
| Kidneys. | 48 | ||
| Ureters. | 48 | ||
| Bladder. | 48 | ||
| Urethra. | 48 | ||
| Common Signs and Symptoms Related to Urinary Dysfunction | 48 | ||
| Dysuria. | 48 | ||
| Urinary Incontinence. | 50 | ||
| Male Urethral Discharge. | 50 | ||
| Male Urinary Hesitancy. | 50 | ||
| Physiology and Laboratory Data | 50 | ||
| The Circulatory System | 50 | ||
| Functions of the Blood. | 50 | ||
| Acidic versus Alkaline. | 50 | ||
| Red Blood Cells. | 50 | ||
| White Blood Cells. | 50 | ||
| Granulocytes. | 50 | ||
| Lymphocytes and Monocytes. | 51 | ||
| Thrombocytes. | 51 | ||
| Blood Composition. | 51 | ||
| The Liver and the Biliary System | 51 | ||
| Jaundice. | 51 | ||
| The Pancreas. | 52 | ||
| Fat. | 52 | ||
| Cholesterol. | 52 | ||
| Amino Acids. | 52 | ||
| Blood Clotting. | 53 | ||
| Detoxification. | 53 | ||
| The Gallbladder. | 53 | ||
| Laboratory Tests for Hepatic and Biliary Function | 53 | ||
| The Pancreas | 53 | ||
| Endocrine Function. | 53 | ||
| Exocrine Function. | 53 | ||
| Laboratory Tests for Pancreatic Function | 56 | ||
| The Kidneys | 56 | ||
| Laboratory Tests for the Kidney | 56 | ||
| 3 Essentials of Patient Care for the Sonographer | 57 | ||
| Outline | 57 | ||
| Objectives | 57 | ||
| A Sonographer’s Obligations | 57 | ||
| Patient-Focused Care | 58 | ||
| Basic Patient Care | 58 | ||
| Vital Signs | 58 | ||
| Pulse. | 58 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry. | 60 | ||
| Respiration. | 61 | ||
| Blood Pressure. | 61 | ||
| Hypertension. | 62 | ||
| Isolated Systolic Hypertension. | 63 | ||
| Patients on Strict Bed Rest | 63 | ||
| Bedpans and Urinals | 63 | ||
| Assisting with Patient Elimination. | 63 | ||
| Emesis Basins | 64 | ||
| Patients with Tubes and Tubing | 64 | ||
| Intravenous Therapy | 64 | ||
| Nasogastric Suction Tubes | 65 | ||
| Catheters | 66 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 66 | ||
| Nasal Cannulae and Nasal Catheters. | 67 | ||
| Oxygen Masks. | 67 | ||
| Wounds, Drains, and Dressings | 68 | ||
| Ostomies | 69 | ||
| Patient Transfer Techniques | 69 | ||
| Body Mechanics | 69 | ||
| Moving Patients Up in Bed | 70 | ||
| Assisting Patients To and From the Scanning Table | 71 | ||
| Wheelchair Transfers | 71 | ||
| Stretcher Transfers | 72 | ||
| Infection Control | 73 | ||
| Standard Precautions | 73 | ||
| Hand Washing | 73 | ||
| Gloves | 73 | ||
| Masks, Eye Protection, and Face Shields | 74 | ||
| Gown | 74 | ||
| Patient Care Equipment | 74 | ||
| Linens | 74 | ||
| Environmental Control | 74 | ||
| Additional Precautions | 74 | ||
| Nosocomial Infections | 75 | ||
| Preventive Measures. | 75 | ||
| Basic PPE Protocols. | 76 | ||
| Preparing a Sterile Field. | 76 | ||
| Isolation Techniques | 78 | ||
| Emergency Medical Situations | 78 | ||
| Choking | 78 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Respiration | 80 | ||
| Adult CPR | 81 | ||
| Child CPR | 81 | ||
| Infant CPR | 81 | ||
| Barrier Devices. | 82 | ||
| Basic Cardiac Life Support | 82 | ||
| Automatic External Defibrillators. | 82 | ||
| Professional Attitudes | 82 | ||
| Reestablishing Patient-Focused Care | 83 | ||
| Assisting Patients with Special Needs | 83 | ||
| Crying Patients | 83 | ||
| Pediatric Patients | 83 | ||
| Adolescent Patients | 84 | ||
| Elderly Patients | 84 | ||
| Culturally Diverse Patients | 84 | ||
| Evaluating Patient Reactions to Illness | 86 | ||
| Terminal Patients | 86 | ||
| Patient Rights | 87 | ||
| The Patients’ Bill of Rights | 87 | ||
| The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) | 87 | ||
| 4 Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Issues in Sonography | 89 | ||
| Outline | 89 | ||
| Objectives | 89 | ||
| History of Ergonomics | 89 | ||
| History of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) in Sonography | 90 | ||
| History of OSHA’s Involvement in Sonography | 90 | ||
| Injury Data in Sonography | 91 | ||
| Definitions | 91 | ||
| Surveys | 91 | ||
| Risk Factors | 92 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury | 92 | ||
| Types of Injury | 92 | ||
| Industry Awareness and Changes | 93 | ||
| Ergonomically Designed Ultrasound Systems | 93 | ||
| Administrative Controls | 94 | ||
| PPE/Professional Controls | 94 | ||
| Work Practice Changes | 95 | ||
| Gripping the Transducer | 95 | ||
| Wrist Flexion and Extension | 95 | ||
| Twisting Your Neck | 95 | ||
| Abduction of Your Scanning Arm | 95 | ||
| Transducer Cable Management | 95 | ||
| Trunk Twisting | 96 | ||
| Reaching | 96 | ||
| Exercise | 96 | ||
| Economics of Ergonomics | 96 | ||
| References | 98 | ||
| 5 Understanding Other Imaging Modalities | 99 | ||
| Outline | 99 | ||
| Objectives | 99 | ||
| History and Use of X-Rays | 100 | ||
| Radiographic Density and Contrast | 100 | ||
| General Diagnostic Referrals to Ultrasound | 101 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 101 | ||
| Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt | 101 | ||
| Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) | 103 | ||
| Computed Tomography (CT) | 104 | ||
| Case Studies. | 108 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 112 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | 114 | ||
| Case Studies. | 117 | ||
| 6 Artifacts in Scanning* | 118 | ||
| Outline | 118 | ||
| Objectives | 118 | ||
| Propagation | 118 | ||
| Section Thickness | 118 | ||
| Speckle | 119 | ||
| Reverberation | 120 | ||
| Mirror Image | 120 | ||
| Refraction | 120 | ||
| Grating Lobes | 120 | ||
| Speed Error | 124 | ||
| Range Ambiguity | 124 | ||
| Attenuation | 124 | ||
| Shadowing | 124 | ||
| Enhancement | 125 | ||
| Spectral Doppler | 128 | ||
| Aliasing | 128 | ||
| Nyquist Limit | 129 | ||
| Range Ambiguity | 133 | ||
| Mirror Image | 133 | ||
| Noise | 133 | ||
| Color Doppler | 134 | ||
| Aliasing | 134 | ||
| Mirror Image, Shadowing, Clutter, and Noise | 135 | ||
| II Abdomen | 138 | ||
| 7 Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships Within the Abdominal Cavity | 139 | ||
| Outline | 139 | ||
| Objectives | 139 | ||
| From Atom to Organism | 139 | ||
| Metabolism | 140 | ||
| Homeostasis | 140 | ||
| Body Systems | 140 | ||
| Anatomic Directions | 140 | ||
| Anatomic Terms | 141 | ||
| Planes or Body Sections | 142 | ||
| Abdominal Quadrants and Regions | 142 | ||
| Body Cavities | 142 | ||
| The Abdominal Cavity | 143 | ||
| Abdominal Viscera | 143 | ||
| Liver. | 143 | ||
| Gallbladder. | 143 | ||
| Spleen. | 143 | ||
| Pancreas. | 143 | ||
| Kidneys. | 143 | ||
| Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava. | 143 | ||
| Stomach. | 144 | ||
| Small Intestine. | 144 | ||
| Large Intestine. | 144 | ||
| Bladder and Uterus. | 144 | ||
| Other Abdominal Structures | 144 | ||
| Diaphragm. | 144 | ||
| Abdominal Wall. | 144 | ||
| Abdominal Muscles | 145 | ||
| External Oblique Muscle. | 145 | ||
| Internal Oblique Muscle. | 145 | ||
| Transversus Muscle. | 145 | ||
| Rectus Sheath. | 145 | ||
| Linea Alba. | 145 | ||
| Back Muscles. | 145 | ||
| The Retroperitoneum | 146 | ||
| Retroperitoneal Spaces | 146 | ||
| The Pelvic Cavity | 147 | ||
| False Pelvis | 147 | ||
| True Pelvis | 147 | ||
| Perineum. | 148 | ||
| Abdominopelvic Membranes and Ligaments | 148 | ||
| Peritoneum | 148 | ||
| Mesentery | 149 | ||
| Omentum | 149 | ||
| Greater and Lesser Sacs | 149 | ||
| Epiploic Foramen | 150 | ||
| Ligament | 150 | ||
| Potential Spaces in the Body | 150 | ||
| Subphrenic Spaces | 150 | ||
| Peritoneal Recesses | 150 | ||
| Paracolic Gutters | 151 | ||
| Inguinal Canal | 151 | ||
| Prefixes and Suffixes | 151 | ||
| 8 Introduction to Abdominal Scanning: | 153 | ||
| Outline | 153 | ||
| Objectives | 153 | ||
| Before You Begin to Scan Patients | 154 | ||
| Orientation to the Clinical Laboratory | 154 | ||
| Scanning Techniques | 155 | ||
| Patient Positions | 155 | ||
| Transducer Selection | 155 | ||
| Transducer Positions | 156 | ||
| Initial Survey of the Abdomen | 156 | ||
| Labeling Scans and Patient Position | 157 | ||
| Criteria for an Adequate Scan | 157 | ||
| Indications for Abdominal Sonography | 158 | ||
| Medical Terms for the Sonographer | 158 | ||
| Identifying Abnormalities | 160 | ||
| Sectional Anatomy | 160 | ||
| Transverse Plane | 161 | ||
| Longitudinal Plane | 166 | ||
| General Abdominal Ultrasound Protocols | 172 | ||
| Transverse Scans | 172 | ||
| Longitudinal Scans | 173 | ||
| Liver and Porta Hepatis Protocol | 173 | ||
| Biliary System Protocol | 175 | ||
| Pancreas Protocol | 177 | ||
| Spleen Protocol | 178 | ||
| Renal Protocol | 179 | ||
| Aorta and Iliac Artery Protocol | 181 | ||
| Thyroid Protocol | 182 | ||
| Parathyroid Protocol | 182 | ||
| Breast Protocol | 183 | ||
| Scrotal Protocol | 183 | ||
| Abdominal Doppler | 183 | ||
| Doppler Scanning Techniques | 183 | ||
| Aorta | 184 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava | 184 | ||
| Portal Venous System | 184 | ||
| Portal Hypertension | 184 | ||
| 9 The Vascular System | 186 | ||
| Outline | 186 | ||
| Objectives | 186 | ||
| Anatomy of Vascular Structures | 186 | ||
| Aorta | 187 | ||
| Root of the Aorta | 187 | ||
| Ascending Aorta | 187 | ||
| Descending Aorta | 188 | ||
| Abdominal Aorta | 188 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Branches | 189 | ||
| Common Iliac Arteries | 190 | ||
| Sonographic Findings. | 190 | ||
| Iliac Arteries. | 192 | ||
| Pathology of the Aorta | 192 | ||
| Atheromatous Disease. | 192 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. | 192 | ||
| Clinical Symptoms. | 193 | ||
| Classification of Aneurysms. | 194 | ||
| Descriptive Terms for an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. | 194 | ||
| Inflammatory Aortic Aneurysm. | 195 | ||
| Rupture of Aortic Aneurysm. | 195 | ||
| Sonographic Findings. | 196 | ||
| Aortic Dissection. | 197 | ||
| Aortic Graft. | 198 | ||
| Iliac Aneurysm. | 199 | ||
| Thoracic Aneurysm. | 199 | ||
| “Pseudo-Pulsatile” Abdominal Masses. | 199 | ||
| Arteriovenous Fistulas. | 200 | ||
| Anterior Branches of the Abdominal Aorta | 200 | ||
| Celiac Trunk. | 200 | ||
| Common Hepatic Artery. | 200 | ||
| Left and Right Hepatic Arteries. | 200 | ||
| Left Gastric Artery. | 200 | ||
| Splenic Artery. | 200 | ||
| Sonographic Findings. | 200 | ||
| Superior Mesenteric Artery. | 201 | ||
| Sonographic Findings. | 202 | ||
| Inferior Mesenteric Artery. | 203 | ||
| e9780323073011v2 | 850 | ||
| Front cover | 850 | ||
| Front Matter | 851 | ||
| Front Matter | 853 | ||
| TEXTBOOK OF DIAGNOSTIC SONOGRAPHY | 853 | ||
| Copyright page | 854 | ||
| Dedication | 855 | ||
| Contributors | 857 | ||
| Reviewers | 859 | ||
| Preface | 861 | ||
| Introducing the Seventh Edition | 861 | ||
| Distinctive Approach | 861 | ||
| Sonographic Findings. | 861 | ||
| Scope and Organization of Topics | 861 | ||
| New to This Edition | 862 | ||
| Student Resources | 862 | ||
| Workbook. | 862 | ||
| Evolve. | 862 | ||
| Instructor Resources | 862 | ||
| Evolve Online Course Management. | 863 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 865 | ||
| Vol.2 Table of contents | 867 | ||
| V The Thoracic Cavity | 873 | ||
| 31 Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships within the Thoracic Cavity | 875 | ||
| Outline | 875 | ||
| Objectives | 875 | ||
| The Thorax and the Thoracic Cavity | 875 | ||
| The Heart and Great Vessels | 876 | ||
| Pericardial Sac | 877 | ||
| Linings of the Heart Wall | 878 | ||
| Right Atrium and Interatrial Septum | 878 | ||
| Tricuspid Valve | 879 | ||
| Right Ventricle | 879 | ||
| Pulmonary Valve and Trunk | 880 | ||
| Left Atrium | 880 | ||
| Mitral Valve | 880 | ||
| Left Ventricle | 880 | ||
| Interventricular Septum | 881 | ||
| Aortic Valve | 881 | ||
| Aortic Arch and Branches | 881 | ||
| The Cardiac Cycle | 883 | ||
| The Electrical Conduction System | 883 | ||
| Bundle of His | 883 | ||
| Cardiac Nerves | 883 | ||
| The Mechanical Conduction System | 884 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 884 | ||
| P Wave | 884 | ||
| QRS Complex | 885 | ||
| P-R Interval | 885 | ||
| T Wave | 885 | ||
| Excitation Contraction Coupling. | 885 | ||
| Auscultation of the Heart Valves | 885 | ||
| Principles of Blood Flow | 885 | ||
| Ventricular Ejection | 886 | ||
| Coronary Circulation | 886 | ||
| 32 Introduction to Echocardiographic Evaluation and Technique | 887 | ||
| Outline | 887 | ||
| Objectives | 887 | ||
| Transducers | 888 | ||
| Examination Techniques | 888 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Echocardiography | 888 | ||
| Transducer Location and Imaging Planes | 888 | ||
| Cardiac Color Flow Examination | 889 | ||
| Doppler Applications and Technique | 890 | ||
| Normal Cardiac Doppler Flow Patterns | 890 | ||
| Pulsed Wave Doppler | 891 | ||
| Continuous Wave Doppler | 891 | ||
| Audio Signals and Spectral Display of Doppler Signals | 892 | ||
| Audio Signals. | 893 | ||
| Spectral Analysis. | 893 | ||
| Doppler Quantitation | 893 | ||
| Doppler Examination | 893 | ||
| The Echocardiographic Examination | 894 | ||
| Parasternal Views | 895 | ||
| Parasternal Long-Axis Two-Dimensional View. | 895 | ||
| Parasternal Long-Axis View for Color Flow Mapping. | 895 | ||
| Left Parasternal Window for Doppler. | 897 | ||
| Right Parasternal View for Color Flow Mapping. | 897 | ||
| Right Parasternal Window for Doppler. | 898 | ||
| Parasternal Short-Axis Two-Dimensional View. | 898 | ||
| Parasternal Short-Axis View for Color Flow Mapping. | 901 | ||
| Parasternal Short-Axis Window for Doppler. | 901 | ||
| Apical Views | 902 | ||
| Apical Two-Dimensional Views. | 902 | ||
| Apical View for Color Flow Mapping. | 904 | ||
| Apical Window for Doppler. | 906 | ||
| Subcostal Views | 907 | ||
| Subcostal Two-Dimensional View. | 907 | ||
| Subcostal View for Color Flow Mapping. | 908 | ||
| Subcostal Window for Doppler. | 909 | ||
| Suprasternal Views | 910 | ||
| Suprasternal Two-Dimensional View. | 910 | ||
| Suprasternal View for Color Flow Mapping. | 911 | ||
| Suprasternal Window for Doppler. | 911 | ||
| M-Mode Imaging of the Cardiac Structures | 912 | ||
| Mitral Valve | 912 | ||
| Aortic Valve and Left Atrium | 913 | ||
| Interventricular Septum | 914 | ||
| Left Ventricle | 914 | ||
| Tricuspid Valve | 914 | ||
| Pulmonary Valve | 915 | ||
| 33 Fetal Echocardiography: | 916 | ||
| Outline | 916 | ||
| Objectives | 916 | ||
| Embryology of the Cardiovascular System | 917 | ||
| Development of Blood Vessels | 917 | ||
| Aortic Arches | 917 | ||
| Development of the Heart | 917 | ||
| Right Atrium. | 918 | ||
| Left Atrium. | 918 | ||
| Four-Chambered Heart. | 918 | ||
| Division of the Atrioventricular Canal. | 918 | ||
| Division of the Primitive Atrium. | 919 | ||
| Formation of the Ventricles. | 919 | ||
| Partitioning of Bulbus Cordis and Truncus Arteriosus. | 919 | ||
| Development of the Conduction System. | 919 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 919 | ||
| Heart Rate | 920 | ||
| Risk Factors Indicating Fetal Echocardiography | 921 | ||
| Fetal Risk Factors | 921 | ||
| Maternal Risk Factors | 921 | ||
| Familial Risk Factors | 921 | ||
| Beyond the Four-Chamber View | 921 | ||
| Transducer Requirements | 921 | ||
| Instrumentation | 922 | ||
| Motion Mode Imaging | 922 | ||
| Pulsed Doppler Imaging | 922 | ||
| Color Flow Doppler Imaging | 922 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Imaging | 923 | ||
| Fetal Ultrasound Landmarks | 923 | ||
| Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Fetus | 924 | ||
| Four-Chamber View | 924 | ||
| Left and Right Ventricular Outflow Tracts | 927 | ||
| Five-Chamber View. | 927 | ||
| Crisscross View. | 927 | ||
| Long-Axis View. | 927 | ||
| Short-Axis View. | 931 | ||
| Ductal and Aortic Arch Views: Oblique Long Axis | 932 | ||
| 34 Fetal Echocardiography: | 933 | ||
| Outline | 933 | ||
| Objectives | 933 | ||
| Relationship of Genetics to Congenital Heart Disease | 934 | ||
| Chromosomal Abnormalities | 934 | ||
| Familial Risks of Congenital Heart Disease | 934 | ||
| Incidence of Congential Heart Disease | 934 | ||
| Prenatal Evaluation of Congenital Heart Disease | 935 | ||
| The Four-Chamber View | 935 | ||
| Cardiac Malposition | 936 | ||
| Cardiac Enlargement | 937 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 937 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 938 | ||
| Septal Defects | 938 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defect | 938 | ||
| Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect. | 939 | ||
| Sonographic Findings. | 939 | ||
| Ostium Primum Septal Defect. | 939 |