BOOK
Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, Global Edition
Audrey T Berman | Charles Snyder | Geralyn Frandsen
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
For fundamentals of nursing courses in the nursing curriculum
Help each student think like a nurse using a clear, consistent approach
Consistency and accessibility are essential to student success in the Fundamentals of Nursing course. With its clear, approachable, writing style, Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing sets the foundation for nursing excellence. Coverage of the key concepts of contemporary nursing, as well as the latest nursing evidence, standards, and competencies, helps prepare readers to become effective nurses. To help students develop their clinical-reasoning abilities, new QSEN features draw connections to actual nursing practice. All basic and fundamental skills for the registered nurse are described within the nursing process. Students will learn to think like nurses as they see how the material they are reading is applied in nursing practice.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Front Cover | ||
| Brief Contents | A | ||
| Dedication | 3 | ||
| About the Authors | 4 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 6 | ||
| Thank You | 7 | ||
| Preface | 8 | ||
| Contents | 15 | ||
| Unit 1: The Nature of Nursing | 27 | ||
| Chapter 1: Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice | 28 | ||
| Introduction | 28 | ||
| Historical Perspectives | 28 | ||
| Women’s Roles | 28 | ||
| Religion | 28 | ||
| War | 29 | ||
| Societal Attitudes | 30 | ||
| Nursing Leaders | 32 | ||
| Men in Nursing | 34 | ||
| Nursing Education | 35 | ||
| Types of Education Programs | 35 | ||
| Contemporary Nursing Practice | 39 | ||
| Definitions of Nursing | 39 | ||
| Recipients of Nursing | 39 | ||
| Scope of Nursing | 39 | ||
| Settings for Nursing | 40 | ||
| Nurse Practice Acts | 41 | ||
| Standards of Nursing Practice | 41 | ||
| Roles and Functions of the Nurse | 41 | ||
| Caregiver | 41 | ||
| Communicator | 41 | ||
| Teacher | 41 | ||
| Client Advocate | 41 | ||
| Counselor | 41 | ||
| Change Agent | 41 | ||
| Leader | 41 | ||
| Manager | 41 | ||
| Case Manager | 42 | ||
| Research Consumer | 42 | ||
| Expanded Career Roles | 42 | ||
| Criteria of a Profession | 42 | ||
| Specialized Education | 43 | ||
| Body of Knowledge | 43 | ||
| Service Orientation | 43 | ||
| Ongoing Research | 43 | ||
| Code of Ethics | 43 | ||
| Autonomy | 43 | ||
| Professional Organization | 43 | ||
| Socialization to Nursing | 43 | ||
| Critical Values of Nursing | 44 | ||
| Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice | 44 | ||
| Health Care Reform | 45 | ||
| Quality and Safety in Health Care | 45 | ||
| Consumer Demands | 45 | ||
| Family Structure | 45 | ||
| Science and Technology | 45 | ||
| Information, Telehealth, and Telenursing | 46 | ||
| Legislation | 46 | ||
| Demography | 46 | ||
| The Current Nursing Shortage | 46 | ||
| Collective Bargaining | 47 | ||
| Nursing Associations | 47 | ||
| Nursing Organizations | 47 | ||
| American Nurses Association | 48 | ||
| National League for Nursing | 48 | ||
| International Council of Nurses | 48 | ||
| National Student Nurses Association | 48 | ||
| International Honor Society: Sigma Theta Tau | 48 | ||
| Chapter 2: Evidence-Based Practice and Research in Nursing | 52 | ||
| Introduction | 52 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 52 | ||
| Nursing Research | 53 | ||
| Approaches to Nursing Research | 53 | ||
| Overview of the Research Process | 55 | ||
| Research-Related Roles and Responsibilities for Nurses | 57 | ||
| Chapter 3: Nursing Theories and Conceptual Frameworks | 63 | ||
| Introduction | 63 | ||
| Introduction to Theories | 63 | ||
| Context for Theory Development in American Universities | 63 | ||
| Defining Terms | 64 | ||
| The Metaparadigm for Nursing | 64 | ||
| Role of Nursing Theory | 64 | ||
| In Education | 65 | ||
| In Research | 65 | ||
| In Clinical Practice | 65 | ||
| Overview of Selected Nursing Theories | 66 | ||
| Nightingale’s Environmental Theory | 66 | ||
| Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Model | 66 | ||
| Henderson’s Definition of Nursing | 66 | ||
| Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings | 67 | ||
| Orem’s General Theory of Nursing | 67 | ||
| King’s Goal Attainment Theory | 67 | ||
| Neuman’s Systems Model | 68 | ||
| Roy’s Adaptation Model | 68 | ||
| Leininger’s Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory | 69 | ||
| Watson’s Human Caring Theory | 70 | ||
| Parse’s Humanbecoming Theory | 70 | ||
| Critique of Nursing Theory | 70 | ||
| Chapter 4: Legal Aspects of Nursing | 73 | ||
| Introduction | 73 | ||
| General Legal Concepts | 73 | ||
| Functions of the Law in Nursing | 73 | ||
| Sources of Law | 74 | ||
| Types of Laws | 74 | ||
| Kinds of Legal Actions | 74 | ||
| The Civil Judicial Process | 75 | ||
| Nurses as Witnesses | 75 | ||
| Regulation of Nursing Practice | 75 | ||
| Nurse Practice Acts | 75 | ||
| Credentialing | 75 | ||
| Standards of Care | 77 | ||
| Contractual Arrangements in Nursing | 78 | ||
| Legal Roles of Nurses | 78 | ||
| Collective Bargaining | 79 | ||
| Selected Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice | 79 | ||
| Informed Consent | 79 | ||
| Delegation | 82 | ||
| Violence, Abuse, and Neglect | 83 | ||
| The Americans with Disabilities Act | 83 | ||
| Controlled Substances | 83 | ||
| The Impaired Nurse | 83 | ||
| Sexual Harassment | 84 | ||
| Abortions | 85 | ||
| Death and Related Issues | 85 | ||
| Areas of Potential Liability in Nursing | 87 | ||
| Crimes and Torts | 88 | ||
| Privacy of Clients’ Health Information | 92 | ||
| Social Media | 92 | ||
| Loss of Client Property | 92 | ||
| Unprofessional Conduct | 92 | ||
| Legal Protections in Nursing Practice | 93 | ||
| Good Samaritan Acts | 93 | ||
| Professional Liability Insurance | 93 | ||
| Carrying Out a Physician’s Orders | 94 | ||
| Providing Competent Nursing Care | 94 | ||
| Documentation | 94 | ||
| The Incident Report | 94 | ||
| Reporting Crimes, Torts, and Unsafe Practices | 95 | ||
| Legal Responsibilities of Students | 96 | ||
| Chapter 5: Values, Ethics, and Advocacy | 99 | ||
| Introduction | 99 | ||
| Values | 99 | ||
| Values Transmission | 99 | ||
| Values Clarification | 100 | ||
| Ethics and Morality | 101 | ||
| Moral Development | 102 | ||
| Moral Frameworks | 102 | ||
| Moral Principles | 102 | ||
| Nursing Ethics | 103 | ||
| Nursing Codes of Ethics | 104 | ||
| Origins of Ethical Problems in Nursing | 105 | ||
| Making Ethical Decisions | 105 | ||
| Strategies to Enhance Ethical Decisions and Practice | 106 | ||
| Specific Ethical Issues | 106 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | 106 | ||
| Abortion | 106 | ||
| Organ and Tissue Transplantation | 108 | ||
| End-of-Life Issues | 108 | ||
| Allocation of Scarce Health Resources | 109 | ||
| Management of Personal Health Information | 109 | ||
| Advocacy | 109 | ||
| The Advocate’s Role | 109 | ||
| Unit 2: Contemporary Health Care | 114 | ||
| Chapter 6: Health Care Delivery Systems | 115 | ||
| Introduction | 115 | ||
| Types of Health Care Agencies and Services | 115 | ||
| Primary Prevention: Health Promotion and Illness Prevention | 115 | ||
| Secondary Prevention: Diagnosis and Treatment | 115 | ||
| Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation, Health Restoration, and Palliative Care | 116 | ||
| Types of Health Care Services | 116 | ||
| Public Health | 116 | ||
| Physicians’ Offices | 117 | ||
| Ambulatory Care Centers | 117 | ||
| Occupational Health Clinics | 117 | ||
| Hospitals | 117 | ||
| Subacute Care Facilities | 118 | ||
| Extended (Long-Term) Care Facilities | 118 | ||
| Retirement and Assisted Living Centers | 118 | ||
| Rehabilitation Centers | 118 | ||
| Home Health Care Agencies | 119 | ||
| Day Care Centers | 119 | ||
| Rural Care | 119 | ||
| Hospice Services | 119 | ||
| Crisis Centers | 119 | ||
| Mutual Support and Self-Help Groups | 119 | ||
| Providers of Health Care | 120 | ||
| Nurse | 120 | ||
| Alternative (Complementary) Care Provider | 120 | ||
| Case Manager | 120 | ||
| Dentist | 120 | ||
| Dietitian or Nutritionist | 120 | ||
| Emergency Medical Personnel | 120 | ||
| Occupational Therapist | 120 | ||
| Paramedical Technologist | 121 | ||
| Pharmacist | 121 | ||
| Physical Therapist | 121 | ||
| Physician | 121 | ||
| Physician Assistant | 121 | ||
| Podiatrist | 121 | ||
| Respiratory Therapist | 121 | ||
| Social Worker | 121 | ||
| Spiritual Support Personnel | 121 | ||
| Unlicensed Assistive Personnel | 121 | ||
| Factors Affecting Health Care Delivery | 122 | ||
| Increasing Number of Older Adults | 122 | ||
| Advances in Technology | 122 | ||
| Economics | 122 | ||
| Women’s Health | 122 | ||
| Uneven Distribution of Services | 123 | ||
| Access to Health Insurance | 123 | ||
| The Homeless and the Poor | 124 | ||
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | 124 | ||
| Demographic Changes | 124 | ||
| Frameworks for Care | 124 | ||
| Managed Care | 124 | ||
| Case Management | 125 | ||
| Differentiated Practice | 125 | ||
| Case Method | 125 | ||
| Functional Method | 125 | ||
| Team Nursing | 125 | ||
| Primary Nursing | 126 | ||
| Financing Health Care | 126 | ||
| Payment Sources in the United States | 126 | ||
| Insurance Plans | 127 | ||
| Chapter 7: Community Nursing and Care Continuity | 131 | ||
| Introduction | 131 | ||
| The Movement of Health Care to the Community | 131 | ||
| Primary Health Care and Primary Care | 132 | ||
| Community-Based Health Care | 133 | ||
| Community Health | 134 | ||
| Community-Based Frameworks | 135 | ||
| Community-Based Settings | 136 | ||
| Community-Based Nursing | 137 | ||
| Competencies Required for Community-Based Care | 137 | ||
| Collaborative Health Care | 137 | ||
| Continuity of Care | 139 | ||
| Care Across the Life Span | 139 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 140 | ||
| Preparing Clients to Go Home | 140 | ||
| Medication Reconciliation | 140 | ||
| Home Health Care Teaching | 140 | ||
| Referrals | 141 | ||
| Chapter 8: Home Care | 144 | ||
| Introduction | 144 | ||
| Home Health Nursing | 144 | ||
| Unique Aspects of Home Health Nursing | 145 | ||
| The Home Health Care System | 145 | ||
| Referral Process | 145 | ||
| Home Health Agencies | 145 | ||
| Private Duty Agencies | 146 | ||
| Durable Medical Equipment Companies | 146 | ||
| Reimbursement | 146 | ||
| Roles of the Home Health Nurse | 146 | ||
| Advocate | 146 | ||
| Caregiver | 147 | ||
| Educator | 147 | ||
| Case Manager or Coordinator | 147 | ||
| Perspectives of Home Care Clients | 147 | ||
| Selected Dimensions of Home Health Nursing | 147 | ||
| Client Safety | 147 | ||
| Nurse Safety | 148 | ||
| Infection Prevention | 148 | ||
| Caregiver Support | 149 | ||
| The Practice of Nursing in the Home | 149 | ||
| Establishing Health Issues | 150 | ||
| Planning and Delivering Care | 150 | ||
| Resources for Home Health Nursing | 151 | ||
| The Future of Home Health Care | 151 | ||
| Chapter 9: Electronic Health Records and Information Technology | 155 | ||
| Introduction | 155 | ||
| General Concepts | 155 | ||
| Computer Systems | 156 | ||
| Management Information Systems | 156 | ||
| Hospital Information Systems | 157 | ||
| Technology in Nursing Education | 157 | ||
| Teaching and Learning | 157 | ||
| Testing | 158 | ||
| Student and Course Record Management | 158 | ||
| Technology in Nursing Practice | 159 | ||
| Documentation of Client Status and Medical Record Keeping | 159 | ||
| Electronic Access to Client Data | 161 | ||
| Practice Management | 163 | ||
| Specific Applications of Computers in Nursing Practice | 163 | ||
| Technology in Nursing Administration | 164 | ||
| Human Resources | 164 | ||
| Medical Records Management | 164 | ||
| Facilities Management | 164 | ||
| Budget and Finance | 164 | ||
| Quality Assurance and Utilization Review | 164 | ||
| Accreditation | 164 | ||
| Technology in Nursing Research | 164 | ||
| Problem Identification | 164 | ||
| Literature Review | 165 | ||
| Research Design | 165 | ||
| Data Collection and Analysis | 165 | ||
| Research Dissemination | 165 | ||
| Research Grants | 166 | ||
| Unit 3: The Nursing Process | 169 | ||
| Chapter 10: Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning | 170 | ||
| Introduction | 170 | ||
| Purpose of Critical Thinking | 170 | ||
| Techniques in Critical Thinking | 171 | ||
| Applying Critical Thinking to Nursing Practice | 173 | ||
| Problem Solving | 173 | ||
| Attitudes That Foster Critical Thinking | 174 | ||
| Independence | 174 | ||
| Fair-Mindedness | 174 | ||
| Insight into Egocentricity | 174 | ||
| Intellectual Humility | 174 | ||
| Intellectual Courage to Challenge the Status Quo and Rituals | 174 | ||
| Integrity | 175 | ||
| Perseverance | 175 | ||
| Confidence | 175 | ||
| Curiosity | 175 | ||
| Components of Clinical Reasoning | 175 | ||
| Setting Priorities | 175 | ||
| Developing Rationales | 176 | ||
| Learning How to Act | 176 | ||
| Clinical Reasoning-in-Transition | 176 | ||
| Responding to Changes in the Client’s Condition | 176 | ||
| Reflection | 176 | ||
| Integration of Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning | 176 | ||
| Concept Mapping | 177 | ||
| Concept Mapping and Enhancing Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning | 177 | ||
| Chapter 11: Assessing | 181 | ||
| Introduction | 181 | ||
| Overview of the Nursing Process | 181 | ||
| Phases of the Nursing Process | 181 | ||
| Characteristics of the Nursing Process | 181 | ||
| Assessing | 185 | ||
| Collecting Data | 185 | ||
| Types of Data | 186 | ||
| Sources of Data | 187 | ||
| Data Collection Methods | 189 | ||
| Organizing Data | 193 | ||
| Conceptual Models/Frameworks | 193 | ||
| Wellness Models | 196 | ||
| Nonnursing Models | 197 | ||
| Validating Data | 197 | ||
| Documenting Data | 197 | ||
| Chapter 12: Diagnosing | 201 | ||
| Introduction | 201 | ||
| Nanda Nursing Diagnoses | 201 | ||
| Definitions | 201 | ||
| Status of the Nursing Diagnoses | 202 | ||
| Components of a NANDA Nursing Diagnosis | 202 | ||
| Differentiating Nursing Diagnoses from Medical Diagnoses | 203 | ||
| Differentiating Nursing Diagnoses from Collaborative Problems | 203 | ||
| The Diagnostic Process | 204 | ||
| Analyzing Data | 204 | ||
| Identifying Health Problems, Risks, and Strengths | 205 | ||
| Formulating Diagnostic Statements | 208 | ||
| Avoiding Errors in Diagnostic Reasoning | 209 | ||
| Ongoing Development of Nursing Diagnoses | 211 | ||
| Chapter 13: Planning | 215 | ||
| Introduction | 215 | ||
| Types of Planning | 215 | ||
| Initial Planning | 215 | ||
| Ongoing Planning | 215 | ||
| Discharge Planning | 215 | ||
| Developing Nursing Care Plans | 216 | ||
| Standardized Approaches to Care Planning | 216 | ||
| Formats for Nursing Care Plans | 218 | ||
| Multidisciplinary (Collaborative) Care Plans | 220 | ||
| Guidelines for Writing Nursing Care Plans | 221 | ||
| The Planning Process | 221 | ||
| Setting Priorities | 221 | ||
| Establishing Client Goals/Desired Outcomes | 223 | ||
| Selecting Nursing Interventions and Activities | 225 | ||
| Writing Individualized Nursing Interventions | 227 | ||
| Delegating Implementation | 228 | ||
| The Nursing Interventions\rClassification | 228 | ||
| Chapter 14: Implementing and Evaluating | 234 | ||
| Introduction | 234 | ||
| Implementing | 234 | ||
| Relationship of Implementing to Other Nursing Process Phases | 234 | ||
| Implementing Skills | 234 | ||
| Process of Implementing | 235 | ||
| Evaluating | 236 | ||
| Relationship of Evaluating to Other Nursing Process Phases | 237 | ||
| Process of Evaluating Client Responses | 237 | ||
| Evaluating the Quality of Nursing Care | 240 | ||
| Chapter 15: Documenting and Reporting | 247 | ||
| Introduction | 247 | ||
| Ethical and Legal Considerations | 247 | ||
| Ensuring Confidentiality of Computer Records | 248 | ||
| Purposes of Client Records | 248 | ||
| Communication | 248 | ||
| Planning Client Care | 248 | ||
| Auditing Health Agencies | 248 | ||
| Research | 248 | ||
| Education | 248 | ||
| Reimbursement | 248 | ||
| Legal Documentation | 248 | ||
| Health Care Analysis | 248 | ||
| Documentation Systems | 249 | ||
| Source-Oriented Record | 249 | ||
| Problem-Oriented Medical Record | 250 | ||
| PIE | 252 | ||
| Focus Charting | 252 | ||
| Charting by Exception | 253 | ||
| Computerized Documentation | 253 | ||
| Case Management | 254 | ||
| Documenting Nursing Activities | 255 | ||
| Admission Nursing Assessment | 256 | ||
| Nursing Care Plans | 256 | ||
| Kardexes | 256 | ||
| Flow Sheets | 257 | ||
| Progress Notes | 257 | ||
| Nursing Discharge/Referral Summaries | 257 | ||
| Long-Term Care Documentation | 258 | ||
| Home Care Documentation | 258 | ||
| General Guidelines for Recording | 258 | ||
| Date and Time | 259 | ||
| Timing | 259 | ||
| Legibility | 259 | ||
| Permanence | 259 | ||
| Accepted Terminology | 260 | ||
| Correct Spelling | 261 | ||
| Signature | 261 | ||
| Accuracy | 261 | ||
| Sequence | 261 | ||
| Appropriateness | 262 | ||
| Completeness | 262 | ||
| Conciseness | 262 | ||
| Legal Prudence | 262 | ||
| Reporting | 262 | ||
| Change-of-Shift Reports | 263 | ||
| Telephone Reports | 264 | ||
| Telephone Orders | 264 | ||
| Care Plan Conference | 265 | ||
| Nursing Rounds | 265 | ||
| Unit 4: Health Beliefs and Practices | 269 | ||
| Chapter 16: Health Promotion | 270 | ||
| Introduction | 270 | ||
| Individual Health | 270 | ||
| Concept of Individuality | 270 | ||
| Concept of Holism | 270 | ||
| Concept of Homeostasis | 271 | ||
| Assessing the Health of Individuals | 272 | ||
| Applying Theoretical Frameworks | 272 | ||
| Needs Theories | 273 | ||
| Developmental Stage Theories | 274 | ||
| Healthy People 20420 | 274 | ||
| Defining Health Promotion | 274 | ||
| Sites for Health Promotion Activities | 275 | ||
| Health Promotion Model | 276 | ||
| Individual Characteristics and Experiences | 276 | ||
| Behavior-Specific Cognitions and Affect | 277 | ||
| Commitment to a Plan of Action | 278 | ||
| Immediate Competing Demands and Preferences | 278 | ||
| Behavioral Outcome | 278 | ||
| Stages of Health Behavior Change | 278 | ||
| Precontemplation Stage | 278 | ||
| Contemplation Stage | 278 | ||
| Preparation Stage | 278 | ||
| Action Stage | 278 | ||
| Maintenance Stage | 279 | ||
| Termination Stage | 279 | ||
| The Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion | 279 | ||
| The Nursing Process and Health Promotion | 280 | ||
| Nursing Management | 280 | ||
| Chapter 17: Health, Wellness, and Illness | 288 | ||
| Introduction | 288 | ||
| Concepts of Health, Wellness, and Well-Being | 288 | ||
| Health | 288 | ||
| Wellness and Well-Being | 289 | ||
| Models of Health and Wellness | 290 | ||
| Clinical Model | 290 | ||
| Role Performance Model | 290 | ||
| Adaptive Model | 290 | ||
| Eudaimonistic Model | 290 | ||
| Agent–Host–Environment Model | 290 | ||
| Health–Illness Continua | 291 | ||
| Variables Influencing Health Status,\rBeliefs, and Practices | 292 | ||
| Internal Variables | 293 | ||
| External Variables | 294 | ||
| Health Belief Models | 294 | ||
| Health Locus of Control Model | 295 | ||
| Rosenstock and Becker’s Health Belief Models | 295 | ||
| Health Care Adherence | 296 | ||
| Illness and Disease | 297 | ||
| Illness Behaviors | 298 | ||
| Effects of Illness | 299 | ||
| Chapter 18: Culturally Responsive Nursing Care | 302 | ||
| Introduction | 302 | ||
| Cultural Concepts | 302 | ||
| Health Disparities | 304 | ||
| Demographics | 305 | ||
| Immigration | 305 | ||
| Cultural Models of Nursing Care | 306 | ||
| American Association of Colleges of Nursing Competencies | 306 | ||
| Cultural Competence | 306 | ||
| HEALTH Traditions Model | 306 | ||
| Providing Culturally Responsive Care | 308 | ||
| Health Beliefs and Practices | 308 | ||
| Family Patterns | 309 | ||
| Communication Style | 309 | ||
| Space Orientation | 312 | ||
| Time Orientation | 312 | ||
| Nutritional Patterns | 312 | ||
| Nursing Management | 313 | ||
| Chapter 19: Complementary and AlternativeHealing Modalities | 321 | ||
| Introduction | 321 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 322 | ||
| Holism | 322 | ||
| Humanism | 322 | ||
| Balance | 322 | ||
| Spirituality | 322 | ||
| Energy | 322 | ||
| Healing Environments | 322 | ||
| Healing Environments | 323 | ||
| Systematized Health Care Practices | 323 | ||
| Botanical Healing | 324 | ||
| Nutritional Therapy | 326 | ||
| Manual Healing Methods | 326 | ||
| Mind–Body Therapies | 328 | ||
| Spiritual Therapy | 330 | ||
| Miscellaneous Therapies | 331 | ||
| Unit 5: Life Span Development | 337 | ||
| Chapter 20: Concepts of Growth and Development | 338 | ||
| Introduction | 338 | ||
| Factors Influencing Growth and Development | 338 | ||
| Genetics | 338 | ||
| Temperament | 338 | ||
| Family | 338 | ||
| Nutrition | 339 | ||
| Environment | 339 | ||
| Health | 339 | ||
| Culture | 339 | ||
| Stages of Growth and Development | 339 | ||
| Growth and Development Theories | 339 | ||
| Biophysical Theory | 339 | ||
| Psychosocial Theories | 340 | ||
| Temperament Theories | 344 | ||
| Attachment Theory | 345 | ||
| Cognitive Theory | 345 | ||
| Behaviorist Theory | 345 | ||
| Social Learning Theories | 346 | ||
| Ecologic Systems Theory | 346 | ||
| Theories of Moral Development | 346 | ||
| Theories of Spiritual Development | 349 | ||
| Applying Growth and Development Concepts to Nursing Practice | 349 | ||
| Chapter 21: Promoting Health from Conception Through Adolescence | 354 | ||
| Introduction | 354 | ||
| Conception and Prenatal Development | 354 | ||
| Health Promotion | 355 | ||
| Neonates and Infants (Birth to 27 Year) | 356 | ||
| Physical Development | 356 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 358 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 359 | ||
| Moral Development | 359 | ||
| Health Risks | 359 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 360 | ||
| Toddlers (27 to 29 Years) | 361 | ||
| Physical Development | 361 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 362 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 363 | ||
| Moral Development | 363 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 363 | ||
| Health Risks | 363 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 364 | ||
| Preschoolers (30 and 31 Years) | 364 | ||
| Physical Development | 364 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 365 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 366 | ||
| Moral Development | 366 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 367 | ||
| Health Risks | 367 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 367 | ||
| School-Age Children (32 to 38 Years) | 367 | ||
| Physical Development | 367 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 368 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 369 | ||
| Moral Development | 369 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 369 | ||
| Health Risks | 369 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 370 | ||
| Adolescents (38 to 44 Years) | 370 | ||
| Physical Development | 371 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 371 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 373 | ||
| Moral Development | 373 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 373 | ||
| Health Risks | 373 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 374 | ||
| Chapter 22: Promoting Health in Young and Middle-Aged Adults | 379 | ||
| Introduction | 379 | ||
| Young Adults (46 to 66 Years) | 379 | ||
| Physical Development | 380 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 380 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 381 | ||
| Moral Development | 381 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 381 | ||
| Health Risks | 381 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 383 | ||
| Middle-Aged Adults (66 to 91 Years) | 383 | ||
| Physical Development | 384 | ||
| Psychosocial Development | 385 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 385 | ||
| Moral Development | 385 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 386 | ||
| Health Risks | 386 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 386 | ||
| Chapter 23: Promoting Health in Older Adults | 390 | ||
| Introduction | 390 | ||
| Characteristics of Older Adults in the United States | 390 | ||
| Demographics | 390 | ||
| Socioeconomic | 391 | ||
| Ethnicity | 391 | ||
| Health | 391 | ||
| Attitudes Toward Aging | 391 | ||
| Ageism | 391 | ||
| Myths and Stereotypes | 392 | ||
| Gerontological Nursing | 392 | ||
| Development | 392 | ||
| Roles | 393 | ||
| Care Settings for Older Adults | 393 | ||
| Acute Care Facilities | 393 | ||
| Long-Term Care Facilities | 393 | ||
| Hospice | 393 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 393 | ||
| Community | 394 | ||
| Physiological Aging | 395 | ||
| Integument | 395 | ||
| Neuromuscular | 397 | ||
| Sensory-Perceptual | 398 | ||
| Pulmonary | 399 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 399 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 400 | ||
| Urinary | 400 | ||
| Genitals | 400 | ||
| Psychosocial Aging | 401 | ||
| Retirement | 401 | ||
| Economic Change | 402 | ||
| Grandparenting | 402 | ||
| Relocation | 402 | ||
| Maintaining Independence and Self-Esteem | 403 | ||
| Facing Death and Grieving | 403 | ||
| Cognitive Abilities and Aging | 403 | ||
| Perception | 403 | ||
| Cognitive Agility | 404 | ||
| Memory | 404 | ||
| Learning | 404 | ||
| Moral Reasoning | 404 | ||
| Spirituality and Aging | 404 | ||
| Health Problems | 405 | ||
| Injuries | 405 | ||
| Chronic Disabling Illness | 405 | ||
| Drug Abuse and Misuse | 405 | ||
| Alcoholism | 406 | ||
| Dementia | 406 | ||
| Mistreatment of Older Adults | 406 | ||
| Health Assessment and Promotion | 407 | ||
| Chapter 24: Promoting Family Health | 412 | ||
| Introduction | 412 | ||
| Family Health | 412 | ||
| Functions of the Family | 412 | ||
| Types of Families in Today’s Society | 412 | ||
| Applying Theoretical Frameworks to Families | 414 | ||
| Systems Theory | 414 | ||
| Structural– Functional Theory | 414 | ||
| Nursing Management | 415 | ||
| Unit 6: Integral Aspects of Nursing | 423 | ||
| Chapter 25: Caring | 424 | ||
| Introduction | 424 | ||
| Professionalization of Caring | 424 | ||
| Caring as “Helping the Other Grow” | 424 | ||
| Nursing Theories on Caring | 425 | ||
| Culture Care Diversity and Universality (Leininger) | 425 | ||
| Theory of Bureaucratic Caring (Ray) | 425 | ||
| Caring, the Human Mode of Being (Roach) | 425 | ||
| Nursing as Caring (Boykin and Schoenhofer) | 426 | ||
| Theory of Human Care (Watson) | 426 | ||
| Theory of Caring (Swanson) | 427 | ||
| Types of Knowledge in Nursing | 427 | ||
| Empirical Knowing: The Science of Nursing | 427 | ||
| Personal Knowing: The Therapeutic Use of Self | 427 | ||
| Ethical Knowing: The Moral Component | 427 | ||
| Aesthetic Knowing: The Art of Nursing | 427 | ||
| Developing Ways of Knowing | 427 | ||
| Caring Encounters | 428 | ||
| Knowing the Client | 428 | ||
| Nursing Presence | 429 | ||
| Empowering the Client | 429 | ||
| Compassion | 429 | ||
| Competence | 429 | ||
| Maintaining Caring Practice | 430 | ||
| Caring for Self | 430 | ||
| Reflection on Practice | 432 | ||
| Chapter 26: Communicating | 437 | ||
| Introduction | 437 | ||
| Communicating | 437 | ||
| The Communication Process | 438 | ||
| Modes of Communication | 439 | ||
| Factors Influencing the Communication Process | 442 | ||
| Therapeutic Communication | 444 | ||
| Barriers to Communication | 445 | ||
| The Helping Relationship | 445 | ||
| Phases of the Helping Relationship | 449 | ||
| Developing Helping Relationships | 451 | ||
| Group Communication | 451 | ||
| Group Dynamics | 451 | ||
| Types of Health Care Groups | 451 | ||
| Communication and the Nursing Process | 453 | ||
| Nursing Management | 453 | ||
| Communication Among Health Professionals | 457 | ||
| Disruptive Behaviors | 457 | ||
| Responding to Disruptive Behaviors | 458 | ||
| Nurse and Physician Communication | 459 | ||
| Chapter 27: Teaching | 464 | ||
| Introduction | 464 | ||
| Teaching | 464 | ||
| Teaching Clients and Their Families | 464 | ||
| Teaching in the Community | 465 | ||
| Teaching Health Personnel | 465 | ||
| Learning | 465 | ||
| Learning Domains | 466 | ||
| Learning Theories | 466 | ||
| Factors Affecting Learning | 467 | ||
| The Internet and Health Information | 469 | ||
| Online Health Information | 470 | ||
| Older Adults and Use of the Internet | 470 | ||
| Implications | 470 | ||
| Nurse as Educator | 470 | ||
| Nursing Management | 470 | ||
| Chapter 28: Leading, Managing, and Delegating | 488 | ||
| Introduction | 488 | ||
| The Nurse as Leader and Manager | 488 | ||
| Leadership | 488 | ||
| Leadership Theory | 489 | ||
| Effective Leadership | 491 | ||
| Management | 491 | ||
| Levels of Management | 491 | ||
| Management Functions | 492 | ||
| Principles of Management | 492 | ||
| Skills and Competencies of Nurse Managers | 492 | ||
| The Nurse as Delegator | 493 | ||
| Change | 497 | ||
| Types of Change | 497 | ||
| The Nurse’s Role in Change | 497 | ||
| Unit 7: Assessing Health | 502 | ||
| Chapter 29: Vital Signs | 503 | ||
| Introduction | 503 | ||
| Body Temperature | 504 | ||
| Regulation of Body Temperature | 505 | ||
| Factors Affecting Body Temperature | 505 | ||
| Alterations in Body Temperature | 505 | ||
| Assessing Body Temperature | 507 | ||
| SKILL 29-1: Assessing Body Temperature | 510 | ||
| Pulse | 513 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Pulse | 513 | ||
| Pulse Sites | 513 | ||
| Assessing the Pulse | 514 | ||
| SKILL 29-2: Assessing a Peripheral Pulse | 515 | ||
| Apical Pulse Assessment | 517 | ||
| SKILL 29-3: Assessing an Apical Pulse | 518 | ||
| SKILL 29-4: Assessing an Apical-Radial Pulse | 521 | ||
| Respirations | 522 | ||
| Mechanics and Regulation of Breathing | 522 | ||
| Assessing Respirations | 523 | ||
| Factors Affecting Respirations | 523 | ||
| SKILL 29-5: Assessing Respirations | 524 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 525 | ||
| Determinants of Blood Pressure | 526 | ||
| Factors Affecting Blood Pressure | 526 | ||
| Hypertension | 526 | ||
| Hypotension | 527 | ||
| Assessing Blood Pressure | 527 | ||
| Common Errors in Assessing Blood Pressure | 529 | ||
| SKILL 29-6: Assessing Blood Pressure | 530 | ||
| Oxygen Saturation | 533 | ||
| Factors Affecting Oxygen Saturation Readings | 533 | ||
| SKILL 29-7: Measuring Oxygen Saturation | 534 | ||
| Chapter 30: Health Assessment | 539 | ||
| Introduction | 540 | ||
| Physical Health Assessment | 540 | ||
| Preparing the Client | 541 | ||
| Preparing the Environment | 541 | ||
| Positioning | 542 | ||
| Draping | 542 | ||
| Instrumentation | 542 | ||
| Methods of Examining | 542 | ||
| General Survey | 545 | ||
| Appearance and Mental Status | 545 | ||
| SKILL 30-1: Assessing Appearance and Mental Status | 546 | ||
| Vital Signs | 548 | ||
| Height and Weight | 548 | ||
| Integument | 548 | ||
| Skin | 548 | ||
| SKILL 30-2: Assessing the Skin | 551 | ||
| Hair | 554 | ||
| Nails | 554 | ||
| SKILL 30-3: Assessing the Hair | 555 | ||
| SKILL 30-4: Assessing the Nails | 556 | ||
| Head | 557 | ||
| Skull and Face | 557 | ||
| SKILL 30-5: Assessing the Skull and Face | 558 | ||
| Eyes and Vision | 559 | ||
| SKILL 30-6: Assessing the Eye Structures and Visual Acuity | 560 | ||
| Ears and Hearing | 565 | ||
| SKILL 30-7: Assessing the Ears and Hearing | 566 | ||
| Nose and Sinuses | 570 | ||
| SKILL 30-8: Assessing the Nose and Sinuses | 570 | ||
| Mouth and Oropharynx | 571 | ||
| SKILL 30-9: Assessing the Mouth and Oropharynx | 572 | ||
| Neck | 575 | ||
| Thorax and Lungs | 576 | ||
| Chest Landmarks | 576 | ||
| SKILL 30-10: Assessing the Neck | 576 | ||
| Chest Shape and Size | 580 | ||
| Breath Sounds | 581 | ||
| SKILL 30-11: Assessing the Thorax and Lungs | 582 | ||
| Cardiovascular and Peripheral Vascular Systems | 586 | ||
| Heart | 586 | ||
| Central Vessels | 588 | ||
| SKILL 30-12: Assessing the Heart and Central Vessels | 588 | ||
| Peripheral Vascular System | 592 | ||
| SKILL 30-13: Assessing the Peripheral Vascular System | 592 | ||
| Breasts and Axillae | 594 | ||
| SKILL 30-14: Assessing the Breasts and Axillae | 594 | ||
| Abdomen | 597 | ||
| SKILL 30-15: Assessing the Abdomen | 599 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 603 | ||
| SKILL 30-16: Assessing the Musculoskeletal System | 604 | ||
| Neurologic System | 606 | ||
| Mental Status | 606 | ||
| Level of Consciousness | 607 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 607 | ||
| Reflexes | 607 | ||
| Motor Function | 607 | ||
| Sensory Function | 607 | ||
| SKILL 30-17: Assessing the Neurologic System | 608 | ||
| Female Genitals and Inguinal Area | 615 | ||
| SKILL 30-18: Assessing the Female Genitals and Inguinal Area | 617 | ||
| Male Genitals and Inguinal Area | 619 | ||
| SKILL 30-19: Assessing the Male Genitals and Inguinal Area | 620 | ||
| Anus | 622 | ||
| Skill 30–20 Assessing the Anus | 622 | ||
| Unit 8: Integral Components of Client Care | 627 | ||
| Chapter 31: Asepsis | 628 | ||
| Introduction | 628 | ||
| Types of Microorganisms That Cause Infections | 629 | ||
| Types of Infections | 629 | ||
| Nosocomial and Health Care–Associated Infections | 630 | ||
| Chain of Infection | 630 | ||
| Etiologic Agent | 631 | ||
| Reservoir | 631 | ||
| Portal of Exit from Reservoir | 632 | ||
| Method of Transmission | 632 | ||
| Portal of Entry to the Susceptible Host | 632 | ||
| Susceptible Host | 632 | ||
| Body Defenses Against Infection | 633 | ||
| Nonspecific Defenses | 633 | ||
| Specific Defenses | 634 | ||
| Factors Increasing Susceptibility to Infection | 634 | ||
| Nursing Management | 635 | ||
| SKILL 31-1: Performing Hand Hygiene | 640 | ||
| SKILL 31-2: Applying and Removing Personal Protective Equipment (Gloves, Gown, Mask, Eyewear) | 647 | ||
| SKILL 31-3: Establishing and Maintaining a Sterile Field | 654 | ||
| SKILL 31-4: Applying and Removing Sterile Gloves (Open Method) | 658 | ||
| SKILL 31-5: Applying a Sterile Gown and Gloves (Closed Method) | 659 | ||
| Chapter 32: Safety | 666 | ||
| Introduction | 666 | ||
| Factors Affecting Safety | 666 | ||
| Age and Development | 666 | ||
| Lifestyle | 666 | ||
| Mobility and Health Status | 666 | ||
| Sensory-Perceptual Alterations | 667 | ||
| Cognitive Awareness | 667 | ||
| Emotional State | 667 | ||
| Ability to Communicate | 667 | ||
| Safety Awareness | 667 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 667 | ||
| Nursing Management | 669 | ||
| SKILL 32-1: Using a Bed or Chair Exit Safety Monitoring Device | 678 | ||
| SKILL 32-2: Implementing Seizure Precautions | 680 | ||
| SKILL 32-3: Applying Restraints | 689 | ||
| Chapter 33: Hygiene | 695 | ||
| Introduction | 695 | ||
| Hygienic Care | 695 | ||
| Skin | 696 | ||
| Nursing Management | 696 | ||
| SKILL 33-1: Bathing an Adult Client | 702 | ||
| SKILL 33-2: Providing Perineal-Genital Care | 708 | ||
| Feet | 710 | ||
| Developmental Variations | 710 | ||
| Nursing Management | 710 | ||
| SKILL 33-3: Providing Foot Care | 713 | ||
| Nails | 714 | ||
| Nursing Management | 714 | ||
| Mouth | 715 | ||
| Developmental Variations | 715 | ||
| Nursing Management | 715 | ||
| SKILL 33-4: Brushing and Flossing the Teeth | 718 | ||
| SKILL 33-5: Providing Special Oral Care for the Unconscious Client | 722 | ||
| Hair | 723 | ||
| Developmental Variations | 724 | ||
| Nursing Management | 724 | ||
| SKILL 33-6: Providing Hair Care | 726 | ||
| Eyes | 728 | ||
| Nursing Management | 728 | ||
| Ears | 730 | ||
| Cleaning the Ears | 730 | ||
| Care of Hearing Aids | 730 | ||
| SKILL 33-7: Removing, Cleaning, and Inserting a Hearing Aid | 731 | ||
| Nose | 732 | ||
| Supporting a Hygienic Environment | 732 | ||
| Environment | 733 | ||
| Hospital Beds | 733 | ||
| Mattresses | 733 | ||
| Side Rails | 733 | ||
| Footboard or Footboot | 734 | ||
| Intravenous Rods | 734 | ||
| Making Beds | 734 | ||
| Unoccupied Bed | 734 | ||
| SKILL 33-8: Changing an Unoccupied Bed | 736 | ||
| Changing an Occupied Bed | 739 | ||
| SKILL 33-9: Changing an Occupied Bed | 739 | ||
| Chapter 34: Diagnostic Testing | 744 | ||
| Introduction | 744 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing Phases | 744 | ||
| Pretest | 744 | ||
| Intratest | 745 | ||
| Post-Test | 745 | ||
| Nursing Diagnoses | 745 | ||
| Blood Tests | 745 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 745 | ||
| Serum Electrolytes | 747 | ||
| Serum Osmolality | 747 | ||
| Drug Monitoring | 747 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gases | 748 | ||
| Blood Chemistry | 749 | ||
| Metabolic Screening | 749 | ||
| Capillary Blood Glucose | 749 | ||
| SKILL 34-1: Obtaining a Capillary Blood Specimen to Measure Blood Glucose | 752 | ||
| Specimen Collection and Testing | 754 | ||
| Stool Specimens | 755 | ||
| Urine Specimens | 757 | ||
| SKILL 34-2: Collecting a Urine Specimen for\rCulture and Sensitivity by Clean Catch | 758 | ||
| Sputum Specimens | 762 | ||
| Throat Culture | 763 | ||
| Visualization Procedures | 763 | ||
| Clients with Gastrointestinal Alterations | 763 | ||
| Clients with Urinary Alterations | 764 | ||
| Clients with Cardiopulmonary Alterations | 764 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 764 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 765 | ||
| Nuclear Imaging Studies | 765 | ||
| Aspiration/Biopsy | 766 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture | 766 | ||
| Abdominal Paracentesis | 767 | ||
| Thoracentesis | 768 | ||
| Bone Marrow Biopsy | 769 | ||
| Liver Biopsy | 769 | ||
| Chapter 35: Medications | 776 | ||
| Introduction | 777 | ||
| Drug Standards | 777 | ||
| Legal Aspects of Drug Administration | 778 | ||
| Effects of Drugs | 778 | ||
| Drug Misuse | 780 | ||
| Actions of Drugs on the Body | 780 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 781 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 781 | ||
| Factors Affecting Medication Action | 782 | ||
| Developmental Factors | 782 | ||
| Gender | 783 | ||
| Cultural, Ethnic, and Genetic Factors | 783 | ||
| Diet | 783 | ||
| Environment | 783 | ||
| Psychological Factors | 783 | ||
| Illness and Disease | 783 | ||
| Time of Administration | 783 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 784 | ||
| Oral | 784 | ||
| Sublingual | 784 | ||
| Buccal | 785 | ||
| Parenteral | 785 | ||
| Topical | 785 | ||
| Medication Orders | 785 | ||
| Types of Medication Orders | 786 | ||
| Essential Parts of a Medication Order | 786 | ||
| Communicating a Medication Order | 787 | ||
| Systems of Measurement | 788 | ||
| Metric System | 788 | ||
| Apothecaries’ System | 789 | ||
| Household System | 789 | ||
| Converting Units of Weight and Measure | 789 | ||
| Methods of Calculating Dosages | 790 | ||
| Administering Medications Safely | 793 | ||
| Medication Administration Errors | 794 | ||
| Medication Reconciliation | 795 | ||
| Medication Dispensing Systems | 796 | ||
| Process of Administering Medications | 797 | ||
| Developmental Considerations | 800 | ||
| Oral Medications | 801 | ||
| SKILL 35-1: Administering Oral Medications | 801 | ||
| Nasogastric and Gastrostomy Medications | 806 | ||
| Parenteral Medications | 806 | ||
| Equipment | 806 | ||
| Preparing Injectable Medications | 810 | ||
| SKILL 35-2: Preparing Medications from Ampules | 813 | ||
| SKILL 35-3: Preparing Medications from Vials | 814 | ||
| SKILL 35-4: Mixing Medications Using One Syringe | 816 | ||
| Intradermal Injections | 817 | ||
| Subcutaneous Injections | 817 | ||
| SKILL 35-5: Administering an Intradermal Injection for Skin Tests | 818 | ||
| SKILL 35-6: Administering a Subcutaneous Injection | 820 | ||
| Intramuscular Injections | 823 | ||
| SKILL 35-7: Administering an Intramuscular Injection | 827 | ||
| Intravenous Medications | 829 | ||
| SKILL 35-8: Adding Medications to Intravenous Fluid Containers | 829 | ||
| SKILL 35-9: Administering Intravenous Medications Using IV Push | 834 | ||
| Topical Medications | 837 | ||
| SKILL 35-10: Administering Ophthalmic Instillations | 839 | ||
| SKILL 35-11: Administering Otic Instillations | 841 | ||
| SKILL 35-12: Administering Vaginal Instillations | 844 | ||
| Inhaled Medications | 846 | ||
| Irrigations | 849 | ||
| Chapter 36: Skin Integrity and Wound Care | 854 | ||
| Introduction | 854 | ||
| Skin Integrity | 854 | ||
| Types of Wounds | 855 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers | 855 | ||
| Etiology of Pressure Ulcers | 855 | ||
| Risk Factors | 856 | ||
| Stages of Pressure Ulcers | 856 | ||
| Wound Healing | 858 | ||
| Types of Wound Healing | 860 | ||
| Phases of Wound Healing | 861 | ||
| Types of Wound Exudate | 862 | ||
| Complications of Wound Healing | 862 | ||
| Factors Affecting Wound Healing | 862 | ||
| Nursing Management | 863 | ||
| SKILL 36-1: Obtaining a Wound Drainage\rSpecimen for Culture | 865 | ||
| SKILL 36-2: Irrigating a Wound | 875 | ||
| Supporting and Immobilizing Wounds | 877 | ||
| Bandages | 879 | ||
| Basic Turns for Roller Bandages | 879 | ||
| Circular Turns | 880 | ||
| Spiral Turns | 880 | ||
| Spiral Reverse Turns | 880 | ||
| Recurrent Turns | 880 | ||
| Figure-Eight Turns | 881 | ||
| Binders | 881 | ||
| Arm Sling | 881 | ||
| Straight Abdominal Binder | 882 | ||
| Heat and Cold Applications | 882 | ||
| Local Effects of Heat | 882 | ||
| Local Effects of Cold | 882 | ||
| Systemic Effects of Heat and Cold | 883 | ||
| Thermal Tolerance | 883 | ||
| Adaptation of Thermal Receptors | 883 | ||
| Rebound Phenomenon | 883 | ||
| Applying Heat and Cold | 884 | ||
| Hot Water Bag | 884 | ||
| Aquathermia Pad | 885 | ||
| Hot and Cold Packs | 885 | ||
| Electric Heating Pads | 886 | ||
| Ice Bags, Ice Gloves, and Ice Collars | 886 | ||
| Compresses | 886 | ||
| Soaks | 886 | ||
| Sitz Baths | 886 | ||
| Cooling Sponge Baths | 887 | ||
| Chapter 37: Perioperative Nursing | 891 | ||
| Introduction | 891 | ||
| Types of Surgery | 892 | ||
| Purpose | 892 | ||
| Degree of Urgency | 892 | ||
| Degree of Risk | 892 | ||
| Preoperative Phase | 893 | ||
| Preoperative Consent | 893 | ||
| Nursing Management | 894 | ||
| SKILL 37-1: Teaching Moving, Leg Exercises, Deep Breathing, and Coughing | 897 | ||
| SKILL 37-2: Applying Antiemboli Stockings | 902 | ||
| Intraoperative Phase | 904 | ||
| Types of Anesthesia | 904 | ||
| Nursing Management | 905 | ||
| Postoperative Phase | 907 | ||
| Immediate Postanesthetic Phase | 907 | ||
| Preparing for Ongoing Care of the Postoperative Client | 909 | ||
| Nursing Management | 909 | ||
| SKILL 37-3: Managing Gastrointestinal Suction | 915 | ||
| SKILL 37-4: Cleaning a Sutured Wound and Changing a Dressing on a Wound with a Drain | 918 | ||
| Unit 9: Promoting Psychosocial Health | 929 | ||
| Chapter 38: Sensory Perception | 930 | ||
| Introduction | 930 | ||
| Components of the Sensory Experience | 930 | ||
| Arousal Mechanism | 930 | ||
| Factors Affecting Sensory Function | 931 | ||
| Developmental Stage | 931 | ||
| Culture | 931 | ||
| Stress | 931 | ||
| Medications and Illness | 931 | ||
| Lifestyle and Personality | 932 | ||
| Sensory Alterations | 932 | ||
| Sensory Deprivation | 932 | ||
| Sensory Overload | 932 | ||
| Sensory Deficits | 932 | ||
| Nursing Management | 933 | ||
| Chapter 39: Self-Concept | 948 | ||
| Introduction | 948 | ||
| Self-Concept | 948 | ||
| Formation of Self-Concept | 949 | ||
| Components of Self-Concept | 950 | ||
| Personal Identity | 950 | ||
| Body Image | 950 | ||
| Role Performance | 951 | ||
| Self-Esteem | 951 | ||
| Factors that Affect Self-Concept | 952 | ||
| Stage of Development | 952 | ||
| Family and Culture | 952 | ||
| Stressors | 952 | ||
| Resources | 953 | ||
| History of Success and Failure | 953 | ||
| Illness | 953 | ||
| Nursing Management | 953 | ||
| Chapter 40: Sexuality | 960 | ||
| Introduction | 960 | ||
| Development of Sexuality | 960 | ||
| Birth to 12 Years | 960 | ||
| Adolescence | 960 | ||
| Young and Middle Adulthood | 962 | ||
| Older Adulthood | 962 | ||
| Sexual Health | 964 | ||
| Components of Sexual Health | 964 | ||
| Varieties of Sexuality | 965 | ||
| Sexual Orientation | 965 | ||
| Gender Identity | 965 | ||
| Erotic Preferences | 966 | ||
| Factors Influencing Sexuality | 966 | ||
| Family | 966 | ||
| Culture | 967 | ||
| Religion | 967 | ||
| Personal Expectations and Ethics | 967 | ||
| Sexual Response Cycle | 967 | ||
| Altered Sexual Function | 968 | ||
| Past and Current Factors | 969 | ||
| Sexual Desire Disorders | 969 | ||
| Sexual Arousal Disorders | 969 | ||
| Orgasmic Disorders | 970 | ||
| Sexual Pain Disorders | 970 | ||
| Problems with Satisfaction | 971 | ||
| Nursing Management | 971 | ||
| Chapter 41: Spirituality | 980 | ||
| Introduction | 980 | ||
| Spirituality and Related Concepts Described | 980 | ||
| Spiritual Care or Spiritual Nursing Care? | 981 | ||
| Spiritual Needs, Spiritual Distress, Spiritual Health, and Religious Coping | 981 | ||
| Spiritual Development | 981 | ||
| Religious Practices that Nurses Should Know | 982 | ||
| Holy Days | 982 | ||
| Sacred Texts | 982 | ||
| Sacred Symbols | 983 | ||
| Prayer and Meditation | 983 | ||
| Beliefs Affecting Diet | 984 | ||
| Beliefs About Illness and Healing | 984 | ||
| Beliefs About Dress and Modesty | 984 | ||
| Beliefs Related to Birth | 985 | ||
| Beliefs Related to Death | 985 | ||
| Spiritual Health and the Nursing Process | 985 | ||
| Nursing Management | 986 | ||
| Spiritual Self-Awareness for the Nurse | 991 | ||
| Chapter 42: Stress and Coping | 998 | ||
| Introduction | 998 | ||
| Concept of Stress | 998 | ||
| Sources of Stress | 998 | ||
| Effects of Stress | 998 | ||
| Models of Stress | 998 | ||
| Stimulus-Based Models | 999 | ||
| Response-Based Models | 999 | ||
| Transaction-Based Models | 1000 | ||
| Indicators of Stress | 1000 | ||
| Physiological Indicators | 1001 | ||
| Psychological Indicators | 1001 | ||
| Cognitive Indicators | 1003 | ||
| Coping | 1004 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1005 | ||
| Chapter 43: Loss, Grieving, and Death | 1015 | ||
| Introduction | 1015 | ||
| Loss and Grief | 1015 | ||
| Types and Sources of Loss | 1015 | ||
| Grief, Bereavement, and Mourning | 1016 | ||
| Stages of Grieving | 1017 | ||
| Manifestations of Grief | 1018 | ||
| Factors Influencing the Loss and Grief Responses | 1018 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1020 | ||
| Dying and Death | 1022 | ||
| Responses to Dying and Death | 1022 | ||
| Definitions and Signs of Death | 1023 | ||
| Death-Related Religious and Cultural Practices | 1023 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1024 | ||
| Unit 10: Promoting Physiological Health | 1035 | ||
| Chapter 44: Activity and Exercise | 1036 | ||
| Introduction | 1036 | ||
| Normal Movement | 1037 | ||
| Alignment and Posture | 1037 | ||
| Joint Mobility | 1038 | ||
| Balance | 1038 | ||
| Coordinated Movement | 1038 | ||
| Factors Affecting Body Alignment and Activity | 1038 | ||
| Growth and Development | 1038 | ||
| Nutrition | 1043 | ||
| Personal Values and Attitudes | 1043 | ||
| External Factors | 1043 | ||
| Prescribed Limitations | 1044 | ||
| Exercise | 1044 | ||
| Types of Exercise | 1044 | ||
| Benefits of Exercise | 1046 | ||
| Effects of Immobility | 1047 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 1048 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 1048 | ||
| Respiratory System | 1049 | ||
| Metabolic System | 1050 | ||
| Urinary System | 1050 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 1051 | ||
| Integumentary System | 1051 | ||
| Psychoneurologic System | 1051 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1051 | ||
| SKILL 44-1: Moving a Client Up in Bed | 1066 | ||
| SKILL 44-2: Turning a Client to the Lateral or Prone Position in Bed | 1067 | ||
| SKILL 44-3: Logrolling a Client | 1068 | ||
| SKILL 44-4: Assisting a Client to Sit on the Side of the Bed (Dangling) | 1069 | ||
| SKILL 44-5: Transferring Between Bed and Chair | 1072 | ||
| SKILL 44-6: Transferring Between Bed and Stretcher | 1074 | ||
| SKILL 44-7: Assisting a Client to Ambulate | 1079 | ||
| Chapter 45: Sleep | 1092 | ||
| Introduction | 1092 | ||
| Physiology of Sleep | 1092 | ||
| Circadian Rhythms | 1092 | ||
| Types of Sleep | 1093 | ||
| Sleep Cycles | 1094 | ||
| Functions of Sleep | 1094 | ||
| Normal Sleep Patterns and Requirements | 1094 | ||
| Newborns | 1094 | ||
| Infants | 1095 | ||
| Toddlers | 1095 | ||
| Preschoolers | 1095 | ||
| School-Age Children | 1095 | ||
| Adolescents | 1095 | ||
| Adults | 1096 | ||
| Older Adults | 1096 | ||
| Factors Affecting Sleep | 1096 | ||
| Illness | 1097 | ||
| Environment | 1097 | ||
| Lifestyle | 1098 | ||
| Emotional Stress | 1098 | ||
| Stimulants and Alcohol | 1098 | ||
| Diet | 1098 | ||
| Smoking | 1098 | ||
| Motivation | 1098 | ||
| Medications | 1098 | ||
| Common Sleep Disorders | 1098 | ||
| Insomnia | 1098 | ||
| Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | 1099 | ||
| Parasomnias | 1101 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1101 | ||
| Chapter 46: Pain Management | 1112 | ||
| Introduction | 1112 | ||
| The Nature of Pain | 1113 | ||
| Types of Pain | 1113 | ||
| Concepts Associated with Pain | 1114 | ||
| Physiology of Pain | 1115 | ||
| Nociception | 1115 | ||
| Gate Control Theory | 1117 | ||
| Responses to Pain | 1118 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Pain Experience | 1118 | ||
| Ethnic and Cultural Values | 1118 | ||
| Developmental Stage | 1119 | ||
| Environment and Support People | 1119 | ||
| Previous Pain Experiences | 1120 | ||
| Meaning of Pain | 1121 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1121 | ||
| SKILL 46-1: Providing a Back Massage | 1142 | ||
| Chapter 47: Nutrition | 1153 | ||
| Introduction | 1153 | ||
| Essential Nutrients | 1153 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 1154 | ||
| Proteins | 1154 | ||
| Lipids | 1155 | ||
| Micronutrients | 1156 | ||
| Energy Balance | 1156 | ||
| Energy Intake | 1156 | ||
| Energy Output | 1156 | ||
| Body Weight and Bodymass Standards | 1157 | ||
| Factors Affecting Nutrition | 1158 | ||
| Development | 1158 | ||
| Sex | 1158 | ||
| Ethnicity and Culture | 1158 | ||
| Beliefs About Food | 1158 | ||
| Personal Preferences | 1158 | ||
| Religious Practices | 1159 | ||
| Lifestyle | 1159 | ||
| Economics | 1159 | ||
| Medications and Therapy | 1159 | ||
| Health | 1159 | ||
| Alcohol Consumption | 1159 | ||
| Advertising | 1160 | ||
| Psychological Factors | 1160 | ||
| Nutritional Variations Throughout the Life Cycle | 1160 | ||
| Neonate to 1 Year | 1161 | ||
| Toddler | 1161 | ||
| Preschooler | 1161 | ||
| School-Age Child | 1162 | ||
| Adolescent | 1162 | ||
| Young Adult | 1162 | ||
| Middle-Aged Adult | 1163 | ||
| Older Adults | 1163 | ||
| Standards for a Healthy Diet | 1163 | ||
| Dietary Guidelines for Americans | 1165 | ||
| Recommended Dietary Intake | 1166 | ||
| Vegetarian Diets | 1168 | ||
| Altered Nutrition | 1168 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1169 | ||
| SKILL 47-1: Inserting a Nasogastric Tube | 1180 | ||
| SKILL 47-2: Administering a Tube Feeding | 1186 | ||
| SKILL 47-3: Administering a Gastrostomy or Jejunostomy Feeding | 1189 | ||
| SKILL 47-4: Removing a Nasogastric Tube | 1192 | ||
| Chapter 48: Urinary Elimination | 1200 | ||
| Introduction | 1200 | ||
| Physiology of Urinary Elimination | 1200 | ||
| Kidneys | 1200 | ||
| Ureters | 1201 | ||
| Bladder | 1201 | ||
| Urethra | 1202 | ||
| Pelvic Floor | 1202 | ||
| Urination | 1202 | ||
| Factors Affecting Voiding | 1202 | ||
| Developmental Factors | 1202 | ||
| Psychosocial Factors | 1204 | ||
| Fluid and Food Intake | 1204 | ||
| Medications | 1205 | ||
| Muscle Tone | 1205 | ||
| Pathologic Conditions | 1205 | ||
| Surgical and Diagnostic Procedures | 1205 | ||
| Altered Urine Production | 1205 | ||
| Polyuria | 1205 | ||
| Oliguria and Anuria | 1205 | ||
| Altered Urinary Elimination | 1206 | ||
| Frequency and Nocturia | 1206 | ||
| Urgency | 1206 | ||
| Dysuria | 1207 | ||
| Enuresis | 1207 | ||
| Urinary Incontinence | 1207 | ||
| Urinary Retention | 1207 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1207 | ||
| SKILL 48-1: Applying an External Urinary Device | 1215 | ||
| SKILL 48-2: Performing Urinary Catheterization | 1220 | ||
| SKILL 48-3: Performing Bladder Irrigation | 1226 | ||
| Chapter 49: Fecal Elimination | 1236 | ||
| Introduction | 1236 | ||
| Physiology of Defecation | 1236 | ||
| Large Intestine | 1236 | ||
| Rectum and Anal Canal | 1237 | ||
| Defecation | 1237 | ||
| Feces | 1238 | ||
| Factors that Affect Defecation | 1238 | ||
| Development | 1238 | ||
| Diet | 1239 | ||
| Fluid Intake and Output | 1240 | ||
| Activity | 1240 | ||
| Psychological Factors | 1240 | ||
| Defecation Habits | 1240 | ||
| Medications | 1240 | ||
| Diagnostic Procedures | 1241 | ||
| Anesthesia and Surgery | 1241 | ||
| Pathologic Conditions | 1241 | ||
| Pain | 1241 | ||
| Fecal Elimination Problems | 1241 | ||
| Constipation | 1241 | ||
| Diarrhea | 1242 | ||
| Bowel Incontinence | 1242 | ||
| Flatulence | 1243 | ||
| Bowel Diversion Ostomies | 1244 | ||
| Permanence | 1244 | ||
| Anatomic Location | 1244 | ||
| Surgical Construction of the Stoma | 1244 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1246 | ||
| SKILL 49-1: Administering an Enema | 1253 | ||
| SKILL 49-2: Changing a Bowel Diversion Ostomy Appliance | 1259 | ||
| Chapter 50: Oxygenation | 1267 | ||
| Introduction | 1267 | ||
| Structure and Processes of the Respiratory System | 1268 | ||
| Structure of the Respiratory System | 1268 | ||
| Pulmonary Ventilation | 1269 | ||
| Alveolar Gas Exchange | 1271 | ||
| Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide | 1271 | ||
| Systemic Diffusion | 1272 | ||
| Respiratory Regulation | 1272 | ||
| Factors Affecting Respiratory Function | 1272 | ||
| Age | 1272 | ||
| Environment | 1272 | ||
| Lifestyle | 1272 | ||
| Health Status | 1273 | ||
| Medications | 1273 | ||
| Stress | 1273 | ||
| Alterations in Respiratory Function | 1273 | ||
| Conditions Affecting the Airway | 1273 | ||
| Conditions Affecting Movement of Air | 1273 | ||
| Conditions Affecting Diffusion | 1273 | ||
| Conditions Affecting Transport | 1274 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1274 | ||
| SKILL 50-1: Administering Oxygen by Cannula, Face Mask, or Face Tent | 1288 | ||
| SKILL 50-2: Oropharyngeal, Nasopharyngeal, and Nasotracheal Suctioning | 1295 | ||
| SKILL 50-3: Suctioning a Tracheostomy or Endotracheal Tube | 1299 | ||
| SKILL 50-4: Providing Tracheostomy Care | 1302 | ||
| Chapter 51: Circulation | 1313 | ||
| Introduction | 1313 | ||
| Physiology of the Cardiovascular System | 1313 | ||
| The Heart | 1313 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 1317 | ||
| Blood | 1318 | ||
| Lifespan Considerations | 1319 | ||
| Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Function | 1319 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1320 | ||
| Alterations in Cardiovascular Function | 1322 | ||
| Decreased Cardiac Output | 1323 | ||
| Impaired Tissue Perfusion | 1324 | ||
| Blood Alterations | 1324 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1324 | ||
| SKILL 51-1: Applying Sequential Compression Devices | 1328 | ||
| Chapter 52: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance | 1334 | ||
| Introduction | 1334 | ||
| Body Fluids and Electrolytes | 1335 | ||
| Distribution of Body Fluids | 1335 | ||
| Composition of Body Fluid | 1335 | ||
| Movement of Body Fluids and Electrolytes | 1336 | ||
| Regulating Body Fluids | 1338 | ||
| Regulating Electrolytes | 1339 | ||
| Acid–Base Balance | 1342 | ||
| Regulation of Acid–Base Balance | 1342 | ||
| Factors Affecting Body Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance | 1343 | ||
| Age | 1343 | ||
| Sex and Body Size | 1344 | ||
| Environmental Temperature | 1344 | ||
| Lifestyle | 1344 | ||
| Disturbances in Fluid Volume, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balances | 1344 | ||
| Fluid Imbalances | 1344 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances | 1346 | ||
| Acid–Base Imbalances | 1350 | ||
| Nursing Management | 1352 | ||
| SKILL 52-1: Starting an Intravenous Infusion | 1370 | ||
| SKILL 52-2: Monitoring an Intravenous Infusion | 1376 | ||
| SKILL 52-3: Changing an Intravenous Container and Tubing | 1379 | ||
| SKILL 52-4: Discontinuing an Intravenous Infusion | 1380 | ||
| SKILL 52-5: Changing an Intravenous Catheter to an Intermittent Infusion Lock | 1382 | ||
| SKILL 52-6 Initiating, Maintaining, and Terminating a Blood Transfusion Using a Y-Set | 1387 | ||
| Appendix | 1396 | ||
| Appendix A: Answers to Test Your Knowledge | 1396 | ||
| Appendix B: Single Measurement Scales Used in NOC | 1 | ||
| Appendix C: NANDA-Approved Nursing Diagnoses 2015–2017 | 1 | ||
| Glossary | 1429 | ||
| Index | 1455 | ||
| Back Cover | Back Cover |