BOOK
Pediatric Primary Care - E-Book
Catherine E. Burns | Ardys M. Dunn | Margaret A. Brady | Nancy Barber Starr | Catherine G. Blosser | Dawn Lee Garzon Maaks
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get an in-depth look at pediatric primary care through the eyes of a Nurse Practitioner! Pediatric Primary Care, 6th Edition guides readers through the process of assessing, managing, and preventing health problems in infants, children, and adolescents. Key topics include developmental theory, issues of daily living, the health status of children today, and diversity and cultural considerations. This sixth edition also features a wealth of new content and updates — such as a new chapter on pediatric pharmacology, full-color design and illustrations, new QSEN integration, updated coverage of the impact of the Affordable Care Act, a refocused chapter on practice management, and more — to keep readers up to date on the latest issues affecting practice today.
- Comprehensive content provides a complete foundation in the primary care of children from the unique perspective of the Nurse Practitioner and covers the full spectrum of health conditions seen in the primary care of children, emphasizing both prevention and management.Â
- In-depth guidance on assessing and managing pediatric health problems covers patients from infancy through adolescence.
- Four-part organization includes 1) an introductory unit on the foundations of global pediatric health, child and family health assessment, and cultural perspectives for pediatric primary care; 2) a unit on managing child development; 3) a unit on health promotion and management; and 4) a unit on disease management.Â
- Content devoted to issues of daily living covers issues that are a part of every child's growth — such as nutrition and toilet training — that could lead to health problems unless appropriate education and guidance are given.Â
- Algorithms are used throughout the book to provide a concise overview of the evaluation and management of common disorders.Â
- Resources for providers and families are also included throughout the text for further information.
- Expert editor team well is well-versed in the scope of practice and knowledge base of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners (PNPs) and Family Nurse Practitioners (FNPs).
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Evolve page | IFC4 | ||
| Pediatric Primary Care | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Special Features of the Sixth Edition | vii | ||
| Organization of the Book | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | viii | ||
| Contributors to the Fifth Edition | viii | ||
| Our Thanks to Family and Friends | viii | ||
| References | viii | ||
| Table Of Contents | ix | ||
| Unit 1 Pediatric Primary Care Foundations | 1 | ||
| 1 Health Status of Children | 2 | ||
| Global Health Status of Children | 2 | ||
| Global Food Insecurity and Effect on Children’s Health | 3 | ||
| United Nations Millennium Development Goals: Project Goals | 4 | ||
| Progress on the Millennium Development Goals | 4 | ||
| Health Status of Children in the United States | 6 | ||
| Food Insecurity in Children in the United States | 6 | ||
| Addressing Children’s Health in the United States | 6 | ||
| Healthy People 2020 | 6 | ||
| Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity | 7 | ||
| Adverse Childhood Events and Impact on Child Health Outcomes | 7 | ||
| Child Health and Quality Improvement Measures | 8 | ||
| The Role of Advanced Practice Nurses for Improving Child Health | 8 | ||
| Health Promotion and Evidence-Based Clinical Preventive Services | 8 | ||
| Health Supervision Guidelines | 8 | ||
| American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines | 8 | ||
| Bright Futures | 9 | ||
| References | 9.e1 | ||
| 2 Child and Family Health Assessment | 10 | ||
| Foundations for Child and Family Assessment | 10 | ||
| Child Health Assessment Foundations | 10 | ||
| Domains of Health Care Problems | 11 | ||
| Developmental Problems | 11 | ||
| Functional Health Problems | 12 | ||
| Diseases | 13 | ||
| Problem Interactions | 13 | ||
| Developmental Assessment Foundations | 14 | ||
| Developmental Monitoring (Surveillance) | 15 | ||
| Developmental Screening and Assessment | 15 | ||
| Screening | 15 | ||
| Strategies Specific to Developmental Screening | 15 | ||
| Developmental Assessment | 16 | ||
| Strategies Specific to Developmental Assessment | 16 | ||
| Family Assessment Foundations | 16 | ||
| The Family’s Role in Health Care of Children | 16 | ||
| Family Assessment Basic Elements | 19 | ||
| Family Structure and Roles | 19 | ||
| Family Life Cycle | 19 | ||
| Family Functioning | 19 | ||
| Family Social Network | 20 | ||
| Genograms | 20 | ||
| Genogram Construction | 20 | ||
| The Environment for Data Collection | 21 | ||
| Setting up the Assessment Environment | 21 | ||
| Communication with Children and Families | 22 | ||
| Redesigning Primary Care to Achieve Assessment Goals | 23 | ||
| The Database | 23 | ||
| The Child Health History | 23 | ||
| The Initial (Complete) Health History | 24 | ||
| Patient-Identifying Information | 24 | ||
| The Database: Subjective Information | 24 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Problem | 24 | ||
| Disease Domain Database | 24 | ||
| Past Medical History | 24 | ||
| Review of Systems. | 25 | ||
| Family History of Diseases. | 25 | ||
| Environmental History. | 25 | ||
| Functional Health Domain Database. | 25 | ||
| Health Maintenance and Health Perceptions. | 25 | ||
| Nutrition. | 25 | ||
| Elimination. | 26 | ||
| Activities. | 26 | ||
| Sleep. | 26 | ||
| Sexuality. | 26 | ||
| Values and Beliefs. | 26 | ||
| Role Relationships. | 26 | ||
| Self-Perception or Self-Concept. | 26 | ||
| Coping and Temperament, Mental Health, and Discipline Issues. | 26 | ||
| Cognitive and Perceptual. | 26 | ||
| Development Domain Database. | 26 | ||
| Family Database. | 26 | ||
| Family Composition and Structure. | 28 | ||
| Current Family Situation. | 28 | ||
| Extended Family Context. | 28 | ||
| Genogram Data. | 29 | ||
| Family Relationships and Roles | 29 | ||
| Family Social and Community Network | 29 | ||
| Family Environment and Resources | 29 | ||
| Adolescent Health History Adaptations | 29 | ||
| The Interval History | 29 | ||
| The Episodic History | 29 | ||
| The Psychosocial Problem History | 29 | ||
| The Physical Examination | 29 | ||
| Other Data | 29 | ||
| Laboratory and Radiographic Data | 29 | ||
| Data from Other Disciplines | 30 | ||
| Creating the Problem List | 30 | ||
| Avoiding Diagnostic Errors | 30 | ||
| Creating the Management Plan | 32 | ||
| Shared Decision-Making with Child and Family | 32 | ||
| Communicating Assessment Data | 32 | ||
| Informatics and Child Health Care | 32 | ||
| References | 32.e1 | ||
| 3 Cultural Considerations for Pediatric Primary Care | 33 | ||
| Culture | 33 | ||
| Essentialist and Constructivist Concepts of Culture | 33 | ||
| Individualism and Collectivism | 34 | ||
| Culture, Privilege, and Health Care | 34 | ||
| Biomedicine and the Culture of Client, Family, and Community | 35 | ||
| Cultural Humility and Cultural Competence | 35 | ||
| Cultural Humility | 35 | ||
| Cultural Competence | 35 | ||
| Best Practices for Developing Cultural Humility and Cultural Competence | 36 | ||
| Unit 2 Management of Development | 45 | ||
| 4 Developmental Management in Pediatric Primary Care | 46 | ||
| Developmental Principles | 46 | ||
| Theories of Child Development | 47 | ||
| Ethology: Animal Studies | 47 | ||
| Maturational Theories: Developmental Milestones | 47 | ||
| Cognitive-Structural Theories: Language and Thought | 47 | ||
| Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years) | 48 | ||
| Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 Years) | 48 | ||
| Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12 Years) | 48 | ||
| Formal Operational Stage (13 Years through Adulthood) | 48 | ||
| The Role of Social Interaction in Cognitive Development | 48 | ||
| Psychoanalytic Theories | 48 | ||
| Personality and Emotions | 48 | ||
| Behavioral Theories: Human | 51 | ||
| Actions and Interactions | 51 | ||
| Humanistic Theories | 51 | ||
| Innermost Self | 51 | ||
| Ecologic Theories | 52 | ||
| Temperament | 52 | ||
| Self-Regulation | 53 | ||
| Early Brain Development | 53 | ||
| Theories of Family and Parenting Development | 53 | ||
| Family Theories | 53 | ||
| Parent Development Theory | 54 | ||
| Cultural Influences on Development | 55 | ||
| Management Strategies in Child Development | 55 | ||
| Promoting Parent Development and Parent-Child Interaction: Anticipatory Guidance | 55 | ||
| Discipline | 56 | ||
| Concerns about Delayed Development | 58 | ||
| Developmental Red Flags | 58 | ||
| Talking with Parents about Developmental Delays | 59 | ||
| Implementing Individualized Interventions | 59 | ||
| Early Intervention Programs | 59 | ||
| School Intervention Resources | 59 | ||
| Family-Centered Care | 60 | ||
| Care Coordination | 60 | ||
| References | 60.e1 | ||
| Additional Resources | 60.e3 | ||
| 5 Developmental Management of Infants | 61 | ||
| Birth Rates and Infant Mortality | 61 | ||
| Development of Infants | 61 | ||
| Birth to One Month Old | 61 | ||
| Physical Development | 61 | ||
| Motor Skills Development | 62 | ||
| Communication and Language Development | 62 | ||
| Social and Emotional Development | 62 | ||
| Cognitive-Sensory Development | 62 | ||
| One through Three Months Old | 62 | ||
| Physical Development | 62 | ||
| Motor Skills Development | 63 | ||
| Communication and Language Development | 63 | ||
| Social and Emotional Development | 64 | ||
| Cognitive Development | 64 | ||
| Four through Five Months Old | 64 | ||
| Physical Development | 64 | ||
| Motor Skills Development | 64 | ||
| Unit 3 Approaches to Health Management in Pediatric Primary Care | 140 | ||
| 9 Introduction to Functional Health Patterns and Health Promotion | 141 | ||
| Functional Health Patterns— The Behaviors of Health | 142 | ||
| Health Perception and Health Management Functional Health Pattern | 142 | ||
| Health Perception | 142 | ||
| Components of Health Perception | 142 | ||
| Children’s Conceptualizations of Health and Illness | 143 | ||
| Assessment Foundations: Health Behavior Prediction Models | 144 | ||
| Health Belief and Self-Efficacy Models | 144 | ||
| Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) Model | 144 | ||
| Stages of Change. | 144 | ||
| Patterns of Change. | 146 | ||
| Decisional Balance. | 146 | ||
| Health Promotion Model | 146 | ||
| Health Management | 146 | ||
| Assessment of Health Management Pattern | 146 | ||
| Clinical Findings Indicating Health Perception and Health Management Functional Health Pattern Problems | 146 | ||
| Management Strategies for Functional Health Patterns | 149 | ||
| The Provider-Child-Family Triad: Family-Centered Collaborative Negotiations | 149 | ||
| Health Promotion Care | 150 | ||
| Behavioral Counseling Interventions | 150 | ||
| The Five As | 150 | ||
| Motivational Interviewing | 151 | ||
| Reframing | 151 | ||
| Health Education | 152 | ||
| Assessing and Fostering Health Literacy | 152 | ||
| Patient Education Process | 154 | ||
| Patient Education Strategies | 155 | ||
| Provide Data and Verbal Advice. | 155 | ||
| Role Model. | 155 | ||
| Bibliotherapy. | 155 | ||
| Multimedia Instruction. | 155 | ||
| Health System Interventions | 156 | ||
| Skills to Access Resources: Referrals, Email, and Telephone Communication | 156 | ||
| Remove Barriers to Care | 156 | ||
| Management Strategies for Children with Special Needs | 157 | ||
| Evaluating Health Promotion Interventions | 157 | ||
| References | 157.e1 | ||
| Additional Resources | 157.e3 | ||
| 10 Nutrition | 158 | ||
| Standards for Preventive Care | 158 | ||
| Nutritional Requirements and Dietary Reference Intakes | 159 | ||
| Energy | 159 | ||
| Water and Electrolytes | 161 | ||
| Water | 161 | ||
| Sodium | 161 | ||
| Potassium | 161 | ||
| Chloride | 161 | ||
| Macronutrients | 161 | ||
| Protein | 161 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 161 | ||
| Fats | 162 | ||
| Micronutrients | 162 | ||
| Vitamins | 162 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 162 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 162 | ||
| Minerals and Elements | 162 | ||
| Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements | 162 | ||
| Assessment of Nutritional Status | 168 | ||
| History | 168 | ||
| Physical Examination | 169 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies | 169 | ||
| Management Strategies for Optimal Nutrition | 169 | ||
| Developing Healthy Eating Behaviors | 169 | ||
| Parents Decide What Foods to Eat | 169 | ||
| Parents Create an Environment Conducive to Healthy Eating | 169 | ||
| Children Decide How Much of Healthful Foods to Eat | 170 | ||
| Nutritional Education | 170 | ||
| MyPlate, MyPlate for Kids, and SuperTracker | 170 | ||
| Age-Specific Considerations | 171 | ||
| Newborns and Infants | 171 | ||
| Energy. | 171 | ||
| Fat. | 171 | ||
| Vitamins. | 171 | ||
| Iron. | 171 | ||
| Fluoride. | 171 | ||
| Infant Formulas. | 171 | ||
| Introduction of Solid Foods. | 171 | ||
| Unit 4 Approaches to Disease Management | 427 | ||
| 21 Introduction to Disease Management | 428 | ||
| Key Concepts in Illness Management in Children | 428 | ||
| Shared Decision-Making as Part of Child- and Family-Centered Care | 428 | ||
| Overview of Parent and Child Education: Illness Management and Prevention | 429 | ||
| Health Literacy | 429 | ||
| Health Care Education | 429 | ||
| Discharge Education | 430 | ||
| Education for Chronic Illnesses of Children | 431 | ||
| Provider Considerations for Care of Children with Illnesses | 431 | ||
| Parents as Observers of Illness | 431 | ||
| Medications and Illness | 431 | ||
| Day Care and Illnesses | 431 | ||
| Working with Non–English-Speaking Families | 431 | ||
| Emergency Department Utilization | 431 | ||
| Chronic Disease Management Issues | 432 | ||
| Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs | 432 | ||
| Legislative and Governmental Support for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs | 432 | ||
| Emotional Support for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs and Their Families | 433 | ||
| Family-Centered Care for Children with Chronic Conditions | 434 | ||
| Challenges in the Patient-Centered Health Care Model | 434 | ||
| Primary Care for Chronically Ill Children | 434 | ||
| Child and Family Issues about Quality of Life | 435 | ||
| Chronic Care of Children and the Health Care System | 435 | ||
| Common Concerns of Children and Families Related to Chronic Illness Care | 436 | ||
| Assessment and Management of Children with Acute or Chronic Illnesses | 436 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 436 | ||
| Considerations about Diagnostic Studies | 437 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 437 | ||
| Imaging Studies | 437 | ||
| Determining an Accurate Diagnosis | 438 | ||
| Management Considerations | 438 | ||
| Acute Illness | 438 | ||
| Medication Management | 439 | ||
| Prescribing Pharmacologic Agents | 439 | ||
| Parental Education Related to Medication Use | 439 | ||
| Referral and Consults | 440 | ||
| Referral to National and Local Organizations and Resources for Chronic Medical Issues | 441 | ||
| Tips Regarding Documentation: Patient Visit and Follow-Up | 441 | ||
| Telehealth Management of Illnesses | 442 | ||
| Telephone Triage Systems | 442 | ||
| Steps of an Effective Triage System | 442 | ||
| Documentation of Triage Telephone Calls | 443 | ||
| Texting | 443 | ||
| Social Media Websites | 444 | ||
| 444 | |||
| Educating Parents about Office Telephone and Electronic Messaging Policy | 444 | ||
| Illness Prevention | 444 | ||
| Child Care Settings and Infectious Diseases | 446 | ||
| Fever in Children | 447 | ||
| Fever Assessment | 447 | ||
| Types of Thermometers and Measurement Sites | 448 | ||
| Fever Management | 449 | ||
| References | 450.e1 | ||
| Additional Resources | 450.e4 | ||
| Computer-Aided Diagnostic Decision Support | 450.e4 | ||
| Health Literacy Information | 450.e4 | ||
| Hand Washing Guidelines | 450.e4 | ||
| Transitions from Pediatric to Adult Health Care | 450.e4 | ||
| Patient Education and Choices | 450.e4 | ||
| Chronic Illness–Information About Medical Home Model | 450.e4 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 450.e4 | ||
| Shared Decision-Making Programs | 450.e4 | ||
| Support Groups for Families and Patients | 450.e4 | ||
| 22 Prescribing Medications in Pediatrics | 451 | ||
| National Safety Goals Regarding Prescribing Medications | 451 | ||
| Regulation and Safety of Pharmaceuticals | 451 | ||
| Safety Issues with Pharmaceutical Manufacturers | 452 | ||
| Ethical Issues with Pharmaceutical Testing | 452 | ||
| Guidelines for Writing a Prescription | 452 | ||
| General Prescribing Guidelines | 452 | ||
| Prescribing Medications for Children | 453 | ||
| Pharmaceuticals Used In Pediatrics: Off-Label Prescribing | 454 | ||
| Perils of Prescribing Off-Label | 454 | ||
| Other Factors to Consider in Medication Management | 454 | ||
| Medication Adherence | 456 | ||
| Overprescribing Antibiotics; a Continuing Problem | 457 | ||
| Advances in Pharmacologic Research: Maximizing Therapeutic Efficacy | 457 | ||
| Disposal of Pharmaceuticals | 457 | ||
| References | 458.e1 | ||
| Additional Resources | 458.e3 | ||
| Mobile Phone Applications | 458.e3 | ||
| Text Messaging | 458.e3 | ||
| Mobile Games: Available as Mobile Applications | 458.e3 | ||
| 23 Pediatric Pain Management | 459 | ||
| Pain in Children | 459 | ||
| Barriers to Treatment of Pain in Children | 460 | ||
| Overview of Pain | 460 | ||
| Pain Assessment | 461 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 461 | ||
| History | 461 | ||
| Behavioral Indicators | 464 | ||
| Physiologic Indicators | 465 | ||
| Management | 465 | ||
| Acute Pain Management | 467 | ||
| Infants | 467 | ||
| Children and Adolescents | 467 | ||
| Pharmacologic Considerations | 469 | ||
| Factors that Produce Age-Related Differences in Analgesia Responses | 470 | ||
| Chronic Pain Management | 470 | ||
| Pharmacologic Measures | 470 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Measures | 471 | ||
| Additional Measures | 471 | ||
| Partnership in Care | 472 | ||
| References | 473.e1 | ||
| Additional Resources | 473.e2 | ||
| 24 Infectious Diseases and Immunizations | 474 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases | 474 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 477 | ||
| History | 477 | ||
| Physical Examination | 477 | ||
| Diagnostic Aids | 478 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Studies | 478 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 478 | ||
| Platelet Count/Mean Platelet Volume | 478 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein | 478 | ||
| Procalcitonin | 478 | ||
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | 479 | ||
| Cultures, Stains, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing | 479 | ||
| Other Technologies | 479 | ||
| Immunoserology | 479 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 479 | ||
| General Management Strategies | 479 | ||
| Preventing the Spread of Infection | 479 | ||
| Use of Antibiotics | 480 | ||
| Prevention of Infection Through the Use of Vaccines | 480 | ||
| Barriers to Vaccination | 480 | ||
| Adverse Reactions to Vaccines | 481 | ||
| Vaccines for Children Program | 482 | ||
| Vaccine Shortages | 482 | ||
| Vaccine Safety and Resources for Providers | 482 | ||
| Vaccines on the Horizon | 482 | ||
| Acetaminophen Prophylaxis after Vaccination? | 483 | ||
| Active Immunity | 483 | ||
| General Principles | 483 | ||
| Considerations When Choosing Inactive Vaccines | 484 | ||
| Inactivated Vaccines | 484 | ||
| Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine | 484 | ||
| Polio Vaccine | 484 | ||
| Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccine | 484 | ||
| Hepatitis A Virus Vaccine | 485 | ||
| Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine | 485 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus Vaccine | 490 | ||
| Influenza Vaccine | 490 | ||
| Meningococcal Vaccine | 490 | ||
| Pneumococcal Vaccines | 491 | ||
| Live Vaccines | 491 | ||
| Precautions Regarding Administration of Live Vaccines | 491 | ||
| Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine | 491 | ||
| Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine | 492 | ||
| Measles Vaccine. | 492 | ||
| Measles Exposure or Epidemics. | 492 | ||
| Mumps Vaccine. | 492 | ||
| Rubella Vaccine. | 492 | ||
| Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella Vaccine | 493 | ||
| Varicella Vaccine | 493 | ||
| When to Consider Postexposure Prophylaxis for Varicella Disease. | 493 | ||
| Rotavirus Vaccine | 493 | ||
| Smallpox Vaccine | 493 | ||
| Passive Immunity: The Immunoglobulins | 493 | ||
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis | 494 | ||
| Infections in Children in Child Care Settings | 494 | ||
| Specific Viral Diseases | 494 | ||
| Enteroviruses | 494 | ||
| Nonpolio Enteroviruses | 494 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 496 | ||
| History. | 496 | ||
| Physical Examination. | 496 | ||
| Diagnostic Studies. | 497 | ||
| Index | 1239 | ||
| A | 1239 | ||
| B | 1242 | ||
| C | 1244 | ||
| D | 1248 | ||
| E | 1251 | ||
| F | 1254 | ||
| G | 1255 | ||
| H | 1257 | ||
| I | 1260 | ||
| J | 1262 | ||
| K | 1262 | ||
| L | 1262 | ||
| M | 1263 | ||
| N | 1266 | ||
| O | 1268 | ||
| P | 1268 | ||
| Q | 1272 | ||
| R | 1272 | ||
| S | 1273 | ||
| T | 1277 | ||
| U | 1278 | ||
| V | 1279 | ||
| W | 1280 | ||
| X | 1280 | ||
| Y | 1280 | ||
| Z | 1280 | ||
| Endsheet 4 | 1285 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |