BOOK
Lipidology, An Issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, E-Book
Edward A. Gill | Christie M. Ballantyne | Kathleen L. Wyne
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics examines the timely topic of Lipidology. In addition to the New Recommendations - ACC/AHA Lipid Guidelines, the issue also includes Familial Hypercholesterolemia; LDL Apheresis; Lipids in Pregnancy and Women; Diabetes and Lipidology; Diabetic Dyslipidemia; Fatty Liver Disease; Lipids and HIV Disease; Residual Risk; and Statins' effects on diabetes, cognition, and liver safety.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Lipidology | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia\r | vii | ||
| New Cholesterol Guidelines for the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular\rDisease Risk: A Comparison of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American\rHeart Association Cholesterol Guidelines with the 2014 National Lipid Association\rRecommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia | vii | ||
| Lipoprotein Apheresis\r | vii | ||
| Dyslipidemia in Pregnancy\r | vii | ||
| Women’s Health Considerations for Lipid Management\r | viii | ||
| Statins and Diabetes\r | viii | ||
| Statins and Cognitive Side Effects: What Cardiologists Need to Know\r | viii | ||
| Statins and the Liver\r | viii | ||
| Genetic Testing in Hyperlipidemia\r | ix | ||
| Lipid Management in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\r | ix | ||
| Managing Residual Risk After Myocardial Infarction Among Individuals with Low Cholesterol Levels\r | ix | ||
| Management of Hypertriglyceridemia for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease\r | ix | ||
| Dyslipidemia in Special Ethnic Populations\r | x | ||
| ENDOCRINOLOGY AND\rMETABOLISM CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| June 2016 | xi | ||
| September 2016 | xi | ||
| December 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| December 2015 | xi | ||
| September 2015 | xi | ||
| June 2015 | xi | ||
| Erratum | xiii | ||
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1 | ||
| Genetics of Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 2 | ||
| Prevalence of Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 3 | ||
| PATIENT EVALUATION | 3 | ||
| Screening Strategies | 3 | ||
| Diagnosis | 3 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 5 | ||
| Prognosis | 5 | ||
| Risk assessment tools | 5 | ||
| TREATMENT | 5 | ||
| Lifestyle and Noncholesterol Risk Factor Modification | 5 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 6 | ||
| Combination Therapy | 7 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis | 9 | ||
| Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Treatment Considerations | 9 | ||
| SURGICAL THERAPY | 11 | ||
| TREATMENT RESISTANCE/COMPLICATIONS | 11 | ||
| Side Effects of Medications | 11 | ||
| Statins and muscle problems | 11 | ||
| Statins and liver issues | 11 | ||
| DRUGS IN DEVELOPMENT | 12 | ||
| SUMMARY | 12 | ||
| REFERENCES | 13 | ||
| New Cholesterol Guidelines for the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk | 17 | ||
| Key points | 17 | ||
| THE 2013 AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY/AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION GUIDELINE ON THE TREATMENT OF BLOOD CHOLESTEROL | 18 | ||
| Scope and Methodology | 18 | ||
| Groups Benefiting from Statin Therapy (“Statin Benefit Groups”) | 18 | ||
| Pooled Cohort Risk Equations for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment | 21 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Treatment Targets | 23 | ||
| THE 2014 NATIONAL LIPID ASSOCIATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PATIENT-CENTERED MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA | 23 | ||
| Scope and Methodology | 23 | ||
| Atherogenic Cholesterol (Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) | 25 | ||
| Assessment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk | 25 | ||
| Treatment Algorithm | 26 | ||
| COMPARISON AND CONTRASTS OF THE NEW GUIDELINES | 29 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Treatment Goals | 31 | ||
| Combination Statin Therapy | 31 | ||
| Implications of the IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial | 31 | ||
| Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment | 32 | ||
| Importance of Shared Decision Making and a Patient-Centered Approach | 32 | ||
| Lipid Targets and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Monitoring | 33 | ||
| The Way Forward | 33 | ||
| REFERENCES | 34 | ||
| Lipoprotein Apheresis | 39 | ||
| Key points | 39 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 39 | ||
| CRITERIA FOR LIPOPROTEIN APHERESIS | 40 | ||
| POTENTIAL PATIENT POPULATION WHO QUALIFY FOR LIPOPROTEIN APHERESIS | 40 | ||
| BILLING AND CODING INFORMATION | 41 | ||
| APPROVED LIPOPROTEIN APHERESIS MACHINES IN THE UNITED STATES | 41 | ||
| Futura, B Braun, Melsungen, Germany | 41 | ||
| Heparin-induced extracorporeal low-density lipoprotein precipitation | 41 | ||
| MAO3 Liposorber, Kaneka, Osaka, Japan | 42 | ||
| Dextran sulfate low-density lipoprotein adsorption | 42 | ||
| Further lipoprotein apheresis information | 42 | ||
| Contraindications/Complications/Adverse Events | 43 | ||
| Special Points of Interest | 43 | ||
| Clinical Benefit | 43 | ||
| LIPOPROTEINS AND OTHER PROTEINS ALTERED BY LIPOPROTEIN APHERESIS | 43 | ||
| Low-density Lipoprotein (Apolipoprotein B–containing Particles) | 43 | ||
| High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 44 | ||
| Triglycerides and Other Apolipoproteins | 45 | ||
| Lp(a) | 45 | ||
| Inflammatory and Other Markers Affected | 45 | ||
| RHEOLOGY | 47 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE USES | 48 | ||
| SUMMARY | 48 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 49 | ||
| REFERENCES | 49 | ||
| Dyslipidemia in Pregnancy | 55 | ||
| Key points | 55 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
| CHOLESTEROL AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT | 56 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS | 57 | ||
| FETAL CONSIDERATIONS | 58 | ||
| MATERNAL CONSIDERATIONS | 59 | ||
| POSTPARTUM CONSIDERATIONS | 61 | ||
| REFERENCES | 61 | ||
| Women’s Health Considerations for Lipid Management | 65 | ||
| Key points | 65 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 65 | ||
| DETECTION, MANAGEMENT, AND TREATMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN PREGNANCY | 66 | ||
| Lipid Values in Normal and Abnormal Pregnancies | 66 | ||
| Optimum Strategies for Detection and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Pregnancy | 67 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hypertriglyceridemia in Pregnancy | 69 | ||
| Treatment and Monitoring of Dyslipidemia Associated with Pregnancy | 69 | ||
| Familial Hyperlipidemia Monitoring and Treatment | 71 | ||
| Recommendations for Women with Dyslipidemia Who Are Breastfeeding | 71 | ||
| LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF COMPLICATIONS IN PREGNANCY | 71 | ||
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | 72 | ||
| SCREENING FOR ASSOCIATED DYSLIPIDEMIA IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME | 73 | ||
| TREATMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME | 74 | ||
| DYSLIPIDEMIA TREATMENT AND UNIQUE CHALLENGES FOR WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME | 75 | ||
| Contraception | 76 | ||
| LIPID CHANGES WITH DIFFERENT FORMS OF CONTRACEPTION | 77 | ||
| Combined Oral Contraceptives | 77 | ||
| NON–COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | 78 | ||
| Intrauterine Devices | 78 | ||
| Progestin Only | 78 | ||
| Permanent Sterilization | 78 | ||
| MENOPAUSE TRANSITION | 78 | ||
| Lipid Changes During Menopause | 78 | ||
| CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HORMONE THERAPY | 79 | ||
| REFERENCES | 83 | ||
| Statins and Diabetes | 87 | ||
| Key points | 87 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 87 | ||
| CLINICAL TRIAL EVIDENCE REGARDING STATIN USE AND DIABETES | 88 | ||
| West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study | 88 | ||
| Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin | 88 | ||
| Metaanalyses of Statin Clinical Trials and the Risk:Benefit Ratio | 89 | ||
| Observational Studies of the Relationship Between Statin Use and Diabetes Risk | 93 | ||
| Mechanisms for Causality Between Use of Statins and Increased Diabetes Risk | 95 | ||
| Impact of Statin Therapy on Glycemic Control in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus | 95 | ||
| Clinical Guidance | 96 | ||
| Criteria for Screening | 96 | ||
| Potential Use of Nonstatin Add-On Therapy as an Alternative to Statin Intensification in Primary Prevention | 97 | ||
| SUMMARY | 97 | ||
| REFERENCES | 98 | ||
| Statins and Cognitive Side Effects | 101 | ||
| Key points | 101 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 102 | ||
| COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT DEFINED AND IMPLICATIONS FOR IATROGENESIS | 102 | ||
| OBJECTIVE | 104 | ||
| POSSIBLE MECHANISMS | 109 | ||
| LIMITS AND STRENGTHS OF CURRENT DATA AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR VASCULAR RISK FACTOR CONTROL | 110 | ||
| SUGGESTIONS FOR CLINICIANS | 111 | ||
| SUMMARY | 112 | ||
| REFERENCES | 112 | ||
| Statins and the Liver | 117 | ||
| Key points | 117 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 117 | ||
| Patient Evaluation Overview | 118 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatment Options and Complications | 118 | ||
| Evaluation of Outcome and Recommendations in Specific Liver Diseases | 121 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 121 | ||
| Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis | 122 | ||
| Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Cholestatic Liver Disease | 123 | ||
| Liver Transplantation | 124 | ||
| SUMMARY/DISCUSSION | 125 | ||
| REFERENCES | 125 | ||
| Genetic Testing in Hyperlipidemia | 129 | ||
| Key points | 129 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 130 | ||
| GENETIC TESTING IN FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA | 132 | ||
| Current Clinical Criteria for Diagnosis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 132 | ||
| Genetic Testing to Improve Diagnostic Accuracy | 132 | ||
| Genetic Testing in Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 133 | ||
| Genetic Testing in the Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 134 | ||
| OTHER POTENTIAL USES OF GENETIC TESTING | 135 | ||
| GENETIC TESTING IN HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA | 135 | ||
| DISADVANTAGES OF GENETIC TESTING | 136 | ||
| CURRENT TESTS AVAILABLE | 136 | ||
| SUMMARY | 137 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 137 | ||
| REFERENCES | 137 | ||
| Lipid Management in Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 141 | ||
| Key points | 141 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 141 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 142 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 142 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease | 143 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy | 143 | ||
| Lipid Changes with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy | 144 | ||
| GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS | 144 | ||
| Risk Stratification and Scores | 144 | ||
| Lipid Targets for Patients Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 147 | ||
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 147 | ||
| Triglycerides | 148 | ||
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 148 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS | 149 | ||
| When to Use Measures of Residual Risk | 150 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 150 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 150 | ||
| Therapeutic Lifestyle Modification | 151 | ||
| Medications | 152 | ||
| Statins | 152 | ||
| Efficacy | 152 | ||
| Drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral therapy and statins | 153 | ||
| Statin use with antiretroviral therapy pharmacokinetic enhancers | 153 | ||
| Treatment of patients coinfected with hepatitis C | 153 | ||
| Other classes of antiretroviral therapy | 156 | ||
| Side effects of statin drugs | 156 | ||
| Liver side effects | 156 | ||
| Muscle | 156 | ||
| Neurologic | 156 | ||
| Diabetes and insulin resistance | 157 | ||
| Nonstatin drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia | 158 | ||
| Intestine absorption inhibitors | 158 | ||
| Niacin (Nicotinic acid) | 158 | ||
| Bile acid sequestrants | 159 | ||
| Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia | 159 | ||
| Fibrates | 159 | ||
| Fish oil | 160 | ||
| Niacin | 160 | ||
| Other Issues Related to Drug Therapy | 161 | ||
| Cost of drugs and coverage | 161 | ||
| Combination with other nonstatin drugs | 161 | ||
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 161 | ||
| Switching Antiretroviral Therapy | 161 | ||
| Monitoring and Follow-up | 161 | ||
| SUMMARY | 162 | ||
| REFERENCES | 162 | ||
| Managing Residual Risk After Myocardial Infarction Among Individuals with Low Cholesterol Levels | 171 | ||
| Key points | 171 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 171 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE | 172 | ||
| CURRENT GUIDELINES FOR POST-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION MANAGEMENT AND SUPPORTING EVIDENCE | 172 | ||
| Cardiac Rehabilitation and Lifestyle Changes | 173 | ||
| Evidence-Based Post-Myocardial Infarction Pharmacologic Treatment | 175 | ||
| Antiplatelet therapy | 175 | ||
| Renin–angiotensin system inhibition | 175 | ||
| β-Blocker therapy | 176 | ||
| Statin therapy | 176 | ||
| Complications and Comorbidities | 177 | ||
| MANAGING SERUM LIPIDS IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA | 177 | ||
| Other Lipid Targets | 178 | ||
| SUMMARY | 180 | ||
| REFERENCES | 180 | ||
| Management of Hypertriglyceridemia for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | 185 | ||
| Key points | 185 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA | 185 | ||
| HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA VERSUS ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: ASSOCIATION AND POTENTIAL CAUSATION | 187 | ||
| Mechanisms of Accelerated Atherogenesis in Hypertriglyceridemia | 188 | ||
| The Atherogenic Dyslipidemia | 189 | ||
| Genetic Evidence for a Causal Role of Hypertriglyceridemia in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | 190 | ||
| EFFECTS OF TRIGLYCERIDE LEVEL–LOWERING MEDICATIONS ON ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE EVENTS: RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS | 190 | ||
| Randomized Clinical Trials of Fenofibrate | 191 | ||
| Randomized Clinical Trials of Omega-3 | 192 | ||
| Randomized Clinical Trials of Niacin | 193 | ||
| Summary of Completed Randomized Clinical Trials of Triglyceride Level Lowering Versus Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | 194 | ||
| Ongoing Randomized Clinical Trials of Triglyceride Level Lowering Versus Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease | 195 | ||
| TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA | 195 | ||
| Current Guidelines for Management of Hypertriglyceridemia | 195 | ||
| Diet and Lifestyle Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia | 196 | ||
| Treatment of Secondary Factors in Hypertriglyceridemia | 197 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy Treatment Recommendations Adjunctive to Current Guidelines | 198 | ||
| REFERENCES | 199 | ||
| Dyslipidemia in Special Ethnic Populations | 205 | ||
| Key points | 205 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
| PREVALENCE OF DYSLIPIDEMIA SUBTYPES AMONG SPECIAL RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS | 206 | ||
| Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 206 | ||
| High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol | 206 | ||
| Triglycerides | 207 | ||
| DYSLIPIDEMIA-RELATED MORTALITY IN SPECIAL RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS | 207 | ||
| TREATMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA | 208 | ||
| Overview | 208 | ||
| Racial/Ethnic Differences in Risk Stratification | 208 | ||
| Race/Ethnic Differences in Statin Response | 209 | ||
| Statin metabolism and drug sensitivity | 209 | ||
| Statin efficacy in Asian populations | 210 | ||
| Lifestyle Modification in Special Racial/Ethnic Groups | 210 | ||
| SUMMARY | 212 | ||
| REFERENCES | 212 | ||
| Index | 217 |