BOOK
Bipolar Depression, An Issue of Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of the Psychiatric Clinics edited by Dr. John Beyer is dedicated to the topic of Bipolar Depression, from the genetics of the disorder, to the therapeutic options, to treatment in special populations. Articles in this issue include, but are not limited to: Differences in Bipolar and Unipolar Depression, Suicide and Bipolar Disorder, Social Relationships, Support, and Life Events in Bipolar Disorder, Treatment of Bipolar Depression in Pregnancy and the Post-Partum Period, Psychotherapy for Bipolar Depression, Cognition, Dementia, and Bipolar Depression, and Genetics of Bipolar Disorder.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Bipolar Depression\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: The Challenge of Bipolar Depression in the 21st Century \r | vii | ||
| Discriminating Between Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder\r | vii | ||
| Treatment of Bipolar Depression: Evolving Recommendations\r | vii | ||
| Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Bipolar Depression\r | vii | ||
| Bipolar Depression: Pregnancy, Postpartum, and Lactation\r | viii | ||
| Nutrition and Bipolar Depression\r | viii | ||
| The Influence of Trauma, Life Events, and Social Relationships on Bipolar Depression\r | viii | ||
| Bipolar Depression and Cognitive Impairment: Shared Mechanisms and New Treatment Avenues\r | viii | ||
| Suicide Behaviors in Bipolar Disorder: A Review and Update for the Clinician\r | ix | ||
| Bipolar Disorder and Inflammation\r | ix | ||
| Genetics of Bipolar Disorder: Recent Update and Future Directions\r | ix | ||
| PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | x | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | x | ||
| June 2016 | x | ||
| September 2016 | x | ||
| December 2016 | x | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | x | ||
| December 2015 | x | ||
| September 2015 | x | ||
| June 2015 | x | ||
| Preface: The Challenge of Bipolar Depression in the 21st Century \r | xi | ||
| REFERENCE | xii | ||
| Discriminating Between Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| MOTIVATION FOR DISCRIMINATING BIPOLAR DISORDER FROM MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER | 2 | ||
| Absence of Antidepressant Efficacy | 2 | ||
| Risk for Antidepressant-Associated Mania | 3 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND CONTRIBUTORS TO MISDIAGNOSIS | 3 | ||
| STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIAGNOSIS | 4 | ||
| BIOMARKERS AND BIOLOGY | 5 | ||
| LIMITATIONS AND NEXT STEPS | 6 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 7 | ||
| REFERENCES | 7 | ||
| Treatment of Bipolar Depression | 11 | ||
| Key points | 11 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 11 | ||
| MOVING AWAY FROM ANTIDEPRESSANT AUGMENTATION OF MOOD STABILIZERS AS FIRST-LINE TREATMENT | 13 | ||
| CURRENT FIRST-LINE OPTIONS FOR TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DEPRESSION | 15 | ||
| MOOD STABILIZERS IN THE PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DEPRESSION | 17 | ||
| Lithium | 17 | ||
| Carbamazepine | 17 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 17 | ||
| Valproate | 18 | ||
| SOME BUT NOT ALL ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS ARE EFFECTIVE IN BIPOLAR DEPRESSION PREVENTION | 18 | ||
| ADJUNCTIVE OFF-LABEL TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR BIPOLAR DEPRESSION | 19 | ||
| TREATMENT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 22 | ||
| Ultra Rapid and Ultradian Cycling | 22 | ||
| Anxiety Disorder Comorbidity | 23 | ||
| Substance Abuse Comorbidity | 24 | ||
| Childhood-Onset Bipolar Depression | 24 | ||
| Medical Comorbidities | 26 | ||
| Cognitive Dysfunction | 27 | ||
| SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES OF COMPLEX COMBINATION THERAPY | 27 | ||
| REFERENCES | 30 | ||
| Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Bipolar Depression | 35 | ||
| Key points | 35 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 36 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF BIPOLAR DEPRESSION | 36 | ||
| COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES | 38 | ||
| FAMILY FOCUSED THERAPY | 40 | ||
| INTERPERSONAL AND SOCIAL RHYTHM THERAPY | 41 | ||
| MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY | 42 | ||
| DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY | 44 | ||
| COMMON PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE TREATMENT | 45 | ||
| FUTURE MODELS | 46 | ||
| Behavioral Activation | 47 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy | 48 | ||
| Unified Protocol | 48 | ||
| SUMMARY | 48 | ||
| REFERENCES | 48 | ||
| Bipolar Depression | 57 | ||
| Key points | 57 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 57 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 58 | ||
| Bipolar Rates in Women | 58 | ||
| Bipolar Rates During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period | 58 | ||
| Rates of Relapse with Sudden Stopping of Medications | 59 | ||
| Risks to Fetus and Neonate with Untreated Maternal Diagnoses of Bipolar Disorder | 59 | ||
| MEDICATIONS | 59 | ||
| Explanation of the Food and Drug Administration Rating System for Medication Effects in Pregnancy | 59 | ||
| Discussion of Specific Medications and Risks | 62 | ||
| Pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy | 62 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 63 | ||
| Nutrition and Bipolar Depression | 75 | ||
| Key points | 75 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 75 | ||
| NUTRITION IN BIPOLAR DISORDER | 76 | ||
| THEORETIC FRAMEWORK FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN NUTRITION AND BIPOLAR DISORDER | 77 | ||
| Monoaminergic Activity | 78 | ||
| Inflammatory Processes | 78 | ||
| Neuroplasticity and Neuroprogression | 78 | ||
| Oxidative Stress | 79 | ||
| BIPOLAR DEPRESSION AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS | 79 | ||
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 79 | ||
| N-acetylcysteine | 80 | ||
| Vitamins | 81 | ||
| SUMMARY | 82 | ||
| REFERENCES | 82 | ||
| The Influence of Trauma, Life Events, and Social Relationships on Bipolar Depression | 87 | ||
| Key points | 87 | ||
| EARLY ADVERSITY AND TRAUMA | 88 | ||
| NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS DURING ADULTHOOD | 89 | ||
| LOW SOCIAL SUPPORT | 90 | ||
| Family Functioning | 90 | ||
| SUMMARY | 90 | ||
| REFERENCES | 91 | ||
| Bipolar Depression and Cognitive Impairment | 95 | ||
| Key points | 95 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 95 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN EUTHYMIC PATIENTS | 96 | ||
| COMPARISON OF COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER WITH THOSE IN OTHER PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES | 96 | ||
| STUDIES OF THE SHORTER-TERM EFFECT OF BIPOLAR DEPRESSION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION | 96 | ||
| STUDIES OF THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF BIPOLAR DEPRESSION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION | 97 | ||
| IMPACT OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND DEPRESSION ON PSYCHOSOCIAL FUNCTIONING | 97 | ||
| POTENTIAL PATHWAYS BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT | 98 | ||
| Evidence for a Direct Pathway from Bipolar Depression to Cognitive Impairment | 99 | ||
| Evidence for an Indirect Pathway from Bipolar Depression to Health Risks to Cognitive Impairment | 100 | ||
| Obesity | 100 | ||
| Physical Activity | 100 | ||
| Substance Use | 101 | ||
| Sleep | 101 | ||
| Psychosocial Disabilities May Reciprocally Increase Depression and Cognitive Impairment | 101 | ||
| INTERVENTIONS TO REMEDIATE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN BIPOLAR DEPRESSION | 102 | ||
| Pharmacologic Treatments | 102 | ||
| Cognitive Training and Remediation | 103 | ||
| Physical Activity and Weight Loss Interventions | 103 | ||
| Treatment of Insomnia | 104 | ||
| Compensating for Cognitive Impairment in Learning-Based Therapies | 104 | ||
| SUMMARY | 104 | ||
| REFERENCES | 104 | ||
| Suicide Behaviors in Bipolar Disorder | 111 | ||
| Key points | 111 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 111 | ||
| SUICIDE BEHAVIORS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER | 112 | ||
| When Researchers Discuss “Suicide Behaviors,” to What Are They Referring? | 112 | ||
| Suicidal act | 112 | ||
| Suicidal ideation | 112 | ||
| Suicide attempt | 112 | ||
| Interrupted attempt | 112 | ||
| Aborted attempt | 112 | ||
| What Is the Prevalence of Suicide Behaviors in Bipolar Disorder? | 112 | ||
| Why Do Patients with Bipolar Disorder Attempt or Commit Suicide? | 113 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR SUICIDE BEHAVIORS AND BIPOLAR DISORDER | 113 | ||
| What Then Are the Major Risk Factors in Suicide Behaviors? | 113 | ||
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | 114 | ||
| Family History of Completed Suicide | 114 | ||
| Quality of Life/Stressful Life Events | 114 | ||
| Gender | 114 | ||
| Age of Onset | 115 | ||
| Comorbidity | 115 | ||
| Hopelessness | 115 | ||
| Altitude | 115 | ||
| BIPOLAR-SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS | 116 | ||
| Depression | 116 | ||
| Severity of Illness | 116 | ||
| Polarity of First Episode | 116 | ||
| Rapid Cycling | 116 | ||
| BIPOLAR DISORDER, SUICIDE, AND MEDICATIONS | 116 | ||
| Do Antidepressants Increase the Risk of Suicide? | 116 | ||
| Are Anticonvulsants Associated with Increased Suicidal Behaviors? | 117 | ||
| Is Lithium a Suicide-Protective Medication? | 117 | ||
| NEUROBIOLOGY OF SUICIDE AND SUICIDE BEHAVIORS | 118 | ||
| If Medications May Influence Suicide Behaviors, Does This Mean That There Is a Neurobiolgic Mechanism Associated with Suicide? | 118 | ||
| PSYCHOTHERAPY AND SUICIDE IN BIPOLAR DISORDER | 118 | ||
| What About Psychotherapy? | 118 | ||
| SUMMARY | 118 | ||
| REFERENCES | 119 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder and Inflammation | 125 | ||
| Key points | 125 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 125 | ||
| METHODS | 126 | ||
| RESULTS | 126 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder, Inflammation, and Medical Comorbidity | 126 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder and Cytokine Levels | 127 | ||
| Cytokine Levels and Cognitive Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder | 129 | ||
| Proposed Pathophysiologic Mechanism | 129 | ||
| Therapeutic Implications | 130 | ||
| SUMMARY | 132 | ||
| REFERENCES | 132 | ||
| Genetics of Bipolar Disorder | 139 | ||
| Key points | 139 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 139 | ||
| FAMILY STUDIES: MEASURING HERITABILITY FROM THE TOP DOWN | 140 | ||
| MOLECULAR STUDIES: MEASURING HERITABILITY FROM THE BOTTOM UP | 141 | ||
| ASSOCIATION STUDIES: SUCCESS OF GENOME-WIDE APPROACHES AT SCALE | 141 | ||
| FROM GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES TO FUNCTION: ELUCIDATING MECHANISM | 142 | ||
| Polygenic Risk Scores | 144 | ||
| Rare Variants: The Next Frontier | 145 | ||
| Copy Number Variants | 145 | ||
| Next-Generation Sequencing | 146 | ||
| Genetic Architecture of Bipolar Disease | 147 | ||
| Blurring of Diagnostic Boundaries: Cross-Disorder Associations | 149 | ||
| Pharmacogenetics | 149 | ||
| Toward Personalized Medicine | 150 | ||
| SUMMARY | 151 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 151 | ||
| REFERENCES | 151 | ||
| Index | 157 |