Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Set yourself up for success with this must-have oral radiography text. Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques gives you a comprehensive foundation for the safe, effective use of radiation in the modern dental office. This combination textbook and training manual features easy-to-understand content combined with step-by-step techniques and a stellar art program to help you apply what you’ve learned to practice. Plus, new content focuses on pediatrics and the latest in digital and three-dimensional technology!
- Comprehensive coverage offers all the information you need to know to prepare for board exams.Â
- Step-by-step procedures help ensure technique mastery and serve as a valuable reference tool.Â
- Technique Tips help you to recognize and prevent the most common performance pitfalls.
- Quiz questions provide valuable self-assessment of important concepts.Â
- Key terminology is highlighted in chapter discussions and defined in a back-of-book glossary.Â
- Learning objectives and chapter summaries serve as goal-setting study tools.
- EXPANDED! Content on pediatrics/adolescents, digital imaging, and three-dimensional radiography ensures that you’re prepared to practice in the modern dental office.Â
- UPDATED! Art program depicts the newest technology and equipment and includes new illustrations of anatomy and technique.Â
- UNIQUE! Helpful Hint boxes isolate challenging material and offer tips to aid your understanding.
- NEW! Laboratory Manual provides workbook-style questions and activities to reinforce concepts and step-by-step instructions for in-clinic experiences.Â
- UNIQUE! Chapter on three-dimensional imaging helps you to prepare to enter private practice.Â
- UNIQUE! Full-color presentation helps you comprehend complex content.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Dental Radiography | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedications | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| About This Edition | vii | ||
| New to This Edition | vii | ||
| About Evolve | vii | ||
| For the Student | vii | ||
| For the Instructor | vii | ||
| Workbook and Laboratory Manual | viii | ||
| From the Authors | viii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Table Of Contents | x | ||
| I Radiation Basics | 1 | ||
| 1 Radiation History | 2 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 2 | ||
| Dentistry and X-Radiation | 2 | ||
| Basic Terminology | 2 | ||
| Importance of Dental Images | 2 | ||
| Discovery of X-Radiation | 2 | ||
| Roentgen and the Discovery of X-rays | 2 | ||
| Earlier Experimentation | 4 | ||
| Pioneers in Dental X-Radiation | 4 | ||
| History of Dental X-Ray Equipment | 4 | ||
| History of Dental X-Ray Film | 5 | ||
| History of Dental Radiographic Techniques | 5 | ||
| History of Dental Digital Imaging | 6 | ||
| Summary | 6 | ||
| Bibliography | 6 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 7 | ||
| Matching | 7 | ||
| Ordering | 7 | ||
| Essay | 7 | ||
| 2 Radiation Physics | 8 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 8 | ||
| Fundamental Concepts | 8 | ||
| Atomic and Molecular Structure | 8 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 8 | ||
| Nucleus. | 8 | ||
| Electrons. | 8 | ||
| Molecular Structure | 9 | ||
| Ionization, Radiation, and Radioactivity | 10 | ||
| Ionization | 10 | ||
| Radiation and Radioactivity | 10 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 10 | ||
| Particulate Radiation | 10 | ||
| Electromagnetic Radiation | 11 | ||
| Particle concept. | 11 | ||
| Wave concept. | 11 | ||
| X-Radiation | 12 | ||
| X-Ray Machine | 12 | ||
| Component Parts | 12 | ||
| Control Panel | 12 | ||
| Extension Arm | 12 | ||
| Tubehead | 13 | ||
| X-Ray Tube | 14 | ||
| Leaded-Glass Housing | 14 | ||
| Cathode | 15 | ||
| Anode | 15 | ||
| X-Ray Generating Apparatus | 15 | ||
| Electricity and Electrical Currents | 15 | ||
| Circuits | 15 | ||
| Transformers | 16 | ||
| Production of X-Radiation | 16 | ||
| Production of Dental X-Rays | 16 | ||
| Types of X-Rays Produced | 17 | ||
| General Radiation | 17 | ||
| Characteristic Radiation | 17 | ||
| Definitions of X-Radiation | 17 | ||
| Interactions of X-Radiation | 18 | ||
| No Interaction | 18 | ||
| Absorption of Energy and Photoelectric Effect | 18 | ||
| Compton Scatter | 19 | ||
| Coherent Scatter | 19 | ||
| Summary | 19 | ||
| Bibliography | 20 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 20 | ||
| II Equipment, Film, and Processing Basics | 53 | ||
| 6 Dental X-Ray Equipment | 54 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 54 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Machines | 54 | ||
| Performance Standards | 54 | ||
| Types of Machines | 54 | ||
| Component Parts | 54 | ||
| Tubehead | 54 | ||
| Extension Arm | 54 | ||
| Control Panel | 54 | ||
| On-off switch. | 55 | ||
| Exposure button. | 55 | ||
| Control devices. | 56 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Receptor Holders and Beam Alignment Devices | 56 | ||
| Types of Receptor Holders | 56 | ||
| Types of Beam Alignment Devices | 57 | ||
| Summary | 59 | ||
| Bibliography | 59 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 59 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 59 | ||
| True or False | 59 | ||
| 7 Dental X-Ray Film | 60 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 60 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Film Composition and Latent Image | 60 | ||
| Film Composition | 60 | ||
| Film Base | 60 | ||
| Adhesive Layer | 60 | ||
| Film Emulsion | 60 | ||
| Gelatin. | 60 | ||
| Halide crystals. | 60 | ||
| Protective Layer | 61 | ||
| Latent Image Formation | 61 | ||
| Types of Dental X-Ray Film | 61 | ||
| Intraoral Film | 61 | ||
| Intraoral Film Packaging | 61 | ||
| X-ray film. | 61 | ||
| Paper film wrapper. | 63 | ||
| Lead foil sheet. | 63 | ||
| Outer package wrapping. | 63 | ||
| Tube side. | 63 | ||
| Label side. | 63 | ||
| Intraoral Film Types | 64 | ||
| Periapical film. | 64 | ||
| Bite-wing film. | 64 | ||
| III Dental Radiographer Basics | 112 | ||
| 11 Dental Images and the Dental Radiographer | 113 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 113 | ||
| Dental Images | 113 | ||
| Importance of Dental Images | 113 | ||
| Uses of Dental Images | 113 | ||
| Benefits of Dental Images | 113 | ||
| Information Found on Dental Images | 114 | ||
| The Dental Radiographer | 114 | ||
| Knowledge and Skill Requirements | 114 | ||
| Duties and Responsibilities | 114 | ||
| Professional Goals | 114 | ||
| Patient Protection | 114 | ||
| Operator Protection | 115 | ||
| Patient Education | 115 | ||
| Operator Competence | 115 | ||
| Operator Efficiency | 116 | ||
| Production of Quality Images | 116 | ||
| Quality Care | 116 | ||
| Summary | 116 | ||
| Bibliography | 117 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 117 | ||
| True or False | 117 | ||
| 12 Patient Relations and the Dental Radiographer | 118 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 118 | ||
| Interpersonal Skills | 118 | ||
| Communication Skills | 118 | ||
| Verbal Communication Skills | 118 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication Skills | 119 | ||
| Listening Skills | 120 | ||
| Facilitation Skills | 121 | ||
| Patient Relations | 121 | ||
| First Impressions and Patient Relations | 121 | ||
| Chairside Manner and Patient Relations | 122 | ||
| Attitude and Patient Relations | 122 | ||
| Summary | 123 | ||
| Bibliography | 123 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 123 | ||
| True or False | 123 | ||
| 13 Patient Education and the Dental Radiographer | 124 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 124 | ||
| Importance of Patient Education | 124 | ||
| Methods of Patient Education | 124 | ||
| Frequently Asked Questions | 125 | ||
| Necessity Questions | 125 | ||
| Exposure Questions | 126 | ||
| Safety Questions | 127 | ||
| Digital Imaging Questions | 127 | ||
| Miscellaneous Questions | 128 | ||
| Summary | 128 | ||
| Bibliography | 128 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 128 | ||
| Essay | 128 | ||
| Short Answer | 128 | ||
| 14 Legal Issues and the Dental Radiographer | 130 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 130 | ||
| Legal Issues and Dental Imaging | 130 | ||
| Federal and State Regulations | 130 | ||
| Licensure Requirements | 130 | ||
| Legal Issues and the Dental Patient | 130 | ||
| Risk Management | 130 | ||
| Informed Consent | 131 | ||
| Liability | 131 | ||
| Malpractice Issues | 131 | ||
| Patient Records | 132 | ||
| Documentation | 132 | ||
| Confidentiality | 132 | ||
| Ownership and Retention of Dental Images | 133 | ||
| Patients Who Refuse Exposure of Dental Images | 133 | ||
| Summary | 133 | ||
| Bibliography | 133 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 134 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 134 | ||
| 15 Infection Control and the Dental Radiographer | 135 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 135 | ||
| Infection Control Basics | 135 | ||
| Rationale for Infection Control | 135 | ||
| Infection Control Terminology | 135 | ||
| Guidelines for Infection Control Practices | 136 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 136 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 136 | ||
| Gloves | 136 | ||
| Masks and Protective Eyewear | 136 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 137 | ||
| Care of Hands | 137 | ||
| Sterilization and Disinfection of Instruments | 137 | ||
| Cleaning and Disinfection of Dental Unit and Environmental Surfaces | 137 | ||
| Infection Control in Dental Imaging | 138 | ||
| Infection Control Procedures Used Before Exposure | 139 | ||
| Preparation of Treatment Area | 140 | ||
| Preparation of Supplies and Equipment | 140 | ||
| Preparation of the Patient | 141 | ||
| Preparation of the Dental Radiographer | 141 | ||
| Infection Control Procedures Used During Exposure | 142 | ||
| Infection Control Procedures Used After Exposure | 142 | ||
| Infection Control Procedures Used for Digital Imaging | 142 | ||
| Infection Control Procedures Used for Film Processing | 143 | ||
| Summary | 144 | ||
| Bibliography | 144 | ||
| Websites | 145 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 145 | ||
| Matching | 145 | ||
| Short Answer | 145 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 145 | ||
| Essay | 146 | ||
| IV Technique Basics | 147 | ||
| 16 Introduction to Dental Imaging Examinations | 148 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 148 | ||
| Intraoral Imaging Examination | 148 | ||
| Types of Intraoral Imaging Examinations | 148 | ||
| Periapical Examination | 148 | ||
| Interproximal Examination | 148 | ||
| Occlusal Examination | 149 | ||
| Complete Mouth Series/Full Mouth Series | 149 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria for Intraoral Images | 149 | ||
| Extraoral Imaging Examination | 149 | ||
| Prescribing Dental Images | 150 | ||
| Summary | 150 | ||
| Bibliography | 151 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 151 | ||
| Matching | 151 | ||
| Essay | 151 | ||
| 17 Paralleling Technique | 152 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 152 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 152 | ||
| Terminology | 152 | ||
| Principles of Paralleling Technique | 152 | ||
| Beam Alignment Devices and Receptor Holding Devices | 154 | ||
| Receptors Used for Paralleling Technique | 155 | ||
| Anterior | 155 | ||
| Posterior | 155 | ||
| Rules for Paralleling Technique | 155 | ||
| Step-by-Step Procedures | 155 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 155 | ||
| Equipment Preparation | 155 | ||
| Exposure Sequence for Receptor Placements | 156 | ||
| Anterior Exposure Sequence | 156 | ||
| Posterior Exposure Sequence | 156 | ||
| Receptor Placement for Paralleling Technique | 159 | ||
| Anterior Receptor Placement | 160 | ||
| Posterior Receptor Placement | 160 | ||
| Modifications in Paralleling Technique | 160 | ||
| Shallow Palate | 160 | ||
| Bony Growths | 169 | ||
| Mandibular Premolar Region | 170 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 170 | ||
| Advantages of Paralleling Technique | 170 | ||
| Disadvantages of Paralleling Technique | 170 | ||
| Helpful Hints | 172 | ||
| Summary | 172 | ||
| Bibliography | 173 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 173 | ||
| Matching | 173 | ||
| Short Answer | 173 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 174 | ||
| Essay | 174 | ||
| 18 Bisecting Technique | 175 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 175 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 175 | ||
| Terminology | 175 | ||
| Principles of Bisecting Technique | 176 | ||
| Receptor Stabilization | 177 | ||
| Beam Alignment Devices | 177 | ||
| Receptor Holding Devices | 178 | ||
| Receptors Used for Bisecting Technique | 178 | ||
| Position-Indicating Device Angulation | 178 | ||
| Horizontal Angulation | 178 | ||
| Correct horizontal angulation. | 178 | ||
| Incorrect horizontal angulation. | 178 | ||
| Vertical Angulation | 179 | ||
| Correct vertical angulation. | 179 | ||
| Incorrect vertical angulation. | 179 | ||
| Foreshortened images. | 179 | ||
| Elongated images. | 179 | ||
| Rules for Bisecting Technique | 179 | ||
| Step-by-Step Procedures | 179 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 182 | ||
| Equipment Preparation | 182 | ||
| Exposure Sequence for Receptor Placements | 182 | ||
| Anterior Exposure Sequence | 182 | ||
| Posterior Exposure Sequence | 182 | ||
| Receptor Placement for Bisecting Technique | 183 | ||
| Anterior Placement | 183 | ||
| Posterior Placement | 183 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 183 | ||
| Advantages of Bisecting Technique | 183 | ||
| Disadvantages of Bisecting Technique | 184 | ||
| Helpful Hints | 193 | ||
| Summary | 193 | ||
| Bibliography | 194 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 194 | ||
| Matching | 194 | ||
| Identification | 194 | ||
| Short Answer | 194 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 195 | ||
| Essay | 196 | ||
| 19 Bite-Wing Technique | 197 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 197 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 197 | ||
| Terminology | 197 | ||
| Principles of Bite-Wing Technique | 198 | ||
| Beam Alignment Device and Bite-Wing Tab | 199 | ||
| Bite-Wing Beam Alignment Device | 199 | ||
| Bite-Wing Tab | 200 | ||
| Bite-Wing Receptors | 200 | ||
| Position-Indicating Device Angulation | 201 | ||
| Horizontal Angulation | 201 | ||
| Correct horizontal angulation. | 201 | ||
| Incorrect horizontal angulation. | 201 | ||
| Vertical Angulation | 201 | ||
| Correct vertical angulation. | 201 | ||
| Incorrect vertical angulation. | 201 | ||
| Rules for Bite-Wing Technique | 201 | ||
| Step-by-Step Procedures | 202 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 203 | ||
| Equipment Preparation | 203 | ||
| Exposure Sequence for Receptor Placements | 203 | ||
| Exposure Sequence for Bite-Wings and Periapicals | 203 | ||
| Exposure Sequence for Bite-Wings Only | 204 | ||
| Receptor Placement for Bite-Wing Images | 204 | ||
| Posterior Receptor Placement | 204 | ||
| Vertical Bite-Wings | 210 | ||
| Modifications in Bite-Wing Technique | 210 | ||
| Edentulous Spaces | 210 | ||
| Bony Growths | 210 | ||
| Helpful Hints | 211 | ||
| Summary | 211 | ||
| Bibliography | 212 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 212 | ||
| Short Answer | 212 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 212 | ||
| Essay | 213 | ||
| Ordering | 213 | ||
| 20 Exposure and Technique Errors | 214 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 214 | ||
| Receptor Exposure Errors | 214 | ||
| Exposure Problems | 214 | ||
| Unexposed Receptor | 214 | ||
| V Digital Imaging Basics | 287 | ||
| 25 Digital Imaging | 288 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 288 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 288 | ||
| Terminology | 288 | ||
| Purpose and Use | 289 | ||
| Fundamentals | 289 | ||
| Radiation Exposure | 289 | ||
| Equipment | 290 | ||
| X-Ray Unit | 290 | ||
| Sensor | 290 | ||
| Charge-coupled device. | 290 | ||
| Complementary metal oxide semiconductor—active pixel sensor. | 291 | ||
| Computer | 291 | ||
| Types of Digital Imaging | 292 | ||
| Direct Digital Imaging | 292 | ||
| Indirect Digital Imaging | 293 | ||
| Step-by-Step Procedures | 294 | ||
| Intraoral Sensor Preparation | 294 | ||
| Intraoral Sensor Placement | 294 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 294 | ||
| Advantages of Digital Imaging | 294 | ||
| Disadvantages of Digital Imaging | 296 | ||
| Summary | 297 | ||
| Bibliography | 297 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 297 | ||
| Matching | 297 | ||
| True or False | 297 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 297 | ||
| 26 Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging | 299 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 299 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 299 | ||
| Terminology | 299 | ||
| Fundamentals | 299 | ||
| Training | 301 | ||
| Equipment | 301 | ||
| CBCT Machine | 301 | ||
| Computer | 302 | ||
| Viewing Software | 302 | ||
| Common Uses | 304 | ||
| Step-by-Step Procedures | 305 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 305 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 305 | ||
| Advantages and Disadvantages | 305 | ||
| Advantages of Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging | 305 | ||
| Disadvantages of Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging | 305 | ||
| Summary | 308 | ||
| Bibliography | 310 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 310 | ||
| Matching | 310 | ||
| True or False | 310 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 310 | ||
| Essay | 310 | ||
| VI Normal Anatomy and Film Mounting Basics | 311 | ||
| 27 Normal Anatomy | 312 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 312 | ||
| Definitions of General Terms | 312 | ||
| Types of Bone | 312 | ||
| Cortical Bone | 312 | ||
| Cancellous Bone | 312 | ||
| Prominences of Bone | 313 | ||
| Spaces and Depressions in Bone | 313 | ||
| Miscellaneous Terms | 315 | ||
| Normal Anatomic Landmarks | 315 | ||
| Bony Landmarks of the Maxilla | 315 | ||
| Incisive Foramen | 316 | ||
| VII Image Interpretation Basics | 362 | ||
| 30 Introduction to Image Interpretation | 363 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 363 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 363 | ||
| Interpretation Terminology | 363 | ||
| Importance of Interpretation | 363 | ||
| Guidelines | 363 | ||
| Who Interprets Images? | 363 | ||
| Interpretation versus Diagnosis | 364 | ||
| When and Where Are Images Interpreted? | 364 | ||
| What Is the Sequence for Interpreting Images? | 364 | ||
| How Is Interpretation Documented? | 364 | ||
| Interpretation and Patient Education | 366 | ||
| Summary | 366 | ||
| Bibliography | 366 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 366 | ||
| Essay | 366 | ||
| True or False | 367 | ||
| 31 Descriptive Terminology | 368 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 368 | ||
| Definition and Uses | 368 | ||
| What Is Descriptive Terminology? | 368 | ||
| Why Use Descriptive Terminology? | 368 | ||
| Descriptive Terminology versus Diagnosis | 368 | ||
| Review of Basic Terms | 368 | ||
| Radiolucent versus Radiopaque | 368 | ||
| How to Describe Lesions | 369 | ||
| Terms Used to Describe Radiolucent Lesions | 369 | ||
| Appearance | 369 | ||
| Unilocular radiolucent lesions. | 370 | ||
| Unilocular lesion—corticated borders. | 370 | ||
| Unilocular lesion—noncorticated borders. | 370 | ||
| Multilocular radiolucent lesions. | 370 | ||
| Location | 370 | ||
| Periapical location. | 370 | ||
| Inter-radicular location. | 370 | ||
| Edentulous zone. | 371 | ||
| Pericoronal location. | 371 | ||
| Alveolar bone loss. | 371 | ||
| Size | 371 | ||
| Terms Used to Describe Radiopaque Lesions | 371 | ||
| Appearance | 374 | ||
| Focal opacity. | 374 | ||
| Target lesion. | 374 | ||
| Multifocal confluent pattern. | 374 | ||
| Irregular/ill-defined opacity. | 375 | ||
| Ground glass opacity. | 375 | ||
| Mixed lucent-opaque lesion. | 375 | ||
| Soft tissue opacity. | 375 | ||
| Location | 375 | ||
| Periapical location. | 377 | ||
| Inter-radicular location. | 377 | ||
| Edentulous zone. | 377 | ||
| Pericoronal location. | 377 | ||
| Size | 377 | ||
| Summary | 379 | ||
| Bibliography | 379 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 379 | ||
| Short Answer | 379 | ||
| Matching | 380 | ||
| 32 Identification of Restorations, Dental Materials, and Foreign Objects | 381 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 381 | ||
| Identification of Restorations | 381 | ||
| Amalgam Restorations | 381 | ||
| One-Surface and Multi-Surface Amalgam Restorations | 381 | ||
| Amalgam Overhangs | 381 | ||
| Amalgam Fragments | 382 | ||
| Gold Restorations | 382 | ||
| Gold Crowns and Bridges | 383 | ||
| Gold Foil Restorations | 383 | ||
| Stainless Steel and Chrome Crown Restorations | 384 | ||
| Post and Core Restorations | 384 | ||
| Porcelain Restorations | 384 | ||
| All-Porcelain Crowns and Bridges | 385 | ||
| Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Crowns | 385 | ||
| Composite Restorations | 386 | ||
| Acrylic Restorations | 386 | ||
| Identification of Materials Used in Dentistry | 386 | ||
| Materials Used in Restorative Dentistry | 388 | ||
| Base Materials | 388 | ||
| Metallic Pins | 388 | ||
| Materials Used in Endodontics | 388 | ||
| Gutta Percha | 388 | ||
| Silver Points | 388 | ||
| Materials Used in Prosthodontics | 388 | ||
| Complete Dentures | 389 | ||
| Removable Partial Dentures | 389 | ||
| Materials Used in Orthodontics | 389 | ||
| Materials Used in Oral Surgery | 389 | ||
| Implants | 389 | ||
| Bone Grafts | 392 | ||
| Fracture Stabilization Materials | 393 | ||
| Identification of Objects | 393 | ||
| Jewelry | 396 | ||
| Earrings | 396 | ||
| Necklace | 396 | ||
| Nose Jewelry | 396 | ||
| Eyeglasses | 398 | ||
| Miscellaneous Objects | 398 | ||
| Napkin Chain | 398 | ||
| Hearing Aids | 398 | ||
| Shrapnel | 398 | ||
| Summary | 399 | ||
| Bibliography | 399 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 400 | ||
| Identification | 400 | ||
| Multiple Choice | 401 | ||
| Short Answer | 402 | ||
| 33 Interpretation of Dental Caries | 403 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 403 | ||
| Description of Caries | 403 | ||
| Detection of Caries | 403 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 403 | ||
| Dental Image Examination | 404 | ||
| Interpretation of Caries on Dental Images | 404 | ||
| Interpretation Tips | 404 | ||
| Factors Influencing Caries Interpretation | 405 | ||
| Classification of Caries on Dental Images | 405 | ||
| Interproximal Caries | 405 | ||
| Incipient Interproximal Caries | 405 | ||
| Moderate Interproximal Caries | 405 | ||
| Advanced Interproximal Caries | 405 | ||
| Severe Interproximal Caries | 406 | ||
| Occlusal Caries | 406 | ||
| Incipient Occlusal Caries | 407 | ||
| Moderate Occlusal Caries | 407 | ||
| Severe Occlusal Caries | 407 | ||
| Buccal and Lingual Caries | 407 | ||
| Root Surface Caries | 408 | ||
| Recurrent Caries | 408 | ||
| Rampant Caries | 409 | ||
| Conditions Resembling Caries | 409 | ||
| Cervical Burnout | 409 | ||
| Restorative Materials | 409 | ||
| Attrition | 410 | ||
| Abrasion | 410 | ||
| Summary | 411 | ||
| Bibliography | 411 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 411 | ||
| Identification | 411 | ||
| Matching | 411 | ||
| Short Answer | 412 | ||
| 34 Interpretation of Periodontal Disease | 413 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 413 | ||
| Description of the Periodontium | 413 | ||
| Description of Periodontal Disease | 413 | ||
| Detection of Periodontal Disease | 414 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 414 | ||
| Dental Image Examination | 414 | ||
| Interpretation of Periodontal Disease on Dental Images | 415 | ||
| Bone Loss | 415 | ||
| Pattern | 416 | ||
| Distribution | 417 | ||
| Severity | 417 | ||
| Classification of Periodontal Disease | 418 | ||
| ADA Case Type I | 418 | ||
| ADA Case Type II | 418 | ||
| ADA Case Type III | 418 | ||
| ADA Case Type IV | 419 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 419 | ||
| Calculus | 419 | ||
| Defective Restorations | 422 | ||
| Summary | 424 | ||
| Bibliography | 424 | ||
| Quiz Questions | 424 | ||
| Identification | 424 | ||
| Matching | 424 | ||
| Short Answer | 424 | ||
| 35 Interpretation of Trauma, Pulpal Lesions, and Periapical Lesions | 426 | ||
| Learning Objectives | 426 | ||
| Trauma Viewed on Dental Images | 426 | ||
| Fractures | 426 | ||
| Crown Fractures | 426 | ||
| Glossary | 438 | ||
| A | 438 | ||
| B | 438 | ||
| C | 439 | ||
| D | 440 | ||
| E | 441 | ||
| F | 441 | ||
| G | 442 | ||
| H | 442 | ||
| I | 443 | ||
| J | 443 | ||
| K | 443 | ||
| L | 443 | ||
| M | 444 | ||
| N | 444 | ||
| O | 445 | ||
| P | 445 | ||
| Q | 446 | ||
| R | 446 | ||
| S | 447 | ||
| T | 448 | ||
| U | 448 | ||
| V | 449 | ||
| W | 449 | ||
| X | 449 | ||
| Z | 449 | ||
| Index | 450 | ||
| A | 450 | ||
| B | 451 | ||
| C | 451 | ||
| D | 452 | ||
| E | 453 | ||
| F | 454 | ||
| G | 455 | ||
| H | 455 | ||
| I | 455 | ||
| J | 456 | ||
| K | 456 | ||
| L | 456 | ||
| M | 457 | ||
| N | 458 | ||
| O | 458 | ||
| P | 458 | ||
| Q | 459 | ||
| R | 460 | ||
| S | 461 | ||
| T | 462 | ||
| U | 462 | ||
| V | 462 | ||
| W | 462 | ||
| X | 462 | ||
| Y | 463 | ||
| Z | 463 |