Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get the essential tools you need to make an accurate diagnosis in the emergency department! Part of the popular Requisites series, Emergency Radiology: The Requisites delivers the conceptual, factual, and interpretive information you need for effective clinical practice in emergency radiology, as well certification and recertification review. Master core knowledge the easy and affordable way with clear, concise text enhanced by at-a-glance illustrations, boxes, and tables – all revised and enhanced with digital content to bring you up to date with today’s state of the art knowledge.
- Presents emergent findings and differential diagnosis tables so that important content is identified clearly within the text.
- Divides the contents of the book into two sections — trauma and non-trauma — to mirror the way you practice.
- Organizes the material in structured, consistent chapter layouts for efficient and effective review.
- Provides clinical material on radiology procedures that define your role in managing a patient with an emergent condition.
- Prepare for written exams or clinical practice with critical information on CTA in the ED on coronary, aorta, brain, and visceral arteries, plus new protocols for trauma and non-traumatic injuries.
- Stay up to date on what’s new in the field with thoroughly revised content and new, high-quality images obtained with today’s best technology.
- Get optimal results from today’s most often-used approaches, including the increase in routine use of "panscan" for trauma patients.
- Gain a practical, visual understanding of emergency radiology thanks to more than 900 multi-modality images.
- Study and review in the most efficient way, with structured, consistent chapter layouts for time-saving and effective exam preparation.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| Series Page | ii | ||
| Emergency Radiology: The Requisites | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Foreword | ix | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
| Contents | xv | ||
| 1 - Traumatic and Nontraumatic Emergencies of the Brain, Head, and Neck | 1 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 1 | ||
| General Imaging Characteristics of Hemorrhage | 2 | ||
| EXTRAAXIAL HEMORRHAGE | 2 | ||
| Epidural Hemorrhage | 2 | ||
| Subdural Collections | 3 | ||
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 6 | ||
| Intraventricular Hemorrhage | 6 | ||
| INTRAAXIAL HEMORRHAGE | 7 | ||
| Contusion | 7 | ||
| Diffuse Axonal Injury | 8 | ||
| BRAIN HERNIATIONS | 10 | ||
| Subfalcine Herniation | 11 | ||
| Transtentorial Herniation | 11 | ||
| Tonsillar Herniation | 11 | ||
| Extracranial Herniation | 11 | ||
| Transalar Herniation | 11 | ||
| ACUTE CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS | 11 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Stroke: Spontaneous Parenchymal Hemorrhage | 12 | ||
| Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke | 14 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 14 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 14 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Angiography | 16 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance: Perfusion Imaging | 17 | ||
| Computed Tomography: Perfusion Imaging | 17 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Transformation | 19 | ||
| Cortical Laminar Necrosis | 19 | ||
| Cerebral Venous Infarction and Sinus Thrombosis | 20 | ||
| ANEURYSMS, VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS, AND VASCULAR INJURIES | 20 | ||
| CERVICOCEREBRAL ARTERIAL INJURIES | 21 | ||
| Spontaneous Cervical Dissection | 21 | ||
| Traumatic Cervicocerebral Injuries | 22 | ||
| Spontaneous Intracranial Dissection | 24 | ||
| OTHER NONTRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL EMERGENCIES | 24 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 25 | ||
| Infections | 26 | ||
| Meningitis | 26 | ||
| Brain Parenchymal Infection | 27 | ||
| Abscess | 28 | ||
| Tumors | 30 | ||
| Disorders of White Matter | 32 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 34 | ||
| Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy | 34 | ||
| Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome | 35 | ||
| Toxic Encephalopathy | 36 | ||
| HEAD AND NECK TRAUMA | 37 | ||
| Skull Fractures | 37 | ||
| Maxillofacial Fractures | 39 | ||
| Orbital Blow-Out Fractures | 39 | ||
| Nasal Fractures | 40 | ||
| Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures | 40 | ||
| Le Fort Fractures | 41 | ||
| Smash Fractures | 42 | ||
| Mandibular Trauma | 42 | ||
| Temporal Bone Fractures | 43 | ||
| Airway and Pharyngeal Injuries | 45 | ||
| INFECTIONS | 45 | ||
| Peritonsillar Abscess | 46 | ||
| Retropharyngeal Infection | 46 | ||
| Prevertebral Infection/Inflammation | 47 | ||
| Salivary Gland Disorders | 47 | ||
| Thyroid-Related Disorders | 48 | ||
| Branchial Cleft Cysts | 49 | ||
| Superficial Abscesses | 50 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 50 | ||
| Croup | 51 | ||
| Epiglottitis | 51 | ||
| Angioedema | 51 | ||
| Sinus and Orbital Infections | 51 | ||
| Ear Infections | 55 | ||
| Complicated Dental Disease | 57 | ||
| SUMMARY: HEAD AND NECK | 58 | ||
| 2 - Chest Trauma | 61 | ||
| MDCT PROTOCOL FOR SUSPECTED THORACIC INJURY | 61 | ||
| INJURIES OF THE PLEURAL SPACE | 61 | ||
| ESOPHAGEAL INJURIES | 62 | ||
| CARDIAC INJURIES | 62 | ||
| AORTIC AND GREAT VESSEL INJURIES | 62 | ||
| LUNG INJURIES AND LUNG CONTUSION | 64 | ||
| LUNG LACERATION | 65 | ||
| TRACHEOBRONCHIAL INJURIES | 67 | ||
| DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURIES | 71 | ||
| INJURIES OF THE THORACIC SKELETON | 75 | ||
| 3 - Abdomen Trauma | 81 | ||
| BLUNT TRAUMA | 81 | ||
| Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma | 81 | ||
| Computed Tomography Technique | 81 | ||
| HEPATIC TRAUMA | 85 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 85 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 85 | ||
| GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCT TRAUMA | 88 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 88 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 88 | ||
| Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy | 89 | ||
| SPLENIC TRAUMA | 89 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 91 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 91 | ||
| PANCREATIC INJURY | 92 | ||
| BOWEL AND MESENTERIC INJURY | 95 | ||
| FREE PERITONEAL FLUID | 100 | ||
| RENAL AND URETERAL TRAUMA | 102 | ||
| Renal Injury | 102 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 103 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 103 | ||
| Ureteral Injury | 104 | ||
| ADRENAL TRAUMA | 105 | ||
| PELVIC TRAUMA | 106 | ||
| Bladder Trauma | 106 | ||
| Cystography | 107 | ||
| CT Cystography | 107 | ||
| Types of Bladder Rupture | 108 | ||
| Urethral Injury | 109 | ||
| Diagnosis Retrograde Urethrogram | 109 | ||
| Rectal Injury | 110 | ||
| PENETRATING ABDOMINAL TRAUMA | 111 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 112 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 112 | ||
| 4 - Extremity Trauma | 115 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE SCAPULA | 115 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE CLAVICLE | 115 | ||
| ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT INJURIES | 116 | ||
| FLOATING SHOULDER | 117 | ||
| SUBLUXATIONS AND DISLOCATIONS AROUND THE GLENOHUMERAL JOINT | 118 | ||
| Anterior Dislocation | 118 | ||
| Posterior Dislocation | 118 | ||
| Inferior Subluxation (Luxatio Erecta) | 119 | ||
| Pseudosubluxation | 119 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL HUMERUS AND THE SHAFT OF THE HUMERUS | 119 | ||
| Fractures of the Proximal Humerus | 119 | ||
| Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus | 122 | ||
| FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS AROUND THE ELBOW | 122 | ||
| The Fat Pad Sign | 122 | ||
| Fractures Around the Elbow in Children | 124 | ||
| Fractures of the Distal Humerus | 125 | ||
| Fractures of the Proximal Radius | 125 | ||
| Dislocations of the Elbow | 125 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE SHAFTS AND DISTAL RADIUS AND ULNA | 126 | ||
| Abnormal Pronator Quadratus Sign | 126 | ||
| Monteggia Fracture-Dislocation | 128 | ||
| Galeazzi Fracture-Dislocation | 128 | ||
| Fractures of the Distal Radius | 129 | ||
| FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE CARPUS | 132 | ||
| Scaphoid Fractures | 132 | ||
| Triquetral Fractures | 133 | ||
| Hamate Fractures | 133 | ||
| Lunate Fractures | 134 | ||
| Carpal Dislocations | 134 | ||
| Carpal Instabilities | 136 | ||
| FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE HAND | 136 | ||
| Thumb Fractures and Dislocations | 136 | ||
| Dislocations of the Carpometacarpal Joints | 137 | ||
| Metacarpal Fractures | 138 | ||
| Dislocations of the Metacarpophalangeal Joints | 139 | ||
| Phalangeal Fractures | 139 | ||
| Dislocations of the Interphalangeal Joints | 140 | ||
| LOWER EXTREMITY FRACTURES OF THE PELVIC RING | 140 | ||
| Isolated Injuries Without Disruption of the Pelvic Ring | 140 | ||
| Pelvic Ring Disruption | 140 | ||
| Sacral Fractures | 142 | ||
| Associated Pelvic Injuries | 142 | ||
| FRACTURES OF THE ACETABULUM | 143 | ||
| Posterior Wall Fractures | 143 | ||
| Transverse Fractures | 143 | ||
| Transverse Plus Posterior Wall Fractures | 143 | ||
| Associated Both Column Fractures | 144 | ||
| T-Shaped Fractures | 144 | ||
| HIP DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL FEMUR | 144 | ||
| Hip Dislocations | 144 | ||
| Fractures of the Proximal Femur | 145 | ||
| Fractures of the Femoral Neck | 145 | ||
| Trochanteric Fractures | 147 | ||
| Intertrochanteric Fractures | 147 | ||
| Subtrochanteric Fractures | 147 | ||
| Fractures of the Femoral Shaft | 147 | ||
| FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS AROUND THE KNEE | 147 | ||
| Hemarthrosis/Lipohemarthrosis | 147 | ||
| Fractures of the Distal Femur | 147 | ||
| Knee Dislocations | 148 | ||
| Patellar Dislocations | 148 | ||
| Fractures of the Patella | 148 | ||
| Fractures of the Tibial Plateau | 151 | ||
| Avulsions Around the Knee | 154 | ||
| FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS AROUND THE ANKLE | 154 | ||
| Fractures of the Ankle | 154 | ||
| Rotational Malleolar Fractures | 154 | ||
| Tibial Plafond (Pilon) Fractures | 154 | ||
| Avulsions Around the Ankle | 156 | ||
| FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE FOOT | 156 | ||
| Injuries to the Hindfoot | 156 | ||
| Fractures of the Talus | 156 | ||
| Fractures of the Calcaneus | 159 | ||
| Injuries to the Midfoot | 161 | ||
| Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) Injuries | 161 | ||
| Injuries to the Forefoot | 162 | ||
| Metatarsal Fractures | 162 | ||
| Metatarsophalangeal Injuries | 163 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 163 | ||
| CT Angiography of the Extremities in Trauma | 163 | ||
| Volumetric (Three-Dimensional) Reconstruction and Image Postprocessing | 163 | ||
| 5 - Extremities: Nontrauma | 165 | ||
| SHOULDER PAIN | 165 | ||
| Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease | 165 | ||
| Rotator Cuff Abnormalities and Impingement | 166 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Joint Disease (Osteolysis and Osteoarthritis) | 168 | ||
| Osteolysis | 168 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 169 | ||
| Glenohumeral Joint Disease (Arthropathy and Adhesive Capsulitis) | 169 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 170 | ||
| Adhesive Capsulitis | 170 | ||
| THE PAINFUL HIP | 170 | ||
| Insufficiency Fractures | 171 | ||
| Transient Bone Marrow Edema and Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip | 172 | ||
| Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head | 173 | ||
| Arthropathies | 174 | ||
| APPENDICULAR MUSCULOSKELETAL INFECTION | 176 | ||
| Soft Tissue Infection | 177 | ||
| Infectious Arthritis | 178 | ||
| Acute Osteomyelitis | 180 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 183 | ||
| Infected Orthopedic Hardware | 184 | ||
| 6 - Imaging Evaluation of Common Pediatric Emergencies | 186 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL | 186 | ||
| Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction | 186 | ||
| High Obstruction | 186 | ||
| Low Obstruction | 187 | ||
| Esophageal Atresia | 188 | ||
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis | 188 | ||
| Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis | 190 | ||
| Malrotation | 191 | ||
| Intussusception | 193 | ||
| Acute Appendicitis | 194 | ||
| Meckel Diverticulum | 195 | ||
| Mesenteric Adenitis | 196 | ||
| Omental Infarction | 197 | ||
| GENITOURINARY | 197 | ||
| Posterior Urethral Valves | 197 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infection | 197 | ||
| Hydronephrosis | 198 | ||
| Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction | 199 | ||
| Urolithiasis | 200 | ||
| Scrotal Hernia | 200 | ||
| Epididymitis | 201 | ||
| Torsion of the Testicular Appendages | 201 | ||
| Testicular Torsion | 202 | ||
| Adnexal Torsion | 202 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst | 203 | ||
| Hematocolpos/Hematometrocolpos | 203 | ||
| CHEST AND AIRWAY | 204 | ||
| Neonatal Respiratory Distress | 204 | ||
| Surfactant Deficiency Disease | 204 | ||
| Air Block Complications | 204 | ||
| Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn | 205 | ||
| Neonatal Pneumonia | 205 | ||
| Meconium Aspiration Syndrome | 206 | ||
| Respiratory Emergencies in Children | 206 | ||
| Stridor | 206 | ||
| Retropharyngeal Abscess | 206 | ||
| Epiglottitis | 207 | ||
| Croup | 207 | ||
| Glottic/Subglottic Masses | 207 | ||
| Foreign Body | 207 | ||
| Pneumonia | 208 | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 208 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 209 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 210 | ||
| Skull Fractures | 210 | ||
| Hypoxic Ischemic Injury | 211 | ||
| Hydrocephalous | 211 | ||
| Venous Sinus Thrombosis | 211 | ||
| Meningitis/Encephalitis | 211 | ||
| Cervical Spine Injury | 212 | ||
| Mastoiditis | 212 | ||
| Cervical Adenitis | 214 | ||
| MUSCULOSKELETAL | 214 | ||
| Salter-Harris Fractures | 214 | ||
| Plastic Bending Fractures | 215 | ||
| Elbow Fractures | 216 | ||
| Hip Pain | 217 | ||
| Nonaccidental Injury | 218 | ||
| 7 - Traumatic and Nontraumatic Spine Emergencies | 221 | ||
| TRAUMATIC SPINE INJURY | 221 | ||
| Background and Imaging Algorithms | 221 | ||
| Patterns of Cervical Spine Injury and Imaging Findings | 223 | ||
| Injuries of the Cervicocranium | 223 | ||
| Assessment of the Prevertebral Soft Tissues | 225 | ||
| Specific Injuries by Site | 225 | ||
| Occipital Condyle | 225 | ||
| Atlanto-occipital Dislocation | 225 | ||
| C1 Fractures | 225 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Dissociation | 225 | ||
| C2 Fractures | 226 | ||
| Injuries of the Subaxial Cervical Spine | 226 | ||
| Hyperflexion | 226 | ||
| Hyperextension | 228 | ||
| Axial Loading | 228 | ||
| Lateral Bending | 230 | ||
| Injury Severity, Stability, and Treatment Decisions | 230 | ||
| Pitfalls in Spine Imaging | 231 | ||
| Injuries of the Thoracolumbar Spine | 231 | ||
| Evaluation of Spinal Soft Tissue Injuries | 234 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 234 | ||
| Spinal Hematomas | 234 | ||
| Vascular Injuries of the Neck Associated with Spine Trauma | 236 | ||
| NONTRAUMATIC SPINE EMERGENCIES | 236 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 237 | ||
| Degenerative Disease/Arthropathy | 237 | ||
| Neoplasms and Tumorlike Conditions | 237 | ||
| Inflammation/Demyelination | 240 | ||
| Infection | 240 | ||
| Vascular | 241 | ||
| 8 - Nontraumatic Emergency Radiology of the Thorax | 243 | ||
| CHEST RADIOGRAPHY | 243 | ||
| Pneumonia | 243 | ||
| Heart Failure | 243 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 246 | ||
| Computed Tomography of the Pulmonary Parenchyma | 246 | ||
| Chest Computed Tomography Techniques and Protocols | 247 | ||
| Patient Screening | 247 | ||
| Intravenous Contrast Material. All patients must be screened for allergy to intravenous contrast material (IVCM). Although IVCM ... | 247 | ||
| Pregnancy. Women of child-bearing age should be screened, because concerns regarding the use of ionizing radiation during pregna... | 247 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 247 | ||
| Intravenous Line Placement. Whenever possible, contrast-enhanced chest CT studies should be performed using a 20-gauge or larger... | 247 | ||
| Heart Rate Control. Cardiac gated protocols (coronary CT angiography [CTA] for gated aortic dissection) generally require a regu... | 247 | ||
| Scan Protocol Considerations | 247 | ||
| Contrast Material Timing Principles and Techniques. Care must be taken to optimize the timing of the CT scan relative to the inj... | 247 | ||
| Radiation Exposure and Techniques for Dose Reduction. Emergent (and overall) CT utilization has risen rapidly as a result of tec... | 248 | ||
| Image Reconstruction. The following image reconstructions should be performed routinely | 248 | ||
| Indication-Specific Computed Tomography Protocol Techniques | 249 | ||
| Routine Chest Computed Tomography. Routine chest CT often is performed without IVCM to further assess a radiographic parenchymal... | 249 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolus Computed Tomography Angiography. A typical PE CTA protocol includes bolus monitoring on the main pulmonary art... | 249 | ||
| Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis or Superior Vena Cava Syndrome. Compression and Doppler US is the test of choice for both... | 249 | ||
| Aortic Dissection Computed Tomography Angiography. Traditional dissection CTA protocols include the following elements | 249 | ||
| Pneumomediastinum and/or Evaluation of Esophageal Injury. In the ED, CT is often used rather than fluoroscopy to assess for a po... | 251 | ||
| Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography. Significant variability can exist in CT scan technique depending on local CT scanner t... | 251 | ||
| THE PLEURA, PERICARDIUM, AND MEDIASTINUM | 251 | ||
| Pleura | 251 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 251 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 252 | ||
| Hemothorax | 252 | ||
| Empyema | 253 | ||
| Chylothorax | 253 | ||
| Pericardium | 253 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 253 | ||
| Hemopericardium | 253 | ||
| Cardiac Tamponade | 253 | ||
| Pneumopericardium | 253 | ||
| Malignancy | 253 | ||
| Mediastinum | 254 | ||
| Anatomy | 254 | ||
| Masses | 254 | ||
| Pneumomediastinum | 254 | ||
| Infection | 254 | ||
| SVC Syndrome | 254 | ||
| THE THORACIC AORTA | 255 | ||
| Relevant Computed Tomography Anatomy | 255 | ||
| Aneurysm | 255 | ||
| Infectious Aortitis | 255 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 256 | ||
| Acute Intramural Hematoma | 258 | ||
| Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer | 258 | ||
| Postoperative Thoracic Aorta | 260 | ||
| Normal Graft Postoperative Findings | 260 | ||
| Graft Complications | 261 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Stent-Grafts | 261 | ||
| Stent-Graft Complications | 262 | ||
| IMAGING EVALUATION OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM | 263 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 263 | ||
| Epidemiology | 263 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 263 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 263 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 263 | ||
| Chest Radiograph | 263 | ||
| CT Pulmonary Angiography and CT Venography | 264 | ||
| CT Pulmonary Angiography. In routine practice, CTPA is considered the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of PE in an emer... | 264 | ||
| Technical Factors in CTPA. When interpreting a CTPA examination, the quality of the study should be assessed and reported, becau... | 264 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria for CTPA. The following CTPA findings are used as diagnostic criteria for acute PE | 264 | ||
| CTPA Interpretation Errors. The interpreting radiologist must be aware of several potential pitfalls that can occur with CTPA, i... | 265 | ||
| Prognostic Factors for CTPA. The main cause of 30-day mortality after acute PE is right ventricular failure. Therefore, identify... | 265 | ||
| CT Venography. Lower extremity CT venography (CTV) can provide direct imaging of the IVC, pelvic veins, and lower extremity vein... | 266 | ||
| Ventilation-Perfusion Scan | 266 | ||
| MR Pulmonary Angiography and MR Venography | 268 | ||
| MR Pulmonary Angiography. The routine use of MRPA in the evaluation of PE has been limited by technical and practical factors. I... | 268 | ||
| MR Venography. MRV, like CTV, is superior to venous US in the task of delineating the IVC and pelvic veins | 269 | ||
| Conventional Pulmonary Angiography | 269 | ||
| CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT | 269 | ||
| Evaluation of Chest Pain for Exclusion of Acute Coronary Syndrome | 269 | ||
| Acute Coronary Syndrome | 269 | ||
| Clinical Considerations | 270 | ||
| Coronary Artery Anatomy | 270 | ||
| Right Coronary Artery | 270 | ||
| Left Main Coronary Artery | 271 | ||
| Left Anterior Descending | 271 | ||
| Left Circumflex | 272 | ||
| Coronary Artery Anomalies | 275 | ||
| Image Evaluation | 277 | ||
| Coronary Artery Stenosis | 277 | ||
| Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging | 277 | ||
| Combined Evaluation of the Aorta and Pulmonary and Coronary Arteries | 278 | ||
| 9 - Nontrauma Abdomen | 281 | ||
| BOWEL DISEASE | 281 | ||
| Diseases Causing Bowel Obstruction | 281 | ||
| Gastric Outlet Obstruction | 281 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Plain radiographs may demonstrate a markedly dilated stomach, which may be filled with either air or fluid. In... | 281 | ||
| Gastric Volvulus | 282 | ||
| Imaging Findings. The most common causative factor of gastric volvulus in the adult population is diaphragmatic defects, and thu... | 282 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 282 | ||
| Imaging Findings. In patients with acute perforation related to PUD, pneumoperitoneum may be identified on initial plain radiogr... | 282 | ||
| Mechanical Small Bowel Obstruction | 282 | ||
| Imaging Findings. The initial imaging evaluation of patients with suspected mechanical small bowel obstruction often includes pl... | 283 | ||
| Small Bowel Volvulus | 283 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Plain radiographs are also nonspecific in patients with small bowel volvulus but may demonstrate proximal smal... | 284 | ||
| Colonic Obstruction | 285 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Typically, plain radiographs demonstrate evidence of air- and fluid-filled loops of dilated colon. A diameter ... | 285 | ||
| Colonic Volvulus | 286 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Plain radiographs demonstrate the beaked tapering of the efferent and afferent limbs of the dilated loop of si... | 286 | ||
| Adynamic Ileus | 286 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Plain radiographs demonstrate dilated bowel loops, often diffusely when the cause is systemic. When it is a re... | 286 | ||
| Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases | 286 | ||
| Infectious Small Bowel Enteritis | 286 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Plain radiographs are often nonspecific but may demonstrate mildly dilated loops of small bowel, similar to ad... | 286 | ||
| Crohn Disease, Small Bowel | 287 | ||
| Imaging Findings. In patients presenting with acute abdominal symptoms related to Crohn disease of the small bowel, plain radiog... | 287 | ||
| Small Bowel Diverticulitis | 287 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Meckel diverticulitis may be diagnosed by CT. A Meckel diverticulum is evident as a blind-ending pouch of vari... | 287 | ||
| Appendicitis | 287 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Abdominal radiographs have been shown to have little clinical utility in patients with suspected appendicitis;... | 288 | ||
| Epiploic Appendagitis | 290 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Given the increasingly routine use of CT imaging in patients with abdominal pain, the imaging manifestations o... | 290 | ||
| Omental Infarction | 290 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Omental infarction is an alternative diagnosis that often presents with imaging features somewhat similar to t... | 290 | ||
| Diverticulitis | 291 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Although ultrasound has been shown to be accurate in the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis, this disease is mo... | 291 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Colon | 291 | ||
| Imaging Findings. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease and acute abdominal pain, intramural edema may be identified as “t... | 292 | ||
| Infectious Colitis | 294 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Plain radiographs are nonspecific, but mural edema may be identified within the colon. Again, as in cases of i... | 294 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 294 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Foreign bodies, depending on their composition, may be radiopaque and readily identified on plain radiographs.... | 295 | ||
| Vascular Diseases | 296 | ||
| Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 296 | ||
| Imaging Findings. Both 99mTc-labeled erythrocytes and 99mTc sulfur colloid are applied in the evaluation of acute gastrointestin... | 296 | ||
| Mesenteric Ischemia | 296 | ||
| Imaging Findings. The diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia may be suggested on plain radiographs by the presence of dilated loops of... | 296 | ||
| PANCREATICOBILIARY DISEASE | 296 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 297 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 297 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 298 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 298 | ||
| Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis | 299 | ||
| 10 - Pelvic Emergencies | 316 | ||
| MALE DISORDERS | 316 | ||
| Testicular Torsion | 316 | ||
| Torsion of the Testicular Appendages | 316 | ||
| Epididymitis and Orchitis | 316 | ||
| Inguinal Scrotal Hernia | 317 | ||
| Testicular Trauma | 318 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 318 | ||
| Prostatitis | 318 | ||
| Female Disorders | 319 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst | 319 | ||
| Ovarian Torsion | 320 | ||
| Endometriosis | 321 | ||
| Disorders of the Fallopian Tubes | 321 | ||
| Endometritis | 322 | ||
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 323 | ||
| Postpartum Bleeding | 324 | ||
| Ovarian Vein Thrombosis | 324 | ||
| Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding | 324 | ||
| Conclusion | 325 | ||
| 11 - Vascular Emergencies | 327 | ||
| ARTERIAL EMERGENCIES | 327 | ||
| Arterial Emergencies of the Neck | 327 | ||
| Trauma of the Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Arteries | 327 | ||
| Nontraumatic Emergencies of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries | 329 | ||
| Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection. Spontaneous dissection of the carotid or vertebral arteries in the absence of trauma is... | 329 | ||
| Aortic Emergencies. Acute aortic syndromes encompass a spectrum of aortic emergencies that include traumatic aortic injury (TAI)... | 329 | ||
| Treatment. Immediate surgical intervention is the treatment of choice in patients with TAI who are hemodynamically unstable, hav... | 331 | ||
| Minor Aortic Injury. With the increased utilization and improved sensitivity of MDCT in evaluating patients with blunt thoracic ... | 332 | ||
| Penetrating Aortic Injury. Penetrating injuries to the intrathoracic great vessels are uncommon, with an incidence of 1%; they h... | 332 | ||
| Nontraumatic Aneurysms of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta | 334 | ||
| Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms. Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) are often the result of atherosclerotic disease or cystic medial deg... | 334 | ||
| Diagnosis. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are usually seen on a routine chest radiograph as an incidental finding. Common findings in... | 337 | ||
| Treatment. TAA repair depends on its location. Aneurysms located in the ascending aorta are usually treated surgically via a med... | 338 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are fusiform or saccular dilatations of the abdominal aorta that o... | 339 | ||
| Diagnosis. Early AAA detection is imperative to reduce patient morbidity and mortality as a result of this silent disease. The m... | 339 | ||
| Treatment. Treatment is usually recommended for AAAs measuring 5.5 cm or larger to eliminate the risk of | 341 | ||
| Traumatic Abdominal Aortic Injury | 342 | ||
| Nontraumatic Aortic Dissection | 344 | ||
| Acute Abdominal Aortic Occlusion | 345 | ||
| Abdominal Compartment Syndrome | 346 | ||
| Vascular Emergencies of the Mesenteric-Visceral Arteries | 347 | ||
| Splanchnic Vascular Trauma | 347 | ||
| Nontraumatic Emergencies of the Mesenteric and Visceral Vasculature | 348 | ||
| Acute Mesenteric Ischemia. Acute mesenteric ischemia is a critical condition that is poorly tolerated, with high mortality rates... | 348 | ||
| Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Acute GI bleeding is classified into upper and lower causes based on its origin proximal or dis... | 348 | ||
| Aneurysms of the Visceral Arteries. Aneurysms of the visceral arteries are rare compared with aortoiliac and femoropopliteal ane... | 349 | ||
| Traumatic Injury of the Renal Arteries | 350 | ||
| Nontraumatic Renal Arterial Emergencies | 351 | ||
| Acute Renal Ischemia. Normal kidneys have no significant collateral blood supply, and acute occlusion will lead to rapid loss of... | 351 | ||
| Aneurysms of the Renal Artery. Aneurysms of the renal arteries are rare. Causes include degenerative aneurysms, which are usuall... | 352 | ||
| Renal Neoplasm–Related Vascular Emergencies. Some benign and malignant renal neoplasms can be the source of acute clinical sympt... | 352 | ||
| Vascular Emergencies of the Pelvis | 353 | ||
| Trauma of the Pelvic Arteries | 353 | ||
| Nontraumatic Emergencies of the Iliac Arteries | 354 | ||
| Iliac Occlusive Disease. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of iliac occlusive disease and frequently involves the distal ... | 354 | ||
| Iliac Aneurysms. Degenerative aneurysms of the iliac arteries tend to involve the common iliac artery (CIA) and are frequently s... | 356 | ||
| Iliac Artery Dissection. Dissection of the iliac arteries is usually an extension of thoracoabdominal aortic dissection. Primary... | 356 | ||
| Vascular Emergencies of the Extremities | 356 | ||
| Arterial Injury of the Upper Extremities | 356 | ||
| Nontraumatic Arterial Emergencies of the Upper Extremities | 357 | ||
| Upper Extremity Aneurysms. Upper extremity artery aneurysms are rare; causes include atherosclerosis, acute or repetitive trauma... | 358 | ||
| Arterial Trauma of the Lower Extremities | 358 | ||
| Knee Dislocation. Knee dislocation can cause arterial injuries in approximately 40% of cases. Most patients are young and have l... | 358 | ||
| Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm. Pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery is often the result of an arterial puncture to perform cardi... | 359 | ||
| Nontraumatic Acute Lower Extremity Limb Ischemia | 359 | ||
| Aneurysms of the Lower Extremities | 361 | ||
| VENOUS EMERGENCIES | 362 | ||
| Traumatic Injury of the Internal Jugular Vein | 362 | ||
| Venous Emergencies of the Chest | 362 | ||
| Venous Emergencies of the Abdomen | 362 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava Obstruction | 362 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava Trauma | 363 | ||
| Renal Vein Thrombosis | 363 | ||
| Portal Vein Thrombosis | 363 | ||
| Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis | 364 | ||
| Hepatic Vein Obstruction | 364 | ||
| Venous Emergencies of the Upper Extremities | 365 | ||
| Venous Thrombosis | 365 | ||
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 365 | ||
| Venous Emergencies of the Pelvis and Lower Extremities | 365 | ||
| 12 - Emergency Nuclear Radiology | 369 | ||
| RADIONUCLIDES | 370 | ||
| Technetium-99m | 370 | ||
| Indium-111 | 371 | ||
| Xenon-133 | 372 | ||
| Gallium-67 | 372 | ||
| IMAGING EQUIPMENT | 372 | ||
| LUNG SCINTIGRAPHY | 373 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 373 | ||
| Radiopharmaceuticals and Techniques | 373 | ||
| Perfusion | 374 | ||
| Ventilation | 375 | ||
| Xenon-133. 133Xe is relatively inexpensive and is the most commonly used agent for ventilation. Overlying soft tissue easily att... | 375 | ||
| Krypton-81m. Krypton-81m (81mKr) also has been used for ventilation imaging. The photon emissions of 176 and 192 keV and the sho... | 375 | ||
| Radiolabeled Aerosols. Radiolabeled aerosols are the agents most often used to study ventilator function. Aerosol studies do not... | 375 | ||
| Technegas. Technegas is composed of ultrafine particles of 99mTc-labeled carbon produced by combustion of pertechnetate at 2500°... | 376 | ||
| Chest Radiograph. It is good practice to obtain a radiograph within 24 hours of performing the ventilation-perfusion (VQ) scan. ... | 376 | ||
| Repeat Scans. Because the perfusion picture can evolve over the ensuing weeks or months, it is advisable to repeat the study aft... | 378 | ||
| BRAIN DEATH | 379 | ||
| Radiopharmaceuticals | 380 | ||
| Technique | 380 | ||
| Interpretation | 380 | ||
| INFECTION | 381 | ||
| Radiopharmaceuticals | 381 | ||
| Leukocyte Labeling | 381 | ||
| Indium-Labeled Leukocytes | 382 | ||
| Technetium-Labeled Leukocytes | 382 | ||
| Technetium Methylene Diphosphonate | 382 | ||
| Technetium Sulfur Colloid | 383 | ||
| Gallium-67 Citrate | 384 | ||
| Newer Agents | 384 | ||
| Indications | 384 | ||
| Abdominal Abscesses | 384 | ||
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 385 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Infections | 385 | ||
| Joint Prostheses | 385 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 385 | ||
| Septic Arthritis | 386 | ||
| Infection in Immunocompromised Patients | 386 | ||
| Infections in the Lung and Other Regions | 386 | ||
| Pulmonary Disease | 386 | ||
| TRAUMA AND BONE INFARCTION | 386 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING | 387 | ||
| Radiopharmaceuticals | 387 | ||
| Index | 395 | ||
| A | 395 | ||
| B | 396 | ||
| C | 397 | ||
| D | 398 | ||
| E | 399 | ||
| F | 399 | ||
| G | 400 | ||
| H | 401 | ||
| I | 401 | ||
| J | 402 | ||
| K | 402 | ||
| L | 402 | ||
| M | 403 | ||
| N | 403 | ||
| O | 404 | ||
| P | 404 | ||
| R | 405 | ||
| S | 405 | ||
| T | 406 | ||
| U | 407 | ||
| V | 408 | ||
| W | 408 | ||
| X | 408 | ||
| Y | 408 | ||
| Z | 408 | ||
| IBC | IBC |