BOOK
Sports Injuries in the Foot and Ankle, An Issue of Clinics in Sports Medicine, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Foot and ankle injuries are commonplace in competitive sports. Close attention is required during examination to accurately identify such injuries. Early diagnosis and management of these injuries are critical. Articles included in this issue are Chronic Ankle Instability (Medial and Lateral),             Disorders of the Flexor Hallux Longus and Os Peroneum, Heel Pain in the Athlete (calcaneal Stress fracture, Baxter’s Neuritis, Plantar Fasciitis),
Stress Fractures of the Metatarsals and Navicular, Peroneal Tendon Disorders, and many more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Sports Injuries in the\rFoot and Ankle | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface: Sports Injuries in the Foot and Ankle | vii | ||
| Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Does Surgery Offer Superior Results (and Other Confusing Issues)? | vii | ||
| Chronic Achilles Tendon Disorders: Tendinopathy and Chronic Rupture | vii | ||
| Peroneal Tendon Disorders | vii | ||
| Acute and Chronic Injuries to the Syndesmosis | viii | ||
| Chronic Ankle Instability (Medial and Lateral) | viii | ||
| Arthroscopic Approach to Osteochondral Defects, Impingement, and Instability | viii | ||
| Lisfranc Injuries: When to Observe, Fix, or Fuse | viii | ||
| Turf Toe and Disorders of the Sesamoid Complex | viii | ||
| Disorders of the Flexor Hallucis Longus and Os Trigonum | ix | ||
| Stage I and II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: Return to Running? | ix | ||
| Stress Fractures of the Foot | ix | ||
| Entrapment Neuropathies of the Foot and Ankle | ix | ||
| CLINICS IN SPORTS MEDICINE | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| January 2016 | xi | ||
| April 2016 | xi | ||
| July 2016 | xi | ||
| October 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| July 2015 | xi | ||
| April 2015 | xi | ||
| January 2015 | xi | ||
| October 2014 | xi | ||
| July 2014 | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface: Sports Injuries in the Foot and Ankle | xv | ||
| Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures | 595 | ||
| Key points | 595 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 595 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS ISSUES | 596 | ||
| Imaging | 597 | ||
| TREATMENT | 597 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 597 | ||
| Operative Management | 598 | ||
| Open Repair | 598 | ||
| Percutaneous Repair | 599 | ||
| Comparisons | 599 | ||
| DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS PROPHYLAXIS | 601 | ||
| SUMMARY | 602 | ||
| REFERENCES | 603 | ||
| Chronic Achilles Tendon Disorders | 607 | ||
| Key points | 607 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 607 | ||
| THE ORIGIN OF PAIN | 609 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 609 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ACHILLES TENDINOPATHY | 610 | ||
| High Volume Injections | 610 | ||
| SURGERY FOR MID-PORTION ACHILLES TENDINOPATHY | 610 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Stripping for Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy | 610 | ||
| Percutaneous Longitudinal Tenotomies | 611 | ||
| Open Surgery | 614 | ||
| CHRONIC ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE | 615 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE | 616 | ||
| Peroneus Brevis Tendon Transfer for Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture | 617 | ||
| Free Gracilis Tendon Graft for Chronic Rupture of the Achilles Tendon | 619 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 620 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 621 | ||
| SUMMARY | 621 | ||
| REFERENCES | 622 | ||
| Peroneal Tendon Disorders | 625 | ||
| Key points | 625 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE PERONEAL TENDONS | 625 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/MECHANISM OF INJURY | 627 | ||
| Subluxation/Dislocation | 627 | ||
| Tears of the Peroneus Brevis | 629 | ||
| Tears of the Peroneus Longus | 629 | ||
| Painful Os Peroneum Syndrome | 630 | ||
| Concomitant Peroneus Brevis and Longus Tears | 630 | ||
| WORKUP OF PERONEAL TENDON DISORDERS | 631 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 631 | ||
| Imaging | 631 | ||
| NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT | 633 | ||
| OPERATIVE TREATMENT | 633 | ||
| Peroneal Tendonitis and Tendinosis | 633 | ||
| Preferred surgical technique for treatment | 633 | ||
| Open debridement/synovectomy | 633 | ||
| Peroneal tendoscopy | 634 | ||
| Tendon Subluxation and Dislocation | 635 | ||
| Preferred technique for treatment | 636 | ||
| Peroneal Tendon Tears | 637 | ||
| Painful Os Peroneum Syndrome | 637 | ||
| Postoperative Protocol | 638 | ||
| OUTCOMES/RETURN TO SPORT | 638 | ||
| SUMMARY | 639 | ||
| REFERENCES | 639 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Injuries to the Syndesmosis | 643 | ||
| Key points | 643 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE SYNDESMOSIS | 643 | ||
| Distal Tibiofibular Joint | 643 | ||
| Ligamentous Structures | 644 | ||
| Anterior tibiofibular ligament | 644 | ||
| Posterior tibiofibular ligament | 644 | ||
| Tibiofibular interosseous membrane and ligament | 644 | ||
| Blood Supply | 644 | ||
| BIOMECHANICS OF SYNDESMOSIS | 645 | ||
| Injury Mechanisms | 645 | ||
| ACUTE SYNDESMOTIC INJURIES | 645 | ||
| Epidemiology | 645 | ||
| Diagnosis | 645 | ||
| Isolated Syndesmotic Injuries | 646 | ||
| Clinical evaluation | 646 | ||
| Physical examination | 646 | ||
| Initial radiographic evaluation | 646 | ||
| Plain radiographs | 646 | ||
| Computed tomography | 648 | ||
| MRI | 649 | ||
| Classification | 649 | ||
| Syndesmotic Injuries with Associated Fractures | 650 | ||
| Role of Arthroscopy | 652 | ||
| CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT | 652 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 653 | ||
| Reduction Techniques | 653 | ||
| Clamp placement | 653 | ||
| Assessment of reduction | 654 | ||
| Fixation Construct and Placement | 655 | ||
| Screw composition, size, number, and cortices engaged | 655 | ||
| Dynamic fixation | 655 | ||
| Implant placement | 655 | ||
| Posterior Malleolar Fixation and Anterior Tibiofibular Ligament Reconstruction | 656 | ||
| Postoperative Protocol | 656 | ||
| Outcomes and Complications | 656 | ||
| Injury factors | 656 | ||
| Patient factors | 657 | ||
| Surgeon factors | 657 | ||
| Malreduction | 657 | ||
| Hardware-related complications | 658 | ||
| Authors’ approach to fixation | 658 | ||
| CHRONIC SYNDESMOTIC INJURIES | 659 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 660 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation and Physical Examination | 660 | ||
| Radiographic Evaluation | 660 | ||
| Plain radiographs | 660 | ||
| Arthroscopy | 661 | ||
| SURGICAL TREATMENT | 662 | ||
| Reconstruction | 662 | ||
| Arthrodesis | 664 | ||
| SUMMARY | 667 | ||
| REFERENCES | 667 | ||
| Chronic Ankle Instability (Medial and Lateral) | 679 | ||
| Key points | 679 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 679 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY | 680 | ||
| History and Clinical Findings | 680 | ||
| Imaging | 680 | ||
| Intraoperative Diagnostic Measures | 680 | ||
| CHRONIC LATERAL INSTABILITY | 681 | ||
| Anatomy of the Anterior Talofibular and the Calcaneofibular Ligament | 681 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 682 | ||
| Indications | 682 | ||
| Operative stabilization | 682 | ||
| Simple suture technique (Broström) | 683 | ||
| Reconstruction with a graft | 683 | ||
| Postoperative Treatment | 683 | ||
| CHRONIC MEDIAL INSTABILITY | 683 | ||
| Anatomy of the Deltoid Ligament | 683 | ||
| Conservative Treatment | 685 | ||
| Operative Treatment | 685 | ||
| Postoperative Treatment | 686 | ||
| SUMMARY | 686 | ||
| REFERENCES | 686 | ||
| Arthroscopic Approach to Osteochondral Defects, Impingement, and Instability | 689 | ||
| Key points | 689 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 689 | ||
| Osteochondral Defects | 689 | ||
| Surgical Management | 690 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 691 | ||
| Postoperative Management and Rehabilitation | 693 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 693 | ||
| ANKLE IMPINGEMENT | 694 | ||
| Surgical Management | 694 | ||
| Operative Techniques | 694 | ||
| Postoperative Management and Rehabilitation | 695 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 695 | ||
| ANKLE INSTABILITY | 696 | ||
| Therapeutic Options and Surgical Technique | 697 | ||
| Arthroscopic Techniques | 698 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 698 | ||
| Postoperative Management and Rehabilitation | 698 | ||
| SUMMARY | 699 | ||
| REFERENCES | 699 | ||
| Lisfranc Injuries | 705 | ||
| Key points | 705 | ||
| ANATOMY | 706 | ||
| MECHANISM OF INJURY | 706 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 707 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES | 707 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 710 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 711 | ||
| Nonoperative Management | 712 | ||
| Timing of Intervention | 712 | ||
| Percutaneous Fixation Versus Open Reduction | 713 | ||
| Surgical Hardware | 713 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 716 | ||
| Hardware Removal | 717 | ||
| Primary Arthrodesis | 717 | ||
| Return to Play | 719 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 719 | ||
| FUTURE STUDIES/TECHNOLOGY | 719 | ||
| SUMMARY | 720 | ||
| REFERENCES | 720 | ||
| Turf Toe and Disorders of the Sesamoid Complex | 725 | ||
| Key points | 725 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 725 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 726 | ||
| ANATOMY | 726 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 728 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 728 | ||
| IMAGING | 732 | ||
| NONOPERATIVE TREATMENTS | 733 | ||
| OPERATIVE TREATMENT | 735 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES | 736 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 737 | ||
| REFERENCES | 737 | ||
| Disorders of the Flexor Hallucis Longus and Os Trigonum | 741 | ||
| Key points | 741 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 741 | ||
| Os Trigonum | 741 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus | 743 | ||
| ANATOMY | 743 | ||
| Os Trigonum | 743 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus | 745 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 745 | ||
| Os Trigonum Syndrome | 745 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus Stenosing Tenosynovitis | 746 | ||
| PATIENT HISTORY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 746 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 747 | ||
| Os Trigonum | 747 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus | 747 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 748 | ||
| Os Trigonum | 748 | ||
| RADIOLOGY AND INVESTIGATION | 748 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 749 | ||
| Nonsurgical Treatment | 749 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 749 | ||
| Approach | 749 | ||
| Open surgery | 749 | ||
| Posterolateral approach | 750 | ||
| Posteromedial approach | 750 | ||
| Arthroscopic approach | 750 | ||
| Positioning | 750 | ||
| Portals | 750 | ||
| Soft-tissue debridement | 751 | ||
| Excision of os trigonum or posterior lateral process | 752 | ||
| Flexor hallucis longus debridement and retinaculum and fibro-osseous tunnel release | 752 | ||
| Evaluation of associated lesion | 752 | ||
| Postoperative Protocol | 752 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOMES | 754 | ||
| Os Trigonum | 754 | ||
| Flexor Hallucis Longus | 755 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS AND CONCERNS | 755 | ||
| Complications | 755 | ||
| Concerns | 755 | ||
| REFERENCES | 756 | ||
| Stage I and II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction | 761 | ||
| Key points | 761 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 761 | ||
| DEFINITION OF STAGE I AND II POSTERIOR TIBIAL TENDON DYSFUNCTION | 762 | ||
| CLINICAL ASSESSMENT | 762 | ||
| Inspection | 762 | ||
| Palpation | 763 | ||
| Function and Specific Tests | 763 | ||
| RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT | 763 | ||
| Conventional Radiography | 763 | ||
| Hindfoot Assessment | 763 | ||
| Advanced Imaging | 764 | ||
| CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT | 764 | ||
| SURGICAL DECISION MAKING | 765 | ||
| Stage I Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction | 765 | ||
| Stage II Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction | 765 | ||
| Flexible hindfoot valgus, no forefoot abduction | 765 | ||
| Flexible hindfoot valgus, flexible forefoot supination | 766 | ||
| Flexible hindfoot valgus, fixed forefoot supination | 766 | ||
| Flexible hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction | 766 | ||
| Medial ray instability | 766 | ||
| SUMMARY | 767 | ||
| REFERENCES | 767 | ||
| Stress Fractures of the Foot | 769 | ||
| Key points | 769 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 769 | ||
| STRESS FRACTURE OF THE NAVICULAR | 769 | ||
| Pertinent Anatomy | 769 | ||
| Biomechanics | 770 | ||
| Risk Factors | 770 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 770 | ||
| Investigations | 771 | ||
| Radiograph | 771 | ||
| Bone scan | 771 | ||
| CT scan | 771 | ||
| MRI scan | 771 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 771 | ||
| Therapeutic Options and/or Surgical Technique | 774 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 775 | ||
| Complications and Concerns | 776 | ||
| METATARSAL STRESS FRACTURES | 776 | ||
| Anatomy | 776 | ||
| Biomechanics | 777 | ||
| Risk Factors | 777 | ||
| Clinical Assessment | 777 | ||
| First Metatarsal Stress Fracture | 778 | ||
| Second to Third Metatarsal Stress Fracture | 778 | ||
| Fourth to Fifth Metatarsal Stress Fracture | 779 | ||
| Investigation | 781 | ||
| Vitamin D | 781 | ||
| Radiograph | 781 | ||
| Ultrasound | 781 | ||
| MRI | 782 | ||
| Bone scan | 783 | ||
| Treatment | 783 | ||
| Surgery | 783 | ||
| Complications | 784 | ||
| STRESS FRACTURE OF THE CALCANEUS | 784 | ||
| OTHER STRESS FRACTURES | 785 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF FOOT AND ANKLE STRESS FRACTURES | 785 | ||
| Biomechanical Therapy for Stress Fractures | 785 | ||
| Biological Therapy for Management of Stress Fractures | 786 | ||
| Shock wave therapy | 786 | ||
| Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy | 786 | ||
| Electrical stimulation | 786 | ||
| Bone morphogenic protein | 786 | ||
| Teriparatide | 787 | ||
| SUMMARY | 787 | ||
| REFERENCES | 787 | ||
| Entrapment Neuropathies of the Foot and Ankle | 791 | ||
| Key points | 791 | ||
| TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME | 791 | ||
| Introduction: Nature of the Problem | 791 | ||
| Symptoms | 792 | ||
| Therapeutic Options and/or Surgical Technique | 792 | ||
| Nonoperative management | 792 | ||
| Operative management | 792 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 793 | ||
| Complications and Concerns | 793 | ||
| ANTERIOR TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME/DEEP PERONEAL NERVE ENTRAPMENT | 793 | ||
| Introduction: Nature of the Problem | 793 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 795 | ||
| Complications and Concerns | 795 | ||
| DISTAL TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME/FIRST BRANCH OF LATERAL PLANTAR NERVE | 795 | ||
| Introduction: Nature of the Problem | 795 | ||
| Causes of compression | 795 | ||
| Therapeutic Options and/or Surgical Technique | 795 | ||
| Nonoperative | 795 | ||
| Surgical management | 795 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 796 | ||
| MEDIAL PLANTAR NERVE (JOGGER’S FOOT) | 796 | ||
| Introduction: Nature of the Problem | 796 | ||
| Therapeutic Options and/or Surgical Technique | 797 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 797 | ||
| SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE ENTRAPMENT | 797 | ||
| Introduction: Nature of the Problem | 797 | ||
| Therapeutic Options and/or Surgical Technique | 798 | ||
| Nonoperative management | 798 | ||
| Surgical management | 798 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 798 | ||
| Complications and Concerns | 798 | ||
| MORTON NEUROMA | 799 | ||
| Introduction: Nature of the Problem | 799 | ||
| Clinical examination | 799 | ||
| Therapeutic Options and/or Surgical Technique | 799 | ||
| Conservative management | 799 | ||
| Surgical management | 799 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes | 799 | ||
| Complications and Concerns | 799 | ||
| REFERENCES | 799 | ||
| Index | 803 |