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Clinical Companion for Fundamentals of Nursing - E-Book

Clinical Companion for Fundamentals of Nursing - E-Book

Patricia A. Potter | Anne Griffin Perry | Patricia Stockert | Amy Hall | Veronica Peterson

(2016)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

A concise, pocket-sized nursing reference, Clinical Companion for Fundamentals of Nursing, 9th Edition includes all the facts and figures you’ll need to succeed in clinicals. The streamlined format organizes content by body system, with tables, boxes, and bulleted lists that simplify searching. From definitions and abbreviations to dosage calculations and lab values, this pocket guide presents the most up-to-date guidelines and clinical information in an easy-to-use, quick-reference format!

  • Basic assessment by body system makes it easy to locate specific information.
  • Concise, pocket-sized format ensures portability for use in the clinical setting.
  • Basic facts and figures provide valuable background information.
  • English-to-Spanish translations help you communicate with Spanish-speaking patients.
  • Content is presented in tabular, list, and outline format for quick and easy retrieval.
  • Chapter outlines with corresponding page numbers provide quick, easy access to information.
  • NEW! The latest information on infection control, pressure ulcers, dietary guidelines, and more.
  • NEW! Uses the latest NANDA-1 (2015-17), NIC, and NOC terminologies.
  • UPDATED images serve as visual reinforcement throughout.
  • NEW! Additional information for six QSEN competencies.
  • UPDATED chapter bibliographies reference related sources for further in-depth study.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
IFC IFC
CLINICAL COMPANION FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING:JUST THE FACTS i
Copyright ii
Preface iii
Contents v
1 - Health Care Terminology 1
ABBREVIATIONS*\r 2
PREFIXES 20
SUFFIXES 22
SYMBOLS 23
MEDICAL SPECIALISTS 24
MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS 26
NURSING SPECIALTIES 27
NURSING ORGANIZATIONS 28
BODY REGIONS 33
BODY CAVITIES 35
DIRECTIONS AND PLANES 37
2 - Medications: Calculations and Administration 38
EQUIVALENT MEASURES 39
Metric System 39
Weight 39
Volume 39
Length 39
Apothecary System 39
Metric-to-Apothecary Conversions 39
Apothecary-to-Metric Conversions 40
Household System 40
Weight 40
Volume 40
Kilogram-to-Pound Conversions 40
Household-Metric Conversions 40
CALCULATIONS 41
Calculating Strength of a Solution 41
Pediatric Calculations 41
Calculating IV Drip Rates 41
Microdrops: A Simple Calculation 41
COMMON DRUG TERMINOLOGY 42
General 42
Controlled Substances 43
Routes of Administration with Abbreviations 44
Types of Drug Preparations 44
Therapeutic Drugs 44
Common Allergic Responses 44
DRUG SAFETY 45
Ten Patient Rights 45
Six Rights for Safe Medication Administration 45
Ways to Prevent Medication Errors 45
DRUG INTERACTIONS 46
Drug–Drug Interactions 46
Drug–Food Interactions 46
INFILTRATION AND PHLEBITIS SCALES 49
Infiltration Scale 49
Phlebitis Scale 50
THERAPEUTIC DRUGS THAT REQUIRE SERUM DRUG LEVELS FOLLOWED BY AVERAGE RANGES*,† 50
Antibiotics 50
Anticonvulsants 50
Antidepressants 51
Antirejection 51
Cardiovascular Drugs 51
Respiratory Drug 51
DRUG ADMINISTRATION 52
3 - Infection Control 62
BASIC TERMINOLOGY 63
STAGES OF INFECTION 64
THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS 64
Stage I 64
Stage II 64
Stage III 64
SUMMARY OF ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS 64
TYPES OF ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS 65
Standard Precautions 65
Transmission-Based Precautions 66
Airborne Precautions 66
Droplet Precautions 66
Contact Precautions 66
Additional Precaution Tips 66
CDC GUIDELINES FOR HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARESETTINGS (2011) 67
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT PATHOGENS 68
PREVENTION OF RESISTANT PATHOGENS 68
CRE, MRSA, AND VRE 69
Standard Precautions for MRSA 69
Standard Precautions for CRE and VRE 69
COMMON BACTERIA 70
TUBERCULOSIS 71
Agent 71
Reservoir 71
Mode of Transmission 71
Incubation 71
Prevention 71
4 - Basic Nursing Assessments 82
THE PATIENT INTERVIEW 83
Demographics 83
Health History 83
Family Medical History 83
Current Situation 83
History of Present Illness 83
Medications 83
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT 84
Health Perceptions 84
Nutrition 84
Respiration and Circulation 84
Elimination 84
Activity and Exercise 84
Sleep 85
Cognitive 85
Sensory 85
Coping and Stress 85
Self-Perception 85
Roles and Relationships 85
Sexuality 85
Values and Beliefs 86
INTERVIEWING STRATEGIES 86
CULTURAL ASSESSMENT 86
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT 87
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT 88
Appearance 88
Skin 89
Hair 89
Nails 89
Neurologic 89
Musculoskeletal 89
Cardiovascular 89
Respiratory 89
Gastrointestinal 89
Genitourinary 89
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES 90
TEMPERATURE 90
Time Required for Reading Glass Thermometer 91
Time Required for Reading Disposable Thermometer 91
Time Required for Reading Electronic Thermometer 91
Time Required for Reading Tympanic Thermometer 91
Distance of Insertion for Rectal Thermometer 91
Conversion Used for Fahrenheit 91
Factors Affecting Temperature 91
Special Factors 94
Clinical Signs of Fever 94
Fever Patterns 94
THERMAL DISORDERS 94
Hypothermia (Stages) 95
WHEN TO MEASURE VITAL SIGNS 96
PULSE 97
Acceptable Ranges with Averages (Beats per Minute) 97
Assessments 97
Volume and Amplitude of Peripheral Pulses 97
Rhythm 97
PULSE POINTS 98
RESPIRATION 99
Acceptable Ranges of Respiratory Rate 99
Assessments 99
Abnormal Patterns of Breathing 99
BLOOD PRESSURE 100
Average Optimal Blood Pressure by Ages (Systolic/Diastolic) 100
Orthostatic or Postural Changes 100
Korotkoff Sounds 101
Sounds of Blood Pressure 101
The Cuff 101
Creating a False High Reading 101
Creating a False Low Reading 101
Creating a False Diastolic Reading 102
Creating a False Systolic Reading 102
5 - Documentation 106
THE NURSING PROCESS 107
EFFECTIVE DOCUMENTATION 107
DOCUMENTATION OF GOALS AND OUTCOMES 107
NURSING DIAGNOSES BY FUNCTIONAL AREA*,† 108
Domain 1: Health Promotion 108
Class 1: Health Awareness 108
Class 2: Health Management 108
Domain 2: Nutrition 108
Class 1: Ingestion 108
Class 2: Digestion 109
Class 3: Absorption 109
Class 4: Metabolism 109
Class 5: Hydration 109
Domain 3: Elimination and Exchange 109
Class 1: Urinary Function 109
Class 2: Gastrointestinal Function 110
Class 3: Integumentary Function 110
Class 4: Respiratory Function 110
Domain 4: Activity/Rest 110
Class 1: Sleep/Rest 110
Class 2: Activity/Exercise 110
Class 3: Energy Balance 110
Class 4: Cardiovascular/Pulmonary Responses 111
Class 5: Self-Care 111
Domain 5: Perception/Cognition 111
Class 1: Attention 111
Class 2: Orientation 111
Class 3: Sensation/Perception 111
Class 4: Cognition 111
Class 5: Communication 112
Domain 6: Self-Perception 112
Class 1: Self-Concept 112
Class 2: Self-Esteem 112
Class 3: Body Image 112
Domain 7: Role Relationships 112
Class 1: Caregiving Roles 112
Class 2: Family Relationships 112
Class 3: Role Performance 113
Domain 8: Sexuality 113
Class 1: Sexual Identity 113
Class 2: Sexual Function 113
Class 3: Reproduction 113
Domain 9: Coping/Stress Tolerance 113
Class 1: Post-Trauma Responses 113
Class 2: Coping Responses 113
Class 3: Neurobehavioral Stress 114
Domain 10: Life Principles 114
Class 1: Values 114
Class 2: Beliefs 114
Class 3: Value/Belief/Action Congruence 115
Domain 11: Safety/Protection 115
Class 1: Infection 115
Class 2: Physical Injury 115
Class 3: Violence 116
Class 4: Environmental Hazards 116
Class 5: Defensive Processes 116
Class 6: Thermoregulation 116
Domain 12: Comfort 117
Class 1: Physical Comfort 117
Class 2: Environmental Comfort 117
Class 3: Social Comfort 117
Social Isolation 117
Domain 13: Growth/Development 117
Class 1: Growth 117
Class 2: Development 117
DEVELOPING A PATIENT’S PLAN OF CARE 117
INDIVIDUALIZING CARE PLANS 118
CRITICAL PATHWAYS 120
Medicine 120
Pharmacy 120
Therapy 120
Social Work 120
Chaplain 120
CHARTING 121
Progress Notes 121
The Patient’s Chart Is a Legal Document (Paper Chart) 121
Electronic Medical Record (EMR) 122
Electronic Health Record (EHR) 122
Electronic Patient Record (EPR) 122
CHANGE-OF-SHIFT REPORT 123
6 - Integumentary System 124
ABNORMALITIES OF THE NAIL BED 125
PRESSURE POINTS 128
PRESSURE ULCER STAGES 131
Additional Categories/Stages for the USA 134
Unclassified: Full thickness skin or tissue loss- depth unknown 134
7 - Skeletal System 143
SKELETON—ANTERIOR VIEW 144
SKELETON—POSTERIOR VIEW 145
TYPES OF FRACTURES 148
TYPES OF TRACTION 149
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 150
Chapter 8 - Muscular System 152
ANTERIOR SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES 153
POSTERIOR SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES 154
LATERAL FACIAL MUSCLES 155
EFFECTS OF IMMOBILITY 156
Benefits 156
Bowel Changes 156
Cardiac Changes 157
Integumentary Changes 157
Metabolic Changes 157
Musculoskeletal Changes 157
Respiratory Changes 157
Neurosensory Changes 158
Urinary Changes 158
RANGE OF MOTION 159
USE OF HEAT* 167
9 - Nervous System 175
STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN 177
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 177
NEUROLOGIC FUNCTION 178
Cerebral 178
Cranial Nerves 178
Cerebellar 178
SEIZURE TERMINOLOGY 182
CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH SEIZURES 182
Equipment and Procedures 182
During the Seizure 183
After the Seizure 183
A PATIENT’S SLEEP HISTORY 184
SLEEP DISORDERS 184
SEDATION SCALE 186
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 187
PAIN ASSESSMENT 191
Definition 191
Onset 191
Duration 191
Location 191
Severity 191
Precipitating Factors 192
Aggravating Factors 192
Alleviating Factors 192
Associated Factors 192
Observed Behaviors 192
Vocalizations 192
Facial Expressions 192
PAIN RATING SCALES 193
NON PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS OF PAIN 193
THE EYE 198
PUPIL SIZE 198
SIX DIRECTIONS OF GAZE 199
BRAILLE ALPHABET 201
THE EAR 202
SIGN LANGUAGE ALPHABET 204
SIGN LANGUAGE NUMBERS 205
Special Communication Considerations 205
Consult with family for best communication practices 206
TIPS FOR COMMUNICATING WITH OLDER ADULTS 206
10 - Circulatory System 207
PRINCIPAL ARTERIES OF THE BODY 208
STRUCTURES OF THE HEART 209
CORONARY ARTERIES 210
Right Coronary Artery 210
Left Coronary Artery 210
Circumflex 210
BASIC CARDIAC ASSESSMENTS 210
S1 210
S2 210
CARDIAC HISTORY 211
Patient History 211
Health Habits 211
Family History 211
Signs and Symptoms 211
11 - Respiratory System 218
STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 219
CHEST WALL LANDMARKS 221
SYSTEMATIC PATTERN FOR PALPATION AND AUSCULTATION 222
NORMAL BREATH SOUNDS 223
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPERVENTILATION 223
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOVENTILATION 223
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOXIA 223
ABNORMAL AND ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS 225
Assessment Questions Regarding Respiratory Status 225
Tests That May Be Ordered for Patients withAbnormal Breath Sounds 226
COMMON LUNG DISORDERS 226
Asthma 226
Atelectasis 226
Bronchiectasis 226
Bronchitis 226
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) 227
Emphysema 227
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) 227
Neoplasm 227
Pleural Effusion 227
Pneumonia 227
Pneumothorax 228
Pulmonary Edema 228
OXYGEN THERAPY 233
Cannula 233
Simple Mask 234
Partial Rebreathing Mask 234
Nonrebreathing Mask 234
12 - Endocrine System 236
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES 237
DIABETES 238
Treatment for Blood Glucose Reactions 240
INSULIN 240
Reaction Prevention Tips 242
General Patient and Family Information 242
Insulin Pens 244
Advantages 244
Disadvantages 244
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Pen 245
Other Classes of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents 246
Combination Oral Hypoglycemic Medications 246
ADRENAL GLANDS 247
PITUITARY GLAND* 248
Hyperpituitarism 248
Hypopituitarism 248
THYROID GLAND 249
13 - Digestive System 250
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES 251
TWO TYPES OF MALNUTRITION 256
Marasmus 256
Kwashiorkor 256
ALTERED BOWEL ELIMINATION PATTERNS 258
Constipation 258
Impaction 259
Diarrhea 259
Incontinence 259
Abdominal Distention 260
Obstruction 260
Ileus (Paralytic Ileus) 260
FOODS AND THEIR EFFECTON FECAL OUTPUT 262
TYPES OF CATHARTICS 262
ANTIDIARRHEAL MEDICATIONS 263
TYPES OF ENEMAS 263
COMMON TYPES OF OSTOMIES 263
Ileostomy 263
Transverse Colostomy 264
Descending Colostomy or Sigmoid Colostomy 265
Urinary Diversion (Ileal Loop, Ileal, or Colonic Conduit) 266
Continent Ileostomy 267
Continent Urostomy 268
14 - Urinary System 270
ORGANS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM 271
MEDICATIONS THAT MAY DISCOLOR URINE 275
REASONS FOR URINARY CATHETERS 275
PREVENTING URINARY CATHETER INFECTIONS 276
TIMED URINE TESTS 277
15 - Reproductive System 278
ASSESSING SEXUAL HISTORY 279
Male 279
Female 279
MEDICATIONS THAT AFFECT SEXUAL PERFORMANCE* 280
Neurologic Drugs 280
Cardiac Drugs 280
Endocrine Drugs 280
Gastrointestinal Drugs 280
16 - Tests and Procedures 284
ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES 289
Nursing Interventions 289
ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES 290
Clinical Manifestations 290
Hyponatremia (less than 135 mEq/L) 290
Hypernatremia (greater than 145 mEq/L) 290
Hypokalemia (less than 3.5 mEq/L) 290
Hyperkalemia (greater than 5 mEq/L) 290
Hypocalcemia (less than 8.4 mEq/L) 290
Hypercalcemia (greater than 10.5 mEq/L) 291
Hypomagnesemia (less than 1.5 mEq/L) 291
Hypermagnesemia (greater than 2.5 mEq/L) 291
Hypochloremia (less than 96 mEq/L) 291
Hyperchloremia (greater than 108 mEq/L) 291
Hypophosphatemia (less than 2.2 mEq/L) 292
Hyperphosphatemia (greater than 4.8 mEq/L) 292
FLUID VOLUME IMBALANCES 292
Fluid Volume Deficit (Hypovolemia) 292
Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia) 292
Common Fluid Volumes* 293
Common Intravenous Solutions 293
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 296
17 - Surgical Nursing Care 300
NURSING CARE BEFORE SURGERY 301
Teaching 301
History 301
Checklist 302
Review of Body Systems 302
NURSING CARE AFTER SURGERY 305
Objectives 305
Information Needed* 305
CARE OF BODY SYSTEMS AFTER SURGERY 306
Cardiac 306
Pulmonary 306
Neurologic 306
Genitourinary 307
Gastrointestinal 307
Skin 307
COMMON SURGICAL PROCEDURES* 308
RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSIONS 310
Before Administering Blood to a Patient 310
Blood Reactions 311
18 - Patient Safety 314
ADMISSION SAFETY 315
ONGOING SAFETY 315
SPECIAL PATIENT SITUATIONS 316
Alcohol Withdrawal 316
Bleeding or Hemorrhage 316
19 - Care of the Dying 326
STAGES OF DYING AND GRIEF 327
Denial 327
Anger 327
Bargaining 327
Depression 328
Acceptance 328
English-to-Spanish Translation Guide: Key Medical Questions 344
Hints for Pronunciation of Spanish Words 344
Introductory 345
General 345
Pain 345
Head 346
Vocabulary 346
History 346
Index 357
A 357
B 359
C 360
D 362
E 362
F 363
G 363
H 364
I 365
J 365
K 365
L 366
M 366
N 367
O 368
P 368
Q 369
R 369
S 370
T 372
U 372
V 373
W 373
Z 373