BOOK
Clinical Companion for Fundamentals of Nursing - E-Book
Patricia A. Potter | Anne Griffin Perry | Patricia Stockert | Amy Hall | Veronica Peterson
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
A concise, pocket-sized nursing reference, Clinical Companion for Fundamentals of Nursing, 9th Edition includes all the facts and figures you’ll need to succeed in clinicals. The streamlined format organizes content by body system, with tables, boxes, and bulleted lists that simplify searching. From definitions and abbreviations to dosage calculations and lab values, this pocket guide presents the most up-to-date guidelines and clinical information in an easy-to-use, quick-reference format!
- Basic assessment by body system makes it easy to locate specific information.
- Concise, pocket-sized format ensures portability for use in the clinical setting.
- Basic facts and figures provide valuable background information.
- English-to-Spanish translations help you communicate with Spanish-speaking patients.
- Content is presented in tabular, list, and outline format for quick and easy retrieval.
- Chapter outlines with corresponding page numbers provide quick, easy access to information.
- NEW! The latest information on infection control, pressure ulcers, dietary guidelines, and more.
- NEW! Uses the latest NANDA-1 (2015-17), NIC, and NOC terminologies.
- UPDATED images serve as visual reinforcement throughout.
- NEW! Additional information for six QSEN competencies.
- UPDATED chapter bibliographies reference related sources for further in-depth study.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Cover | ||
IFC | IFC | ||
CLINICAL COMPANION FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING:JUST THE FACTS | i | ||
Copyright | ii | ||
Preface | iii | ||
Contents | v | ||
1 - Health Care Terminology | 1 | ||
ABBREVIATIONS*\r | 2 | ||
PREFIXES | 20 | ||
SUFFIXES | 22 | ||
SYMBOLS | 23 | ||
MEDICAL SPECIALISTS | 24 | ||
MEDICAL ORGANIZATIONS | 26 | ||
NURSING SPECIALTIES | 27 | ||
NURSING ORGANIZATIONS | 28 | ||
BODY REGIONS | 33 | ||
BODY CAVITIES | 35 | ||
DIRECTIONS AND PLANES | 37 | ||
2 - Medications: Calculations and Administration | 38 | ||
EQUIVALENT MEASURES | 39 | ||
Metric System | 39 | ||
Weight | 39 | ||
Volume | 39 | ||
Length | 39 | ||
Apothecary System | 39 | ||
Metric-to-Apothecary Conversions | 39 | ||
Apothecary-to-Metric Conversions | 40 | ||
Household System | 40 | ||
Weight | 40 | ||
Volume | 40 | ||
Kilogram-to-Pound Conversions | 40 | ||
Household-Metric Conversions | 40 | ||
CALCULATIONS | 41 | ||
Calculating Strength of a Solution | 41 | ||
Pediatric Calculations | 41 | ||
Calculating IV Drip Rates | 41 | ||
Microdrops: A Simple Calculation | 41 | ||
COMMON DRUG TERMINOLOGY | 42 | ||
General | 42 | ||
Controlled Substances | 43 | ||
Routes of Administration with Abbreviations | 44 | ||
Types of Drug Preparations | 44 | ||
Therapeutic Drugs | 44 | ||
Common Allergic Responses | 44 | ||
DRUG SAFETY | 45 | ||
Ten Patient Rights | 45 | ||
Six Rights for Safe Medication Administration | 45 | ||
Ways to Prevent Medication Errors | 45 | ||
DRUG INTERACTIONS | 46 | ||
Drug–Drug Interactions | 46 | ||
Drug–Food Interactions | 46 | ||
INFILTRATION AND PHLEBITIS SCALES | 49 | ||
Infiltration Scale | 49 | ||
Phlebitis Scale | 50 | ||
THERAPEUTIC DRUGS THAT REQUIRE SERUM DRUG LEVELS FOLLOWED BY AVERAGE RANGES*,†| 50 | ||
Antibiotics | 50 | ||
Anticonvulsants | 50 | ||
Antidepressants | 51 | ||
Antirejection | 51 | ||
Cardiovascular Drugs | 51 | ||
Respiratory Drug | 51 | ||
DRUG ADMINISTRATION | 52 | ||
3 - Infection Control | 62 | ||
BASIC TERMINOLOGY | 63 | ||
STAGES OF INFECTION | 64 | ||
THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS | 64 | ||
Stage I | 64 | ||
Stage II | 64 | ||
Stage III | 64 | ||
SUMMARY OF ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS | 64 | ||
TYPES OF ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS | 65 | ||
Standard Precautions | 65 | ||
Transmission-Based Precautions | 66 | ||
Airborne Precautions | 66 | ||
Droplet Precautions | 66 | ||
Contact Precautions | 66 | ||
Additional Precaution Tips | 66 | ||
CDC GUIDELINES FOR HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARESETTINGS (2011) | 67 | ||
ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT PATHOGENS | 68 | ||
PREVENTION OF RESISTANT PATHOGENS | 68 | ||
CRE, MRSA, AND VRE | 69 | ||
Standard Precautions for MRSA | 69 | ||
Standard Precautions for CRE and VRE | 69 | ||
COMMON BACTERIA | 70 | ||
TUBERCULOSIS | 71 | ||
Agent | 71 | ||
Reservoir | 71 | ||
Mode of Transmission | 71 | ||
Incubation | 71 | ||
Prevention | 71 | ||
4 - Basic Nursing Assessments | 82 | ||
THE PATIENT INTERVIEW | 83 | ||
Demographics | 83 | ||
Health History | 83 | ||
Family Medical History | 83 | ||
Current Situation | 83 | ||
History of Present Illness | 83 | ||
Medications | 83 | ||
FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT | 84 | ||
Health Perceptions | 84 | ||
Nutrition | 84 | ||
Respiration and Circulation | 84 | ||
Elimination | 84 | ||
Activity and Exercise | 84 | ||
Sleep | 85 | ||
Cognitive | 85 | ||
Sensory | 85 | ||
Coping and Stress | 85 | ||
Self-Perception | 85 | ||
Roles and Relationships | 85 | ||
Sexuality | 85 | ||
Values and Beliefs | 86 | ||
INTERVIEWING STRATEGIES | 86 | ||
CULTURAL ASSESSMENT | 86 | ||
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT | 87 | ||
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT | 88 | ||
Appearance | 88 | ||
Skin | 89 | ||
Hair | 89 | ||
Nails | 89 | ||
Neurologic | 89 | ||
Musculoskeletal | 89 | ||
Cardiovascular | 89 | ||
Respiratory | 89 | ||
Gastrointestinal | 89 | ||
Genitourinary | 89 | ||
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES | 90 | ||
TEMPERATURE | 90 | ||
Time Required for Reading Glass Thermometer | 91 | ||
Time Required for Reading Disposable Thermometer | 91 | ||
Time Required for Reading Electronic Thermometer | 91 | ||
Time Required for Reading Tympanic Thermometer | 91 | ||
Distance of Insertion for Rectal Thermometer | 91 | ||
Conversion Used for Fahrenheit | 91 | ||
Factors Affecting Temperature | 91 | ||
Special Factors | 94 | ||
Clinical Signs of Fever | 94 | ||
Fever Patterns | 94 | ||
THERMAL DISORDERS | 94 | ||
Hypothermia (Stages) | 95 | ||
WHEN TO MEASURE VITAL SIGNS | 96 | ||
PULSE | 97 | ||
Acceptable Ranges with Averages (Beats per Minute) | 97 | ||
Assessments | 97 | ||
Volume and Amplitude of Peripheral Pulses | 97 | ||
Rhythm | 97 | ||
PULSE POINTS | 98 | ||
RESPIRATION | 99 | ||
Acceptable Ranges of Respiratory Rate | 99 | ||
Assessments | 99 | ||
Abnormal Patterns of Breathing | 99 | ||
BLOOD PRESSURE | 100 | ||
Average Optimal Blood Pressure by Ages (Systolic/Diastolic) | 100 | ||
Orthostatic or Postural Changes | 100 | ||
Korotkoff Sounds | 101 | ||
Sounds of Blood Pressure | 101 | ||
The Cuff | 101 | ||
Creating a False High Reading | 101 | ||
Creating a False Low Reading | 101 | ||
Creating a False Diastolic Reading | 102 | ||
Creating a False Systolic Reading | 102 | ||
5 - Documentation | 106 | ||
THE NURSING PROCESS | 107 | ||
EFFECTIVE DOCUMENTATION | 107 | ||
DOCUMENTATION OF GOALS AND OUTCOMES | 107 | ||
NURSING DIAGNOSES BY FUNCTIONAL AREA*,†| 108 | ||
Domain 1: Health Promotion | 108 | ||
Class 1: Health Awareness | 108 | ||
Class 2: Health Management | 108 | ||
Domain 2: Nutrition | 108 | ||
Class 1: Ingestion | 108 | ||
Class 2: Digestion | 109 | ||
Class 3: Absorption | 109 | ||
Class 4: Metabolism | 109 | ||
Class 5: Hydration | 109 | ||
Domain 3: Elimination and Exchange | 109 | ||
Class 1: Urinary Function | 109 | ||
Class 2: Gastrointestinal Function | 110 | ||
Class 3: Integumentary Function | 110 | ||
Class 4: Respiratory Function | 110 | ||
Domain 4: Activity/Rest | 110 | ||
Class 1: Sleep/Rest | 110 | ||
Class 2: Activity/Exercise | 110 | ||
Class 3: Energy Balance | 110 | ||
Class 4: Cardiovascular/Pulmonary Responses | 111 | ||
Class 5: Self-Care | 111 | ||
Domain 5: Perception/Cognition | 111 | ||
Class 1: Attention | 111 | ||
Class 2: Orientation | 111 | ||
Class 3: Sensation/Perception | 111 | ||
Class 4: Cognition | 111 | ||
Class 5: Communication | 112 | ||
Domain 6: Self-Perception | 112 | ||
Class 1: Self-Concept | 112 | ||
Class 2: Self-Esteem | 112 | ||
Class 3: Body Image | 112 | ||
Domain 7: Role Relationships | 112 | ||
Class 1: Caregiving Roles | 112 | ||
Class 2: Family Relationships | 112 | ||
Class 3: Role Performance | 113 | ||
Domain 8: Sexuality | 113 | ||
Class 1: Sexual Identity | 113 | ||
Class 2: Sexual Function | 113 | ||
Class 3: Reproduction | 113 | ||
Domain 9: Coping/Stress Tolerance | 113 | ||
Class 1: Post-Trauma Responses | 113 | ||
Class 2: Coping Responses | 113 | ||
Class 3: Neurobehavioral Stress | 114 | ||
Domain 10: Life Principles | 114 | ||
Class 1: Values | 114 | ||
Class 2: Beliefs | 114 | ||
Class 3: Value/Belief/Action Congruence | 115 | ||
Domain 11: Safety/Protection | 115 | ||
Class 1: Infection | 115 | ||
Class 2: Physical Injury | 115 | ||
Class 3: Violence | 116 | ||
Class 4: Environmental Hazards | 116 | ||
Class 5: Defensive Processes | 116 | ||
Class 6: Thermoregulation | 116 | ||
Domain 12: Comfort | 117 | ||
Class 1: Physical Comfort | 117 | ||
Class 2: Environmental Comfort | 117 | ||
Class 3: Social Comfort | 117 | ||
Social Isolation | 117 | ||
Domain 13: Growth/Development | 117 | ||
Class 1: Growth | 117 | ||
Class 2: Development | 117 | ||
DEVELOPING A PATIENT’S PLAN OF CARE | 117 | ||
INDIVIDUALIZING CARE PLANS | 118 | ||
CRITICAL PATHWAYS | 120 | ||
Medicine | 120 | ||
Pharmacy | 120 | ||
Therapy | 120 | ||
Social Work | 120 | ||
Chaplain | 120 | ||
CHARTING | 121 | ||
Progress Notes | 121 | ||
The Patient’s Chart Is a Legal Document (Paper Chart) | 121 | ||
Electronic Medical Record (EMR) | 122 | ||
Electronic Health Record (EHR) | 122 | ||
Electronic Patient Record (EPR) | 122 | ||
CHANGE-OF-SHIFT REPORT | 123 | ||
6 - Integumentary System | 124 | ||
ABNORMALITIES OF THE NAIL BED | 125 | ||
PRESSURE POINTS | 128 | ||
PRESSURE ULCER STAGES | 131 | ||
Additional Categories/Stages for the USA | 134 | ||
Unclassified: Full thickness skin or tissue loss- depth unknown | 134 | ||
7 - Skeletal System | 143 | ||
SKELETON—ANTERIOR VIEW | 144 | ||
SKELETON—POSTERIOR VIEW | 145 | ||
TYPES OF FRACTURES | 148 | ||
TYPES OF TRACTION | 149 | ||
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS | 150 | ||
Chapter 8 - Muscular System | 152 | ||
ANTERIOR SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES | 153 | ||
POSTERIOR SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES | 154 | ||
LATERAL FACIAL MUSCLES | 155 | ||
EFFECTS OF IMMOBILITY | 156 | ||
Benefits | 156 | ||
Bowel Changes | 156 | ||
Cardiac Changes | 157 | ||
Integumentary Changes | 157 | ||
Metabolic Changes | 157 | ||
Musculoskeletal Changes | 157 | ||
Respiratory Changes | 157 | ||
Neurosensory Changes | 158 | ||
Urinary Changes | 158 | ||
RANGE OF MOTION | 159 | ||
USE OF HEAT* | 167 | ||
9 - Nervous System | 175 | ||
STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN | 177 | ||
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS | 177 | ||
NEUROLOGIC FUNCTION | 178 | ||
Cerebral | 178 | ||
Cranial Nerves | 178 | ||
Cerebellar | 178 | ||
SEIZURE TERMINOLOGY | 182 | ||
CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH SEIZURES | 182 | ||
Equipment and Procedures | 182 | ||
During the Seizure | 183 | ||
After the Seizure | 183 | ||
A PATIENT’S SLEEP HISTORY | 184 | ||
SLEEP DISORDERS | 184 | ||
SEDATION SCALE | 186 | ||
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 187 | ||
PAIN ASSESSMENT | 191 | ||
Definition | 191 | ||
Onset | 191 | ||
Duration | 191 | ||
Location | 191 | ||
Severity | 191 | ||
Precipitating Factors | 192 | ||
Aggravating Factors | 192 | ||
Alleviating Factors | 192 | ||
Associated Factors | 192 | ||
Observed Behaviors | 192 | ||
Vocalizations | 192 | ||
Facial Expressions | 192 | ||
PAIN RATING SCALES | 193 | ||
NON PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS OF PAIN | 193 | ||
THE EYE | 198 | ||
PUPIL SIZE | 198 | ||
SIX DIRECTIONS OF GAZE | 199 | ||
BRAILLE ALPHABET | 201 | ||
THE EAR | 202 | ||
SIGN LANGUAGE ALPHABET | 204 | ||
SIGN LANGUAGE NUMBERS | 205 | ||
Special Communication Considerations | 205 | ||
Consult with family for best communication practices | 206 | ||
TIPS FOR COMMUNICATING WITH OLDER ADULTS | 206 | ||
10 - Circulatory System | 207 | ||
PRINCIPAL ARTERIES OF THE BODY | 208 | ||
STRUCTURES OF THE HEART | 209 | ||
CORONARY ARTERIES | 210 | ||
Right Coronary Artery | 210 | ||
Left Coronary Artery | 210 | ||
Circumflex | 210 | ||
BASIC CARDIAC ASSESSMENTS | 210 | ||
S1 | 210 | ||
S2 | 210 | ||
CARDIAC HISTORY | 211 | ||
Patient History | 211 | ||
Health Habits | 211 | ||
Family History | 211 | ||
Signs and Symptoms | 211 | ||
11 - Respiratory System | 218 | ||
STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT | 219 | ||
CHEST WALL LANDMARKS | 221 | ||
SYSTEMATIC PATTERN FOR PALPATION AND AUSCULTATION | 222 | ||
NORMAL BREATH SOUNDS | 223 | ||
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPERVENTILATION | 223 | ||
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOVENTILATION | 223 | ||
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOXIA | 223 | ||
ABNORMAL AND ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS | 225 | ||
Assessment Questions Regarding Respiratory Status | 225 | ||
Tests That May Be Ordered for Patients withAbnormal Breath Sounds | 226 | ||
COMMON LUNG DISORDERS | 226 | ||
Asthma | 226 | ||
Atelectasis | 226 | ||
Bronchiectasis | 226 | ||
Bronchitis | 226 | ||
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) | 227 | ||
Emphysema | 227 | ||
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) | 227 | ||
Neoplasm | 227 | ||
Pleural Effusion | 227 | ||
Pneumonia | 227 | ||
Pneumothorax | 228 | ||
Pulmonary Edema | 228 | ||
OXYGEN THERAPY | 233 | ||
Cannula | 233 | ||
Simple Mask | 234 | ||
Partial Rebreathing Mask | 234 | ||
Nonrebreathing Mask | 234 | ||
12 - Endocrine System | 236 | ||
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES | 237 | ||
DIABETES | 238 | ||
Treatment for Blood Glucose Reactions | 240 | ||
INSULIN | 240 | ||
Reaction Prevention Tips | 242 | ||
General Patient and Family Information | 242 | ||
Insulin Pens | 244 | ||
Advantages | 244 | ||
Disadvantages | 244 | ||
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Pen | 245 | ||
Other Classes of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents | 246 | ||
Combination Oral Hypoglycemic Medications | 246 | ||
ADRENAL GLANDS | 247 | ||
PITUITARY GLAND* | 248 | ||
Hyperpituitarism | 248 | ||
Hypopituitarism | 248 | ||
THYROID GLAND | 249 | ||
13 - Digestive System | 250 | ||
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES | 251 | ||
TWO TYPES OF MALNUTRITION | 256 | ||
Marasmus | 256 | ||
Kwashiorkor | 256 | ||
ALTERED BOWEL ELIMINATION PATTERNS | 258 | ||
Constipation | 258 | ||
Impaction | 259 | ||
Diarrhea | 259 | ||
Incontinence | 259 | ||
Abdominal Distention | 260 | ||
Obstruction | 260 | ||
Ileus (Paralytic Ileus) | 260 | ||
FOODS AND THEIR EFFECTON FECAL OUTPUT | 262 | ||
TYPES OF CATHARTICS | 262 | ||
ANTIDIARRHEAL MEDICATIONS | 263 | ||
TYPES OF ENEMAS | 263 | ||
COMMON TYPES OF OSTOMIES | 263 | ||
Ileostomy | 263 | ||
Transverse Colostomy | 264 | ||
Descending Colostomy or Sigmoid Colostomy | 265 | ||
Urinary Diversion (Ileal Loop, Ileal, or Colonic Conduit) | 266 | ||
Continent Ileostomy | 267 | ||
Continent Urostomy | 268 | ||
14 - Urinary System | 270 | ||
ORGANS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM | 271 | ||
MEDICATIONS THAT MAY DISCOLOR URINE | 275 | ||
REASONS FOR URINARY CATHETERS | 275 | ||
PREVENTING URINARY CATHETER INFECTIONS | 276 | ||
TIMED URINE TESTS | 277 | ||
15 - Reproductive System | 278 | ||
ASSESSING SEXUAL HISTORY | 279 | ||
Male | 279 | ||
Female | 279 | ||
MEDICATIONS THAT AFFECT SEXUAL PERFORMANCE* | 280 | ||
Neurologic Drugs | 280 | ||
Cardiac Drugs | 280 | ||
Endocrine Drugs | 280 | ||
Gastrointestinal Drugs | 280 | ||
16 - Tests and Procedures | 284 | ||
ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES | 289 | ||
Nursing Interventions | 289 | ||
ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES | 290 | ||
Clinical Manifestations | 290 | ||
Hyponatremia (less than 135 mEq/L) | 290 | ||
Hypernatremia (greater than 145 mEq/L) | 290 | ||
Hypokalemia (less than 3.5 mEq/L) | 290 | ||
Hyperkalemia (greater than 5 mEq/L) | 290 | ||
Hypocalcemia (less than 8.4 mEq/L) | 290 | ||
Hypercalcemia (greater than 10.5 mEq/L) | 291 | ||
Hypomagnesemia (less than 1.5 mEq/L) | 291 | ||
Hypermagnesemia (greater than 2.5 mEq/L) | 291 | ||
Hypochloremia (less than 96 mEq/L) | 291 | ||
Hyperchloremia (greater than 108 mEq/L) | 291 | ||
Hypophosphatemia (less than 2.2 mEq/L) | 292 | ||
Hyperphosphatemia (greater than 4.8 mEq/L) | 292 | ||
FLUID VOLUME IMBALANCES | 292 | ||
Fluid Volume Deficit (Hypovolemia) | 292 | ||
Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia) | 292 | ||
Common Fluid Volumes* | 293 | ||
Common Intravenous Solutions | 293 | ||
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | 296 | ||
17 - Surgical Nursing Care | 300 | ||
NURSING CARE BEFORE SURGERY | 301 | ||
Teaching | 301 | ||
History | 301 | ||
Checklist | 302 | ||
Review of Body Systems | 302 | ||
NURSING CARE AFTER SURGERY | 305 | ||
Objectives | 305 | ||
Information Needed* | 305 | ||
CARE OF BODY SYSTEMS AFTER SURGERY | 306 | ||
Cardiac | 306 | ||
Pulmonary | 306 | ||
Neurologic | 306 | ||
Genitourinary | 307 | ||
Gastrointestinal | 307 | ||
Skin | 307 | ||
COMMON SURGICAL PROCEDURES* | 308 | ||
RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSIONS | 310 | ||
Before Administering Blood to a Patient | 310 | ||
Blood Reactions | 311 | ||
18 - Patient Safety | 314 | ||
ADMISSION SAFETY | 315 | ||
ONGOING SAFETY | 315 | ||
SPECIAL PATIENT SITUATIONS | 316 | ||
Alcohol Withdrawal | 316 | ||
Bleeding or Hemorrhage | 316 | ||
19 - Care of the Dying | 326 | ||
STAGES OF DYING AND GRIEF | 327 | ||
Denial | 327 | ||
Anger | 327 | ||
Bargaining | 327 | ||
Depression | 328 | ||
Acceptance | 328 | ||
English-to-Spanish Translation Guide: Key Medical Questions | 344 | ||
Hints for Pronunciation of Spanish Words | 344 | ||
Introductory | 345 | ||
General | 345 | ||
Pain | 345 | ||
Head | 346 | ||
Vocabulary | 346 | ||
History | 346 | ||
Index | 357 | ||
A | 357 | ||
B | 359 | ||
C | 360 | ||
D | 362 | ||
E | 362 | ||
F | 363 | ||
G | 363 | ||
H | 364 | ||
I | 365 | ||
J | 365 | ||
K | 365 | ||
L | 366 | ||
M | 366 | ||
N | 367 | ||
O | 368 | ||
P | 368 | ||
Q | 369 | ||
R | 369 | ||
S | 370 | ||
T | 372 | ||
U | 372 | ||
V | 373 | ||
W | 373 | ||
Z | 373 |