BOOK
Functional and Molecular Imaging in Oncology, An Issue of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of MRI Clinics of North America focuses on Functional MRI in Oncology. Articles will include: Functional MRI techniques in oncology in the era of personalized medicine, MRI biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in oncology clinical trials, Therapy monitoring with functional MRI, Multiparametric MRI in the assessment of brain tumors, Multiparametric MRI of breast cancer, Functional MRI in chest malignancies, Multiparametric MRI in abdominal malignancies, Assessment of musculoskeletal malignancies with functional MRI, Evaluation of head and neck tumors with functional MRI, Role of multiparametric MRI in malignancies of the urogenital tract, Diffusion-weighted imaging in oncology, Functional MRI in gynecologic cancer, Assessment of angiogenesis with MRI: DCE-MRI and beyond, Imaging of tumor metabolism: MR spectroscopy, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Functional and Molecular Imaging in Oncology \r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Functional MR Imaging in Oncology\r | vii | ||
| Preface: MR Imaging Pushes Radiologists to Move Forward in Oncologic Imaging\r | vii | ||
| Functional MR Imaging Techniques in Oncology in the Era of Personalized Medicine\r | vii | ||
| MR Imaging Biomarkers in Oncology Clinical Trials\r | vii | ||
| Body Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging in Oncology: Imaging at 3 T\r | vii | ||
| Assessment of Tumor Angiogenesis: Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging and Beyond\r | vii | ||
| Clinical Imaging of Tumor Metabolism with 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy\r | viii | ||
| Multiparametric MR Imaging in the Assessment of Brain Tumors\r | viii | ||
| Evaluation of Head and Neck Tumors with Functional MR Imaging\r | viii | ||
| Functional MR Imaging in Chest Malignancies\r | viii | ||
| Multiparametric MR Imaging in Abdominal Malignancies\r | ix | ||
| Role of Multiparametric MR Imaging in Malignancies of the Urogenital Tract\r | ix | ||
| Functional MR Imaging in Gynecologic Cancer\r | ix | ||
| Multiparametric MR Imaging of Breast Cancer\r | ix | ||
| Assessment of Musculoskeletal Malignancies with Functional MR Imaging\r | x | ||
| Therapy Monitoring with Functional and Molecular MR Imaging\r | x | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| May 2016 | xi | ||
| August 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| November 2015 | xi | ||
| August 2015 | xi | ||
| May 2015 | xi | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | xii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | xii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | xii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | xii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | xii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | xii | ||
| TO ENROLL | xiii | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | xiii | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | xiii | ||
| Foreword: Functional MR Imaging in Oncology \r | xv | ||
| Preface: MR Imaging Pushes Radiologists to Move Forward in Oncologic Imaging \r | xvii | ||
| Functional MR Imaging Techniques in Oncology in the Era of Personalized Medicine | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING | 2 | ||
| DYNAMIC CONTRAST-ENHANCED MR IMAGING AND MR CONTRAST AGENTS | 3 | ||
| Perfusion Imaging | 3 | ||
| Hepatobiliary Contrast Agents | 5 | ||
| Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide | 6 | ||
| Other MR Imaging Agents | 6 | ||
| IMAGING OF TUMOR METABOLITES USING “TRADITIONAL” MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING AND DYNAMIC NUCLEAR ... | 6 | ||
| “Traditional” Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 6 | ||
| Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (Hyperpolarization) | 7 | ||
| SUMMARY: FUNCTIONAL MR IMAGING TODAY AND TOMORROW | 8 | ||
| REFERENCES | 8 | ||
| MR Imaging Biomarkers in Oncology Clinical Trials | 11 | ||
| Key points | 11 | ||
| INCORPORATING QUANTITATIVE MR IMAGING IN CLINICAL TRIALS | 11 | ||
| CURRENT USE OF MR IMAGING FOR CLINICAL TRIALS | 14 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE MR IMAGING TECHNIQUES CURRENTLY AVAILABLE FOR CLINICAL TRIALS | 14 | ||
| Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MR Imaging | 14 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging | 16 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 17 | ||
| EMERGING MR IMAGING METHODS FOR CANCER | 18 | ||
| Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MR Imaging | 18 | ||
| Hyperpolarized MR Imaging | 19 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Elastography | 20 | ||
| Multiparameter MR Imaging Methods | 22 | ||
| SUMMARY | 23 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 23 | ||
| REFERENCES | 23 | ||
| Body Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging in Oncology | 31 | ||
| Key points | 31 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 31 | ||
| BODY DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING AT 3.0 TESLA: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES | 32 | ||
| TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF BODY DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING AT 3.0 TESLA | 32 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Shimming | 33 | ||
| Reduced-field-of-view Imaging | 34 | ||
| Readout-segmented Echo-planar Imaging | 34 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF BODY DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING FOR ONCOLOGY AT 3.0 TESLA | 35 | ||
| Disease Detection | 35 | ||
| Disease Characterization | 37 | ||
| Assessment of Tumor Response to Treatment | 38 | ||
| Whole-body Diffusion-weighted Imaging | 39 | ||
| DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING ON A HYBRID PET–MR IMAGING SYSTEM | 39 | ||
| SUMMARY | 41 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENT | 41 | ||
| REFERENCES | 41 | ||
| Assessment of Tumor Angiogenesis | 45 | ||
| Key points | 45 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 45 | ||
| KEY METHODOLOGICAL DECISIONS | 46 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 47 | ||
| Imaging Primary Breast Tumors | 48 | ||
| Malignant breast lesion detection with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging | 49 | ||
| Screening in high-risk populations with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging | 49 | ||
| Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging–based early assessment of response to chemotherapy | 49 | ||
| Imaging Tumor Foci Within the Prostate Gland | 50 | ||
| Lesion detection and localization with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging | 50 | ||
| Targeting biopsy and dose painting with functional imaging | 50 | ||
| RESEARCH APPLICATIONS | 51 | ||
| Showing Proof of Mechanism with Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging | 51 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging as a Decision-making Tool in the Phase I and II Arena | 52 | ||
| Prognostic and Predictive Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging Biomarkers: Indicators of Outcome | 52 | ||
| SUMMARY | 53 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 53 | ||
| REFERENCES | 53 | ||
| Clinical Imaging of Tumor Metabolism with 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 57 | ||
| Key points | 57 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 57 | ||
| Physical Bases | 58 | ||
| Clinical Information | 58 | ||
| ACQUISITION PREPARATION | 59 | ||
| SPATIAL ENCODING | 61 | ||
| ACQUISITION PARAMETERS | 62 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY SIGNAL QUANTIFICATION | 64 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN ONCOLOGY | 65 | ||
| 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Central Nervous System in a Clinical Setting | 65 | ||
| Technical considerations in brain spectroscopy | 65 | ||
| Physiopathology and clinical relevance of the main spectra metabolites | 66 | ||
| Surgical planning, prognosis, and therapeutic considerations | 66 | ||
| Oncologic Applications of 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Outside the Brain | 69 | ||
| Prostate magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 73 | ||
| Technique | 73 | ||
| Metabolites | 74 | ||
| Breast magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 76 | ||
| Clinical experience with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in abdominal tumors | 77 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in gynecologic malignancies | 78 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of testicular tumors | 79 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of colorectal cancer | 79 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of soft tissue and bone tumors | 81 | ||
| 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of head and neck tumors | 81 | ||
| SUMMARY | 82 | ||
| REFERENCES | 82 | ||
| Multiparametric MR Imaging in the Assessment of Brain Tumors | 87 | ||
| Key points | 87 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 87 | ||
| IMAGING BIOMARKERS | 87 | ||
| PERFUSION MR IMAGING | 88 | ||
| IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY CORRELATES OF PERFUSION IMAGING | 88 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 89 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Solitary Brain Lesions | 89 | ||
| Tumor Grading | 90 | ||
| Guiding Stereotactic Biopsy and Radiosurgery | 90 | ||
| Assessing Tumor Extension | 91 | ||
| Monitoring Therapeutic Response | 91 | ||
| Tumor recurrence versus radiation necrosis | 91 | ||
| Pseudoresponse | 93 | ||
| Prognosis | 94 | ||
| DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING AND DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING | 96 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 97 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Cerebral Neoplasms | 97 | ||
| Tumor grading | 99 | ||
| Guiding Stereotactic Biopsy and Radiosurgery | 100 | ||
| Preoperative planning and evaluation of tumor extension | 101 | ||
| Monitoring Therapeutic Response | 101 | ||
| Postsurgery evaluation | 101 | ||
| Posttreatment Evaluation | 102 | ||
| Pseudoprogression | 105 | ||
| Pseudoresponse | 105 | ||
| Prognosis | 108 | ||
| 1H MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY | 108 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROSCOPY | 109 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis of Cerebral Tumors | 109 | ||
| Tumor grading | 109 | ||
| Assess tumor extension | 111 | ||
| Guiding Stereotactic Biopsy and Radiosurgery | 112 | ||
| Monitoring Therapeutic Response | 112 | ||
| Posttreatment evaluation | 112 | ||
| Prognosis | 113 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE PLANNING | 113 | ||
| SUMMARY | 118 | ||
| REFERENCES | 118 | ||
| Evaluation of Head and Neck Tumors with Functional MR Imaging | 123 | ||
| Key points | 123 | ||
| DISCUSSION OF PROBLEM/CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 123 | ||
| Diffusion | 124 | ||
| Perfusion | 124 | ||
| Outline | 124 | ||
| IMAGING PROTOCOLS | 124 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging | 124 | ||
| Data acquisition | 124 | ||
| Diffusion-weighted MR imaging data processing | 125 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast–Enhanced MR Imaging Data Acquisition | 125 | ||
| Dynamic contrast–enhanced MR imaging data processing | 126 | ||
| Dynamic contrast–enhanced MR imaging data quantification | 126 | ||
| Arterial Spin Labeling MR Imaging Data Acquisition | 126 | ||
| Arterial spin labeling data quantification | 127 | ||
| Advanced data analysis | 127 | ||
| IMAGING FINDINGS | 127 | ||
| Tumor Characterization and Differentiation | 127 | ||
| Tumor Risk Stratification and Staging | 128 | ||
| Monitoring of Treatment Response | 128 | ||
| Prediction of Treatment Response | 128 | ||
| PEARLS, PITFALLS, AND VARIANTS | 130 | ||
| SUMMARY | 131 | ||
| REFERENCES | 131 | ||
| Functional MR Imaging in Chest Malignancies | 135 | ||
| Key points | 135 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 135 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL MR IMAGING IN THE CHEST: TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 135 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 135 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced–MR Imaging | 138 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL MR IMAGING OF THE LUNG | 139 | ||
| Pulmonary Nodule Detection and Characterization | 139 | ||
| Functional MR imaging and pulmonary nodule detection | 139 | ||
| Diffusion-weighted imaging and pulmonary nodule characterization | 139 | ||
| Dynamic contrast-enhanced–MR imaging and pulmonary nodule characterization | 143 | ||
| Lung Cancer Staging and Assessment of Resectability | 145 | ||
| T staging of non–small cell lung cancer | 146 | ||
| N staging of non–small cell lung cancer | 146 | ||
| M staging of non–small cell lung cancer | 146 | ||
| Treatment Monitoring and Follow-up | 147 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF THE PLEURA | 148 | ||
| Differentiation of Benign Versus Malignant Pleural Lesions | 148 | ||
| Malignant Pleural Conditions: Staging and Treatment Monitoring | 149 | ||
| Malignant pleural mesothelioma staging | 149 | ||
| Treatment monitoring and prognostic factors | 149 | ||
| Benign Pleural Conditions: Potential Pitfalls | 149 | ||
| Functional MR Imaging and Mediastinal Masses | 149 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF CARDIAC AND PERICARDIAL TUMORS | 152 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF CHEST WALL TUMORS | 152 | ||
| SUMMARY | 152 | ||
| REFERENCES | 152 | ||
| Multiparametric MR Imaging in Abdominal Malignancies | 157 | ||
| Key points | 157 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 157 | ||
| DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED MR IMAGING | 158 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 158 | ||
| Sequence design | 158 | ||
| Modeling of diffusion signal | 158 | ||
| b-values selection | 160 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 161 | ||
| Liver | 161 | ||
| Lesion detection | 161 | ||
| Lesion characterization | 161 | ||
| Hepatocellullar nodules in cirrhosis | 161 | ||
| Therapy monitoring | 163 | ||
| Biliary system and gallbladder malignancies | 165 | ||
| Pancreatic cancer and other pancreatic tumors | 166 | ||
| PERFUSION MR IMAGING | 167 | ||
| Technical Design of Perfusion MR Imaging of Upper Abdomen | 168 | ||
| Image acquisition | 168 | ||
| Data analysis | 170 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced-MR Imaging | 171 | ||
| Liver | 171 | ||
| Pancreas | 172 | ||
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 174 | ||
| ARTERIAL SPIN LABELING | 174 | ||
| 1H-MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY | 174 | ||
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE ELASTOGRAPHY | 175 | ||
| HEPATOBILIARY CONTRAST AGENTS | 176 | ||
| MULTIPARAMETRIC IMAGING | 179 | ||
| SUMMARY | 181 | ||
| REFERENCES | 181 | ||
| Role of Multiparametric MR Imaging in Malignancies of the Urogenital Tract | 187 | ||
| Key points | 187 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 187 | ||
| MULTIPARAMETRIC MR IMAGING—TECHNIQUES | 188 | ||
| T2-Weighted Sequences | 188 | ||
| T1-Weighted Sequences | 189 | ||
| Contrast-Enhanced Imaging | 190 | ||
| Kidney | 191 | ||
| Ureter | 191 | ||
| Bladder | 191 | ||
| Prostate | 191 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 192 | ||
| Arterial Spin-Labeled MR imaging | 192 | ||
| Blood Oxygen Level–Dependent MR Imaging | 193 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 193 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 193 | ||
| Kidney | 193 | ||
| Mass characterization and subtyping of renal cell carcinoma | 193 | ||
| Evaluation for therapeutic response in metastatic renal cell carcinoma | 195 | ||
| Ureter and Collecting System | 196 | ||
| Bladder | 197 | ||
| Prostate | 198 | ||
| Standardization | 199 | ||
| SUMMARY | 200 | ||
| REFERENCES | 200 | ||
| Functional MR Imaging in Gynecologic Cancer | 205 | ||
| Key points | 205 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 205 | ||
| ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | 205 | ||
| Detection | 205 | ||
| Staging | 206 | ||
| Characterization and Prognostication | 208 | ||
| Monitoring Treatment Response | 209 | ||
| Follow-up and Detection of Recurrent Disease | 209 | ||
| CERVICAL CANCER | 209 | ||
| Detection | 209 | ||
| Staging | 210 | ||
| Characterization and Prognostication | 210 | ||
| Assessment of Treatment Response | 211 | ||
| Follow-up and Detection of Disease Recurrence | 212 | ||
| OVARIAN CANCER | 212 | ||
| Detection | 212 | ||
| Staging Accuracy and Predicting Surgical Cytoreduction | 215 | ||
| Characterization | 216 | ||
| Monitoring Treatment Response | 216 | ||
| Detecting Disease Recurrence | 216 | ||
| SUMMARY | 217 | ||
| REFERENCES | 217 | ||
| Multiparametric MR Imaging of Breast Cancer | 223 | ||
| Key points | 223 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 223 | ||
| BREAST MR IMAGING PARAMETERS | 224 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging | 225 | ||
| Morphology | 225 | ||
| Dynamic contrast-enhanced kinetic enhancement features | 226 | ||
| Promising clinical applications of quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging | 227 | ||
| Technical challenges and considerations of quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging | 227 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging | 228 | ||
| Apparent diffusion coefficient calculation | 228 | ||
| Promising clinical applications of breast diffusion-weighted imaging | 229 | ||
| Technical challenges of breast diffusion-weighted imaging | 229 | ||
| Advanced methods of breast diffusion-weighted imaging | 230 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | 232 | ||
| Promising clinical applications of breast magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 232 | ||
| Technical challenges of breast magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 233 | ||
| Advanced methods of breast magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 233 | ||
| Emerging Functional Breast MR imaging Approaches | 234 | ||
| Sodium MR imaging | 234 | ||
| Blood oxygen level–dependent MR imaging | 234 | ||
| SUMMARY | 234 | ||
| REFERENCES | 234 | ||
| Assessment of Musculoskeletal Malignancies with Functional MR Imaging | 239 | ||
| Key points | 239 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 239 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL MR IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 240 | ||
| Chemical Shift Imaging | 240 | ||
| Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging | 240 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging | 242 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Perfusion MR Imaging | 243 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 247 | ||
| Bone Marrow Malignancy | 247 | ||
| Characterization | 248 | ||
| Soft tissue tumors | 251 | ||
| Bone tumors | 251 | ||
| STAGING | 252 | ||
| POSTTREATMENT EVALUATION | 253 | ||
| Preoperative Treatment Response | 253 | ||
| Posttherapy Follow-up | 254 | ||
| SUMMARY | 257 | ||
| REFERENCES | 257 | ||
| Therapy Monitoring with Functional and Molecular MR Imaging | 261 | ||
| Key points | 261 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 261 | ||
| MR IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR THE EVALUATION OF TUMOR PHENOTYPE | 262 | ||
| TUMOR RESPONSE ASSESSMENT USING MR IMAGING | 262 | ||
| Conventional Oncologic Therapies: Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy | 262 | ||
| Targeted Therapies | 266 | ||
| Tumor angiogenesis: antiangiogenic and antivascular therapies | 266 | ||
| Targeted therapies blocking tumor proliferation and metabolism | 271 | ||
| Anti–epidermal growth factor receptor/HER2 drugs | 271 | ||
| Anti–anaplastic lymphoma kinase drugs | 271 | ||
| Drugs inhibiting c-KIT pathway | 271 | ||
| Pathways mediating downstream effects of epidermal growth factor receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, and c-KIT | 271 | ||
| Tumor invasiveness | 271 | ||
| Hormonal Therapy | 271 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 279 | ||
| Interventional Techniques | 279 | ||
| Other Therapeutic Agents in Cancer | 280 | ||
| ONCOLOGIC-RELATED IMAGING FINDINGS | 280 | ||
| Bone-Targeted Therapies | 280 | ||
| Imaging Drug Side Effects | 284 | ||
| MULTIPARAMETRIC IMAGING OF TUMOR RESPONSE | 284 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 284 | ||
| SUMMARY | 284 | ||
| REFERENCES | 284 | ||
| Index | 289 |