Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Mastering the essentials of anatomy, physiology, and even medical terminology has never been easier! Using simple, conversational language and vivid animations and illustrations, Structure & Function of the Body, 15th Edition walks readers through the normal structure and function of the human body and what the body does to maintain homeostasis. Plus, this new edition also features new Language of Science and Medicine sections that introduce readers to important medical terminology as it corresponds to anatomy and physiology. If you’re looking for a solid understanding of structures, functions, and descriptions of the body then look no further than this dynamic text.
- Conversational and clear writing style makes content easy to read and understand.
- Full-color design contains more than 400 drawings and photos.
- Clear View of the Human Body is a unique, full-color, semi-transparent insert depicting the human body (male and female) in layers.
- Animation Direct callouts direct readers to Evolve for an animation about a specific topic.
- Updated study tips sections at the beginning of each chapter help break down difficult topics and guide readers on how to best use book features to their advantage.
- Special boxes such as Health and Well-Being boxes, Clinical Application boxes, Research and Trends boxes, and more help readers apply what they have learned to their future careers in health care and science.
- Questions for review are found throughout the chapters and cover critical thinking, open-ended, fill-in-the-blank, matching, multiple-choice, and other question formats.
- Chapter outlines, objectives, and outline summaries offer readers easy ways to organize and prioritize content.
- NEW! Language of Science and Medicine section in each chapter includes key terms, word parts, and pronunciations to place a greater focus on medical terminology.
- NEW! Thoroughly revised chapters, illustrations, and review questions reflect the most current information available.
- NEW! High quality animations for the AnimationDirect feature clarify physiological processes and provide a realistic foundation of underlying structures and functions.
- NEW! Simplified chapter titles provide clarity in the table of contents.
- NEW! Division of cells and tissues into two separate chapters improves reader comprehension and reduces text anxiety.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Anatomical directions | ES-2 | ||
| Contents in brief | i | ||
| Evolve learning system | ii | ||
| Front matter | iii | ||
| Structure &function of the body | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| About the authors | v | ||
| Student survey | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Unifying themes | vii | ||
| Organization and content | vii | ||
| Pedagogical features | viii | ||
| Illustrations | ix | ||
| Clear view of the human body | x | ||
| Digital learning tools | x | ||
| Online resources for instructors | x | ||
| TEACH instructor resource manual | x | ||
| Test bank | xi | ||
| Image collection | xi | ||
| Changes to the 15th edition | xi | ||
| Supplements | xi | ||
| A word of thanks | xi | ||
| Table of contents | xv | ||
| 1 Introduction to the body | 2 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 3 | ||
| Introduction | 3 | ||
| Scientific method | 4 | ||
| Levels of organization | 4 | ||
| Anatomical position | 6 | ||
| Anatomical directions | 7 | ||
| Directional terms | 7 | ||
| Anatomical compass rosette | 7 | ||
| Planes of the body | 8 | ||
| Body cavities | 9 | ||
| Dorsal cavities | 9 | ||
| Ventral cavities | 9 | ||
| Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities | 9 | ||
| Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions | 9 | ||
| Body regions | 11 | ||
| The balance of body functions | 12 | ||
| Homeostasis | 12 | ||
| Feedback control | 14 | ||
| Negative feedback | 15 | ||
| Positive feedback | 15 | ||
| Normal fluctuations | 15 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 18 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 20 | ||
| 2 Chemistry of life | 22 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 23 | ||
| Introduction | 23 | ||
| Levels of chemical organization | 23 | ||
| Atoms | 23 | ||
| Elements, molecules, and compounds | 24 | ||
| Chemical bonding | 24 | ||
| Ionic bonds | 25 | ||
| Covalent bonds | 25 | ||
| Hydrogen bonds | 26 | ||
| Inorganic chemistry | 27 | ||
| Water | 27 | ||
| Solutions | 27 | ||
| Water chemistry | 27 | ||
| Acids, bases, and salts | 28 | ||
| Acids | 28 | ||
| Bases | 28 | ||
| pH | 28 | ||
| Salts | 29 | ||
| Homeostasis of pH | 29 | ||
| Organic chemistry | 29 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 29 | ||
| Lipids | 30 | ||
| Proteins | 31 | ||
| Nucleic acids | 32 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 35 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 37 | ||
| 3 Cells | 40 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 41 | ||
| Introduction | 41 | ||
| Overview of cells | 41 | ||
| Size and shape | 41 | ||
| Composition | 42 | ||
| Parts of the cell | 42 | ||
| Plasma membrane | 42 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 43 | ||
| Ribosomes | 44 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum | 44 | ||
| Golgi apparatus | 45 | ||
| Mitochondria | 46 | ||
| Lysosomes | 46 | ||
| Centrosome | 46 | ||
| Cell extensions | 46 | ||
| Microvilli | 46 | ||
| Cilia | 46 | ||
| Flagella | 47 | ||
| Nucleus | 47 | ||
| Central structure of a cell | 47 | ||
| Nucleolus | 47 | ||
| Chromatin and chromosomes | 47 | ||
| Relationship of cell structure and function | 47 | ||
| Movement of substances through cell membranes | 48 | ||
| Types of membrane transport | 48 | ||
| Passive transport processes | 48 | ||
| Diffusion | 48 | ||
| Osmosis | 50 | ||
| Dialysis | 50 | ||
| Filtration | 51 | ||
| Active transport processes | 51 | ||
| Ion pumps | 52 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 52 | ||
| Pinocytosis | 52 | ||
| Cell growth and reproduction | 52 | ||
| Cell growth | 52 | ||
| DNA | 52 | ||
| RNA | 54 | ||
| Protein synthesis | 55 | ||
| Transcription | 55 | ||
| Translation | 55 | ||
| Cell reproduction | 56 | ||
| Cell life cycle | 56 | ||
| DNA replication | 56 | ||
| Mitosis | 57 | ||
| Prophase | 57 | ||
| Metaphase | 57 | ||
| Anaphase | 57 | ||
| Telophase | 58 | ||
| Results of cell division | 58 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 60 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 63 | ||
| 4 Tissues | 66 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 67 | ||
| Introduction | 67 | ||
| Introduction to tissues | 67 | ||
| Tissue types | 67 | ||
| Matrix | 68 | ||
| Epithelial tissue | 69 | ||
| Introduction to epithelial tissue | 69 | ||
| Shape of cells | 69 | ||
| Arrangement of cells | 69 | ||
| Squamous epithelium | 69 | ||
| Simple squamous epithelium | 69 | ||
| Stratified squamous epithelium | 69 | ||
| Cuboidal epithelium | 70 | ||
| Simple columnar epithelium | 71 | ||
| Pseudostratified epithelium | 71 | ||
| Transitional epithelium | 72 | ||
| Connective tissue | 73 | ||
| Introduction to connective tissue | 73 | ||
| Cells and matrix | 73 | ||
| Types of connective tissue | 73 | ||
| Fibrous connective tissue | 74 | ||
| Loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar) | 74 | ||
| Adipose tissue | 74 | ||
| Reticular tissue | 75 | ||
| Dense fibrous connective tissue | 75 | ||
| Bone | 75 | ||
| Cartilage | 76 | ||
| Hyaline cartilage | 76 | ||
| Fibrocartilage | 76 | ||
| Elastic cartilage | 76 | ||
| Blood tissue | 76 | ||
| Hematopoietic tissue | 76 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 77 | ||
| Introduction to muscle tissue | 77 | ||
| Skeletal muscle tissue | 77 | ||
| Cardiac muscle tissue | 77 | ||
| Smooth muscle tissue | 78 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 78 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 80 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 82 | ||
| 5 Organ systems | 84 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 85 | ||
| Introduction | 85 | ||
| Organ systems | 86 | ||
| Integumentary system | 86 | ||
| Skeletal system | 86 | ||
| Muscular system | 87 | ||
| Skeletal muscles | 87 | ||
| Muscles of other systems | 87 | ||
| Nervous system | 88 | ||
| Endocrine system | 88 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 89 | ||
| Lymphatic and immune systems | 90 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 90 | ||
| Immune system | 90 | ||
| Respiratory system | 90 | ||
| Digestive system | 91 | ||
| Urinary system | 92 | ||
| Reproductive systems | 92 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 93 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 94 | ||
| The body as a whole | 95 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 98 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 100 | ||
| 6 Skin and membranes | 102 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 103 | ||
| Introduction | 103 | ||
| Body membranes | 104 | ||
| Classification of membranes | 104 | ||
| Epithelial membranes | 104 | ||
| Cutaneous membrane | 104 | ||
| Serous membranes | 104 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 105 | ||
| Connective tissue membranes | 105 | ||
| The skin | 106 | ||
| Structure of the skin | 106 | ||
| Epidermis | 107 | ||
| Skin pigment | 107 | ||
| Dermal-epidermal junction | 107 | ||
| Dermis | 108 | ||
| Papillary layer | 108 | ||
| Reticular layer | 108 | ||
| Subcutaneous tissue | 108 | ||
| Hair, nails, and skin receptors | 108 | ||
| Hair | 108 | ||
| Location of hair | 108 | ||
| Hair growth | 109 | ||
| Arrector pili muscle | 109 | ||
| Nails | 109 | ||
| Skin receptors | 110 | ||
| Skin glands | 110 | ||
| Sweat glands | 110 | ||
| Eccrine glands | 110 | ||
| Apocrine glands | 110 | ||
| Sebaceous glands | 110 | ||
| Functions of the skin | 110 | ||
| Protection | 111 | ||
| Temperature regulation | 111 | ||
| Sense organ activity | 111 | ||
| Excretion | 111 | ||
| Synthesis of vitamin D | 112 | ||
| Skin cancer | 112 | ||
| Kaposi sarcoma | 112 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 112 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma | 112 | ||
| Melanoma | 112 | ||
| Burns | 113 | ||
| Estimating body surface area | 114 | ||
| Classification of burns | 114 | ||
| First-degree burns | 114 | ||
| Second-degree burns | 114 | ||
| Third-degree burns | 114 | ||
| Fourth-degree burns | 115 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 117 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 119 | ||
| 7 Skeletal system | 122 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 123 | ||
| Introduction | 123 | ||
| Functions of the skeletal system | 123 | ||
| Support | 123 | ||
| Protection | 124 | ||
| Movement | 124 | ||
| Storage | 124 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 124 | ||
| Gross structure of bones | 124 | ||
| Bone types | 124 | ||
| Structure of long bones | 124 | ||
| Structure of flat bones | 125 | ||
| Microscopic structure of bones | 125 | ||
| Bone tissue structure | 125 | ||
| Cancellous bone (spongy bone) | 125 | ||
| Compact bone | 125 | ||
| Cartilage tissue structure | 125 | ||
| Bone development | 127 | ||
| Making and remodeling bone | 127 | ||
| Endochondral ossification | 127 | ||
| Intramembranous ossification | 127 | ||
| Axial skeleton | 128 | ||
| Skull | 129 | ||
| Hyoid bone | 131 | ||
| Vertebral column (spine) | 133 | ||
| Vertebrae | 133 | ||
| Spinal curvatures | 135 | ||
| Thorax | 135 | ||
| Appendicular skeleton | 136 | ||
| Upper extremity | 136 | ||
| Lower extremity | 138 | ||
| Skeletal variations | 141 | ||
| Male and female skeletal differences | 141 | ||
| Age differences | 142 | ||
| Environmental factors | 142 | ||
| Joints | 143 | ||
| Articulation of bones | 143 | ||
| Kinds of joints | 143 | ||
| Synarthroses | 143 | ||
| Amphiarthroses | 143 | ||
| Diarthroses | 144 | ||
| Structure of diarthroses | 144 | ||
| Function of diarthroses | 145 | ||
| Ball-and-socket joints | 145 | ||
| Hinge joints | 145 | ||
| Pivot joints | 145 | ||
| Saddle joints | 145 | ||
| Gliding joints | 146 | ||
| Condyloid joints | 146 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 150 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 152 | ||
| 8 Muscular system | 154 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 155 | ||
| Introduction | 155 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 156 | ||
| Skeletal muscle | 156 | ||
| Cardiac muscle | 156 | ||
| Smooth muscle | 156 | ||
| Structure of skeletal muscle | 156 | ||
| Muscle organs | 156 | ||
| Muscle fibers | 157 | ||
| Structure of muscle fibers | 157 | ||
| Contraction of muscle fibers | 157 | ||
| Functions of skeletal muscle | 159 | ||
| Movement | 159 | ||
| Posture | 160 | ||
| Heat production | 160 | ||
| Fatigue | 160 | ||
| Role of other body systems in movement | 161 | ||
| Motor unit | 161 | ||
| Muscle stimulus | 161 | ||
| Types of skeletal muscle contraction | 161 | ||
| Twitch and tetanic contractions | 161 | ||
| Isotonic contraction | 162 | ||
| Isometric contraction | 162 | ||
| Effects of exercise on skeletal muscle | 163 | ||
| Movements produced by skeletal muscle contractions | 164 | ||
| Angular movements | 164 | ||
| Circular movements | 164 | ||
| Special movements | 165 | ||
| Skeletal muscle groups | 167 | ||
| Muscles of the head and neck | 169 | ||
| Muscles that move the upper extremities | 169 | ||
| Muscles of the trunk | 169 | ||
| Muscles that move the lower extremities | 169 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 173 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 176 | ||
| 9 Nervous system | 178 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 179 | ||
| Introduction | 179 | ||
| Organization of the nervous system | 179 | ||
| Cells of the nervous system | 180 | ||
| Neurons | 180 | ||
| Neuron structure | 180 | ||
| Types of neurons | 181 | ||
| Sensory neurons | 181 | ||
| Motor neurons | 181 | ||
| Interneurons | 181 | ||
| Glia | 181 | ||
| Function of glia | 181 | ||
| Central glia | 181 | ||
| Peripheral glia | 182 | ||
| Nerves and tracts | 182 | ||
| Nerve signals | 182 | ||
| Reflex arcs | 182 | ||
| Neuron pathways | 182 | ||
| Structure of reflex arcs | 183 | ||
| Reflex responses | 183 | ||
| Nerve impulses | 184 | ||
| Definition of a nerve impulse | 184 | ||
| Mechanism of a nerve impulse | 184 | ||
| Conduction of nerve impulses | 185 | ||
| The synapse | 185 | ||
| Structure and function of a synapse | 185 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 187 | ||
| Central nervous system | 188 | ||
| Brain | 188 | ||
| Divisions of the brain | 188 | ||
| Brainstem | 188 | ||
| Cerebellum | 188 | ||
| Structure | 188 | ||
| Functions | 189 | ||
| Diencephalon | 190 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 190 | ||
| Thalamus | 190 | ||
| Pineal gland | 190 | ||
| Cerebrum | 190 | ||
| Structure | 190 | ||
| Functions | 191 | ||
| Spinal cord | 193 | ||
| Structure | 193 | ||
| Functions | 193 | ||
| Coverings and fluid spaces | 194 | ||
| Meninges and bone | 194 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid spaces | 195 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 197 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 197 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 197 | ||
| Structure | 197 | ||
| Functions | 197 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 199 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 200 | ||
| Autonomic conduction paths | 200 | ||
| Sympathetic division | 201 | ||
| 10 Senses | 212 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 213 | ||
| Introduction | 213 | ||
| Classification of senses | 213 | ||
| General senses | 214 | ||
| Special senses | 214 | ||
| Sensory receptor types | 214 | ||
| Sensory pathways | 215 | ||
| General senses | 215 | ||
| Distribution of general sense receptors | 215 | ||
| Modes of sensation | 215 | ||
| Special senses | 216 | ||
| Vision | 216 | ||
| Structure and function of the eye | 216 | ||
| Fibrous layer | 217 | ||
| Vascular layer | 217 | ||
| Inner layer | 219 | ||
| Fluids of the eyeball | 221 | ||
| Visual pathway | 221 | ||
| Hearing and equilibrium | 222 | ||
| Structure and function of the ear | 222 | ||
| External ear | 222 | ||
| Middle ear | 222 | ||
| Inner ear | 223 | ||
| Hearing | 224 | ||
| Equilibrium | 224 | ||
| Taste | 226 | ||
| Smell | 227 | ||
| Integration of senses | 227 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 230 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 233 | ||
| 11 Endocrine system | 236 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 237 | ||
| Introduction | 237 | ||
| Endocrine glands | 237 | ||
| Mechanisms of hormone action | 238 | ||
| Nonsteroid hormones | 238 | ||
| Steroid hormones | 239 | ||
| Regulation of hormone secretion | 239 | ||
| Negative feedback | 239 | ||
| Positive feedback | 241 | ||
| Levels of regulation | 241 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 241 | ||
| Pituitary gland | 242 | ||
| Structure of the pituitary gland | 242 | ||
| Anterior pituitary gland hormones | 243 | ||
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone | 243 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | 243 | ||
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | 243 | ||
| Luteinizing hormone | 243 | ||
| Growth hormone | 243 | ||
| Prolactin | 244 | ||
| Posterior pituitary gland hormones | 244 | ||
| Antidiuretic hormone | 244 | ||
| Oxytocin | 245 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 245 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 245 | ||
| Thyroid hormone | 246 | ||
| Calcitonin | 247 | ||
| Parathyroid glands | 247 | ||
| Adrenal glands | 247 | ||
| Adrenal cortex | 248 | ||
| Zones of the adrenal cortex | 248 | ||
| Aldosterone | 248 | ||
| Cortisol | 248 | ||
| Sex hormones | 249 | ||
| Adrenal medulla | 249 | ||
| Pancreatic islets | 250 | ||
| Female sex glands | 252 | ||
| Male sex glands | 253 | ||
| Thymus | 253 | ||
| Placenta | 253 | ||
| Pineal gland | 253 | ||
| Endocrine functions throughout the body | 253 | ||
| Other endocrine tissues | 253 | ||
| Hormone actions in every organ | 253 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 256 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 259 | ||
| 12 Blood | 262 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 263 | ||
| Introduction | 263 | ||
| Blood composition | 264 | ||
| Blood tissue | 264 | ||
| Blood plasma | 264 | ||
| Formed elements | 265 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 265 | ||
| Red blood cells | 266 | ||
| RBC structure and function | 266 | ||
| RBC count | 266 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 267 | ||
| Anemia | 267 | ||
| Blood types | 269 | ||
| ABO system | 269 | ||
| Rh system | 270 | ||
| Combined ABO-Rh system | 271 | ||
| White blood cells | 271 | ||
| Introduction to white blood cells | 271 | ||
| WBC count | 272 | ||
| WBC types | 272 | ||
| Granular leukocytes | 272 | ||
| Agranular leukocytes | 273 | ||
| WBC disorders | 273 | ||
| Platelets and blood clotting | 273 | ||
| Platelets | 273 | ||
| Blood clotting | 273 | ||
| Abnormal blood clots | 273 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 277 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 280 | ||
| 13 Cardiovascular system | 282 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 283 | ||
| Introduction | 283 | ||
| Heart | 284 | ||
| Location, size, and position | 284 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 285 | ||
| Heart chambers | 285 | ||
| Pericardium | 286 | ||
| Heart action | 286 | ||
| Heart valves | 286 | ||
| Heart sounds | 286 | ||
| Blood flow through the heart | 286 | ||
| Blood supply to the heart muscle | 287 | ||
| Cardiac cycle | 290 | ||
| Electrical activity of the heart | 290 | ||
| Conduction system | 290 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 291 | ||
| Cardiac output | 292 | ||
| Definition of cardiac output | 292 | ||
| Heart rate | 292 | ||
| Stroke volume | 293 | ||
| Blood vessels | 294 | ||
| Types | 294 | ||
| Structure | 294 | ||
| Outer layer | 294 | ||
| Middle layer | 294 | ||
| Inner layer | 295 | ||
| Functions | 296 | ||
| Arteries and arterioles | 296 | ||
| Capillary exchange | 296 | ||
| Veins and venules | 296 | ||
| Routes of circulation | 299 | ||
| Systemic and pulmonary routes of circulation | 299 | ||
| Hepatic portal circulation | 300 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 301 | ||
| Hemodynamics | 302 | ||
| Defining blood pressure | 302 | ||
| Factors that influence blood pressure | 303 | ||
| Blood volume | 303 | ||
| Strength of heart contractions | 304 | ||
| Heart rate | 304 | ||
| Blood viscosity | 304 | ||
| Resistance to blood flow | 304 | ||
| Fluctuations in arterial blood pressure | 304 | ||
| Central venous blood pressure | 306 | ||
| Pulse | 306 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 309 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 313 | ||
| 14 Lymphatic system and immunity | 316 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 317 | ||
| Introduction | 317 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 318 | ||
| Organization of the lymphatic system | 318 | ||
| Lymph | 319 | ||
| Lymphatic vessels | 319 | ||
| Lymph nodes | 320 | ||
| Location and structure | 320 | ||
| Biological filtration | 320 | ||
| Thymus | 321 | ||
| Tonsils | 322 | ||
| Spleen | 322 | ||
| Immune system | 322 | ||
| Function of the immune system | 322 | ||
| Nonspecific immunity | 322 | ||
| Specific immunity | 324 | ||
| Immune system molecules | 325 | ||
| Cytokines | 325 | ||
| Antibodies | 326 | ||
| Definition | 326 | ||
| Functions | 326 | ||
| Complement proteins | 327 | ||
| Immune system cells | 327 | ||
| Phagocytes | 328 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 329 | ||
| B cells | 329 | ||
| Development of B cells | 329 | ||
| Function of B cells | 330 | ||
| T cells | 330 | ||
| Development of T cells | 330 | ||
| Functions of T cells | 331 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 334 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 337 | ||
| 15 Respiratory system | 340 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 341 | ||
| Introduction | 341 | ||
| Structural plan | 342 | ||
| Overview | 342 | ||
| Respiratory tract | 343 | ||
| Respiratory mucosa | 343 | ||
| Structure | 343 | ||
| Function | 343 | ||
| Upper respiratory tract | 344 | ||
| Nose | 344 | ||
| Pharynx | 344 | ||
| Larynx | 345 | ||
| Lower respiratory tract | 346 | ||
| Trachea | 346 | ||
| Bronchial tree | 348 | ||
| Alveoli | 349 | ||
| Lungs | 349 | ||
| Respiration | 351 | ||
| Pulmonary ventilation | 352 | ||
| Mechanics of breathing | 352 | ||
| Inspiration | 352 | ||
| Expiration | 353 | ||
| Pulmonary volumes | 353 | ||
| Regulation of ventilation | 354 | ||
| Homeostasis of blood gases | 354 | ||
| Brainstem control of respiration | 354 | ||
| Cerebral cortex control of respiration | 355 | ||
| Respiratory reflexes | 355 | ||
| Chemoreflexes | 355 | ||
| Pulmonary stretch reflexes | 356 | ||
| Breathing patterns | 356 | ||
| Gas exchange and transport | 356 | ||
| Pulmonary gas exchange | 356 | ||
| Systemic gas exchange | 357 | ||
| Blood transportation of gases | 357 | ||
| Transport of oxygen | 357 | ||
| Transport of carbon dioxide | 359 | ||
| Carbon dioxide | 359 | ||
| Carbaminohemoglobin | 359 | ||
| Bicarbonate | 359 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 362 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 364 | ||
| 16 Digestive system | 366 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 367 | ||
| Introduction | 367 | ||
| Overview of digestion | 368 | ||
| Wall of the digestive tract | 369 | ||
| Mouth | 370 | ||
| Structure of oral cavity | 370 | ||
| Teeth | 371 | ||
| Typical tooth | 371 | ||
| Types of teeth | 372 | ||
| Salivary glands | 372 | ||
| Saliva | 372 | ||
| Parotid glands | 373 | ||
| Submandibular glands | 373 | ||
| Sublingual glands | 373 | ||
| Pharynx | 373 | ||
| Structure | 373 | ||
| Function | 373 | ||
| Esophagus | 374 | ||
| Stomach | 375 | ||
| Structure | 375 | ||
| Function | 375 | ||
| Small intestine | 376 | ||
| Structure | 376 | ||
| Function | 377 | ||
| Liver and gallbladder | 379 | ||
| Structure | 379 | ||
| Function | 379 | ||
| Pancreas | 380 | ||
| Large intestine | 380 | ||
| Structure | 380 | ||
| Function | 381 | ||
| Appendix | 382 | ||
| Peritoneum | 383 | ||
| Location | 383 | ||
| Extensions | 383 | ||
| Digestion | 383 | ||
| Overview of digestion | 383 | ||
| Enzymes and chemical digestion | 383 | ||
| Carbohydrate digestion | 384 | ||
| Protein digestion | 384 | ||
| Fat digestion | 385 | ||
| End products of digestion | 385 | ||
| Absorption | 385 | ||
| Mechanisms of absorption | 385 | ||
| Surface area and absorption | 386 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 389 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 392 | ||
| 17 Nutrition and metabolism | 394 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 395 | ||
| Introduction | 395 | ||
| Metabolic function of the liver | 396 | ||
| Macronutrients | 397 | ||
| Dietary sources of nutrients | 397 | ||
| Carbohydrate metabolism | 397 | ||
| Glucose catabolism | 397 | ||
| ATP | 398 | ||
| Glucose anabolism | 399 | ||
| Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism | 399 | ||
| Fat metabolism | 399 | ||
| Protein metabolism | 400 | ||
| Micronutrients | 400 | ||
| Vitamins | 400 | ||
| Minerals | 401 | ||
| Regulating food intake | 401 | ||
| Metabolic rates | 401 | ||
| Body temperature | 403 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 405 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 406 | ||
| 18 Urinary system | 408 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 409 | ||
| Introduction | 409 | ||
| Kidneys | 410 | ||
| Location of the kidneys | 410 | ||
| Gross structure of the kidney | 410 | ||
| External anatomy | 410 | ||
| Internal anatomy | 411 | ||
| Microscopic structure | 411 | ||
| Overview of kidney function | 413 | ||
| Formation of urine | 415 | ||
| Filtration | 415 | ||
| Reabsorption | 415 | ||
| Secretion | 417 | ||
| Summary of urine formation | 417 | ||
| Control of urine volume | 418 | ||
| Antidiuretic hormone | 418 | ||
| Aldosterone | 418 | ||
| Atrial natriuretic hormone | 418 | ||
| Abnormalities of urine volume | 418 | ||
| Elimination of urine | 419 | ||
| Ureters | 419 | ||
| Urinary bladder | 420 | ||
| Urethra | 420 | ||
| Micturition | 421 | ||
| Urinalysis | 423 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 424 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 426 | ||
| 19 Fluid and electrolyte balance | 428 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 429 | ||
| Introduction | 429 | ||
| Body fluid volumes | 430 | ||
| Body fluid compartments | 431 | ||
| Extracellular fluid | 431 | ||
| Intracellular fluid | 431 | ||
| Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance | 432 | ||
| Overview of fluid balance | 432 | ||
| Regulation of fluid output | 432 | ||
| Regulation of fluid intake | 433 | ||
| Exchange of fluids by blood | 434 | ||
| Fluid imbalances | 434 | ||
| Dehydration | 434 | ||
| Overhydration | 434 | ||
| Importance of electrolytes in body fluids | 435 | ||
| Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes | 435 | ||
| Ions | 435 | ||
| Electrolyte functions | 435 | ||
| Electrolyte imbalances | 437 | ||
| Homeostasis of electrolytes | 437 | ||
| Sodium imbalance | 437 | ||
| Potassium imbalance | 437 | ||
| Calcium imbalance | 438 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 440 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 442 | ||
| 20 Acid-base balance | 444 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 445 | ||
| Introduction | 445 | ||
| pH of body fluids | 445 | ||
| Using the pH scale | 445 | ||
| The pH unit | 446 | ||
| Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids | 447 | ||
| Overview of pH control mechanisms | 447 | ||
| Integration of pH control | 447 | ||
| Buffers | 447 | ||
| Respiratory mechanism of pH control | 449 | ||
| Urinary mechanism of pH control | 450 | ||
| pH imbalances | 450 | ||
| Acidosis and alkalosis | 450 | ||
| Metabolic and respiratory disturbances | 451 | ||
| Compensation for pH imbalances | 451 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 455 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 456 | ||
| 21 Reproductive systems | 458 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 459 | ||
| Introduction | 459 | ||
| Sexual reproduction | 459 | ||
| Producing offspring | 459 | ||
| Male and female systems | 460 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 460 | ||
| Structural plan | 460 | ||
| Reproductive tract | 460 | ||
| Essential organs | 460 | ||
| Accessory organs | 460 | ||
| Testes | 460 | ||
| Structure and location | 460 | ||
| Testis functions | 462 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 462 | ||
| Sperm | 462 | ||
| Production of testosterone | 463 | ||
| Reproductive ducts | 464 | ||
| Epididymis | 464 | ||
| Vas deferens | 465 | ||
| Ejaculatory duct and urethra | 465 | ||
| Accessory glands | 465 | ||
| Seminal vesicles | 465 | ||
| Prostate gland | 465 | ||
| Bulbourethral glands | 465 | ||
| External genitals | 466 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 466 | ||
| Structural plan | 466 | ||
| Essential organs | 466 | ||
| Accessory organs | 467 | ||
| Ovaries | 467 | ||
| Structure and location | 467 | ||
| Ovary functions | 468 | ||
| Oogenesis | 468 | ||
| Production of estrogen and progesterone | 468 | ||
| Reproductive ducts | 468 | ||
| Uterine tubes | 470 | ||
| Uterus | 470 | ||
| Vagina | 471 | ||
| Accessory glands | 471 | ||
| Vestibular glands | 471 | ||
| Breasts | 471 | ||
| External genitals | 472 | ||
| Menstrual cycle | 473 | ||
| Overview | 473 | ||
| Phases | 474 | ||
| Ovulation | 475 | ||
| Control of the menstrual cycle | 475 | ||
| Summary of the reproductive systems | 475 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 478 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 481 | ||
| 22 Growth, development, and aging | 484 | ||
| Language of science and medicine | 485 | ||
| Introduction | 485 | ||
| Prenatal period | 486 | ||
| Fertilization to implantation | 486 | ||
| Amniotic cavity and placenta | 487 | ||
| Periods of development | 488 | ||
| Formation of the primary germ layers | 489 | ||
| Histogenesis and organogenesis | 489 | ||
| Birth defects | 490 | ||
| Birth | 491 | ||
| Parturition | 491 | ||
| Stages of labor | 491 | ||
| Postnatal period | 493 | ||
| Growth, development, and aging | 493 | ||
| Infancy | 495 | ||
| Childhood | 495 | ||
| Adolescence | 496 | ||
| Adulthood | 496 | ||
| Older adulthood | 496 | ||
| Effects of aging | 496 | ||
| Integumentary system (skin) | 497 | ||
| Skeletal system | 497 | ||
| Central nervous system | 497 | ||
| Special senses | 497 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 497 | ||
| Respiratory system | 498 | ||
| Urinary system | 498 | ||
| ❑ Outline summary | 500 | ||
| ❑ Active learning | 502 | ||
| APPENDIX A Body mass index | 504 | ||
| APPENDIX B Common medical abbreviations, prefixes, and suffixes | 505 | ||
| Abbreviations and acronyms | 505 | ||
| Prefixes | 506 | ||
| Suffixes | 506 | ||
| APPENDIX C Chapter test answers | 507 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 507 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 507 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 507 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 507 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 507 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 507 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 508 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 508 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 508 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 508 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 508 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 509 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 509 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 509 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 509 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 509 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 510 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 510 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 510 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 510 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 510 | ||
| Chapter 22 | 510 | ||
| Glossary | G- | ||
| A | G- | ||
| B | G- | ||
| C | G- | ||
| D | G- | ||
| E | G- | ||
| F | G- | ||
| G | G- | ||
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| W | G- | ||
| Y | G- | ||
| Z | G- | ||
| Illustration/photo credits | C- | ||
| Chapter 1 | C- | ||
| Chapter 2 | C- | ||
| Chapter 3 | C- | ||
| Chapter 4 | C- | ||
| Chapter 5 | C- | ||
| Chapter 6 | C- | ||
| Chapter 7 | C- | ||
| Chapter 8 | C- | ||
| Chapter 9 | C- | ||
| Chapter 10 | C- | ||
| Chapter 11 | C- | ||
| Chapter 12 | C- | ||
| Chapter 13 | C- | ||
| Chapter 14 | C- | ||
| Chapter 15 | C- | ||
| Chapter 16 | C- | ||
| Chapter 17 | C- | ||
| Chapter 18 | C- | ||
| Chapter 19 | C- | ||
| Chapter 20 | C- | ||
| Chapter 21 | C- | ||
| Chapter 22 | C- | ||
| Appendix A | C- | ||
| Index | I- | ||
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| W | I- | ||
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| Z | I- | ||
| Clear view of the human body | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Hints for using the clear view of the body | 1 | ||
| Key | 2 | ||
| Tips and shortcuts for surviving and succeeding in A&P | ES-3 |