BOOK
Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Small and Exotic Animals, An Issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, E-Book
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine provides approaches and diagnostic techniques relating to the assessment of small and exotic animals. Topics covered include: Clinical Approach to Advanced Renal Function Testing in Dogs and Cats; A Laboratory Diagnostic Approach to Hepatobiliary Disease in Small Animals; Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Disorders in Dogs and Cats; Practical Interpretation and Application of Exocrine Pancreatic Testing in Small Animals; Using Cardiac Biomarkers in Veterinary Practice; Use of Lactate in Small Animal Practice; Diagnosis of Disorders of Iron Metabolism in Dogs and Cats; Making Sense of Lymphoma Diagnostics in Small Animal Patients; Hematology of Domestic Ferret; Hematological Assessment in Pet Rabbits: Blood Sample Collection and Blood Cell Identification; Hematological Assessment in Pet Rats, Mice, Hamsters, and Gerbils: Blood Sample Collection and Blood Cell Identification; Hematological Assessments in Pet Guinea Pigs: Blood Sample Collection and Blood Cell Identification; Avian Hematology; Reptile Hematology; Fish Hematology and Associated Disorders; Evaluation of the Blood Film.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Small and Exotic \rAnimals | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Clinical Approach to Advanced Renal Function Testing in Dogs and Cats\x0B | v | ||
| A Laboratory Diagnostic Approach to Hepatobiliary Disease in Small Animals\r | v | ||
| Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Disorders in Dogs and Cats\r | v | ||
| Practical Interpretation and Application of Exocrine Pancreatic Testing in Small Animals\r | v | ||
| Using Cardiac Biomarkers in Veterinary Practice\r | vi | ||
| Use of Lactate in Small Animal Clinical Practice\r | vi | ||
| Diagnosis of Disorders of Iron Metabolism in Dogs and Cats\r | vi | ||
| Making Sense of Lymphoma Diagnostics in Small Animal Patients\r | vi | ||
| Hematology of the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)\r | vi | ||
| Hematological Assessment in Pet Rabbits: Blood Sample Collection and Blood Cell Identification\r | vii | ||
| Hematologic Assessment in Pet Rats, Mice, Hamsters, and Gerbils: Blood Sample Collection and Blood Cell Identification\r | vii | ||
| Hematological Assessment in Pet Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus): Blood Sample Collection and Blood Cell Identification\r | vii | ||
| Avian Hematology\r | vii | ||
| Reptile Hematology\r | viii | ||
| Fish Hematology and Associated Disorders\r | viii | ||
| Evaluation of the Blood Film\r | viii | ||
| Erratum | ix | ||
| Clinical Approach to Advanced Renal Function Testing in Dogs and Cats | 487 | ||
| Key points | 487 | ||
| GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE | 487 | ||
| URINARY FRACTIONAL EXCRETION OF ELECTROLYTES | 489 | ||
| URINARY BIOMARKERS OF KIDNEY INJURY | 492 | ||
| Commercially Available Urinary Biomarkers of Renal Injury | 492 | ||
| Urine albumin/microalbuminuria | 492 | ||
| Urine Îł-glutamyl transpeptidase:creatinine ratio | 494 | ||
| Selected Investigational Urinary Biomarkers of Renal Injury | 495 | ||
| Cystatin C | 495 | ||
| Interleukin 18 | 495 | ||
| Kidney injury molecule-1 | 496 | ||
| N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase | 496 | ||
| Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin | 496 | ||
| Retinol binding protein | 497 | ||
| REFERENCES | 497 | ||
| A Laboratory Diagnostic Approach to Hepatobiliary Disease in Small Animals | 503 | ||
| Key points | 503 | ||
| TESTING AND REFERENCE INTERVALS | 503 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF HEPATIC ENZYMES | 504 | ||
| Alanine Aminotransferase | 504 | ||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase | 507 | ||
| Alkaline Phosphatase | 507 | ||
| Îł-Glutamyltransferase | 507 | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase | 508 | ||
| Bilirubin | 510 | ||
| Serum Bile Acids | 511 | ||
| Ammonia | 512 | ||
| Indirect Markers of Hepatobiliary Disease | 513 | ||
| HEMATOLOGY | 514 | ||
| URINALYSIS ABNORMALITIES SECONDARY TO HEPATIC DISEASE | 514 | ||
| CYTOLOGY | 514 | ||
| Neoplasia | 515 | ||
| Lipid and Nonlipid Vacuolar Change | 516 | ||
| Infectious and Inflammatory Disease | 516 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 517 | ||
| REFERENCES | 518 | ||
| Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Disorders in Dogs and Cats | 521 | ||
| Key points | 521 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP OF SMALL INTESTINAL DISORDERS | 521 | ||
| Differential Diagnoses for Acute Small Intestinal Diseases | 522 | ||
| Systemically well | 522 | ||
| Systemically unwell, abnormal abdominal palpation, severe diarrhea with hematochezia, melena, and frequent vomiting | 522 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP OF CHRONIC SMALL INTESTINAL DIARRHEA | 523 | ||
| Causes of Chronic Small Intestinal Disease | 523 | ||
| INTERPRETATION OF LABORATORY TESTS TO AID THE DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC SMALL INTESTINAL DIARRHEA | 524 | ||
| Serum Albumin Concentrations | 524 | ||
| Dogs | 524 | ||
| Practical Interpretation and Application of Exocrine Pancreatic Testing in Small Animals | 535 | ||
| Key points | 535 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 535 | ||
| ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN THE DOG | 536 | ||
| Routine Clinical Pathology | 536 | ||
| Fluid Cytology | 537 | ||
| Serum Lipase and Amylase | 538 | ||
| Trypsinogen Activation Peptide | 539 | ||
| Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity | 539 | ||
| Canine Pancreatic Lipase | 540 | ||
| Serum Pancreatic Elastase | 544 | ||
| Determining Severity | 546 | ||
| ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN THE CAT | 546 | ||
| CHRONIC PANCREATITIS | 548 | ||
| PANCREATIC NEOPLASIA | 548 | ||
| Pancreatic Cytology | 548 | ||
| EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY | 548 | ||
| REFERENCES | 550 | ||
| Using Cardiac Biomarkers in Veterinary Practice | 555 | ||
| Key points | 555 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 555 | ||
| CARDIAC TROPONIN | 556 | ||
| NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES | 557 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR C-BNP AND NT-PROBNP TESTING | 557 | ||
| Differentiation of Cardiac Versus Noncardiac Causes of Respiratory Signs | 558 | ||
| Detection of Occult Cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers and in Cats | 559 | ||
| Predicting Morbidity and Mortality in Dogs with Heart Disease | 561 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR CARDIAC TROPONIN TESTING | 562 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF CARDIAC BIOMARKERS | 563 | ||
| SUMMARY | 564 | ||
| REFERENCES | 564 | ||
| Use of Lactate in Small Animal Clinical Practice | 567 | ||
| Key points | 567 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 567 | ||
| LACTATE PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 568 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF LACTIC ACIDOSIS | 569 | ||
| SAMPLE COLLECTION AND LACTATE ANALYSIS | 571 | ||
| ANALYTICAL INTERFERENCES | 572 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATION OF LACTATE CONCENTRATION | 572 | ||
| Type A Lactic Acidosis | 572 | ||
| Type B Lactic Acidosis | 573 | ||
| D-Lactic Acidosis | 574 | ||
| LACTATE CONCENTRATION IN OTHER BODY FLUIDS | 574 | ||
| SUMMARY | 574 | ||
| REFERENCES | 574 | ||
| Diagnosis of Disorders of Iron Metabolism in Dogs and Cats | 579 | ||
| Key points | 579 | ||
| REVIEW OF NORMAL IRON METABOLISM | 579 | ||
| Function | 579 | ||
| Location | 579 | ||
| Plasma Iron | 579 | ||
| Regulation | 580 | ||
| ASSAYS USED IN THE ASSESSMENT OF IRON STATUS | 581 | ||
| Serum Iron Concentration | 581 | ||
| Ferritin | 582 | ||
| Transferrin | 582 | ||
| Percent Saturation | 582 | ||
| Tissue Iron Concentration | 583 | ||
| Other Assays Not Yet Available in Veterinary Medicine | 583 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF IRON STATUS IN DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH IRON METABOLISM | 583 | ||
| Iron Deficiency | 583 | ||
| Causation | 583 | ||
| Iron assays | 584 | ||
| Hematology | 584 | ||
| Reticulocyte indices | 585 | ||
| Iron-refractory iron deficiency | 585 | ||
| Anemia of Inflammation (Anemia of Chronic Disease) | 586 | ||
| Causation | 586 | ||
| Iron assays | 587 | ||
| Hemochromatosis | 587 | ||
| Causation | 587 | ||
| Making Sense of Lymphoma Diagnostics in Small Animal Patients | 591 | ||
| Key points | 591 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 591 | ||
| CYTOLOGY | 592 | ||
| Lymphocyte Morphology | 593 | ||
| Diagnosis of Lymphoma by Cytology | 593 | ||
| Supporting Cytologic Features | 594 | ||
| Staging of Lymphoma by Cytology | 594 | ||
| Limitations of Cytology | 594 | ||
| Sample Requirements | 594 | ||
| HISTOPATHOLOGY | 596 | ||
| Hematology of the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) | 609 | ||
| Key points | 609 | ||
| METHODOLOGY FOR BLOOD COLLECTION | 610 | ||
| Restraint | 610 | ||
| Manual restraint | 610 | ||
| Chemical restraint | 610 | ||
| Blood Collection Sites: Location and Preparation, and Venipuncture Techniques | 610 | ||
| Volume Collected | 611 | ||
| MORPHOLOGY AND NUMBERS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS | 612 | ||
| Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cell) | 613 | ||
| Thrombocytes (Platelets) | 613 | ||
| Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) | 614 | ||
| Neutrophils | 614 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 614 | ||
| Eosinophils | 614 | ||
| Basophils | 614 | ||
| Monocytes | 614 | ||
| REFERENCES | 614 | ||
| Hematological Assessment in Pet Rabbits | 617 | ||
| Key point | 617 | ||
| METHODOLOGY FOR BLOOD COLLECTION | 617 | ||
| Restraint | 617 | ||
| Blood Collection Sites—Location and Preparation, and Venipuncture Techniques | 618 | ||
| Volume Collected | 620 | ||
| Handling of the Blood Sample | 620 | ||
| MORPHOLOGY AND NUMBERS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS | 621 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 621 | ||
| Thrombocytes (Platelets) | 621 | ||
| Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) | 621 | ||
| Neutrophils | 622 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 623 | ||
| Eosinophils | 624 | ||
| Basophils | 624 | ||
| Monocytes | 624 | ||
| INTERPRETATION OF THE HEMOGRAM | 624 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 624 | ||
| Thrombocytes | 625 | ||
| Leukocytes | 625 | ||
| REFERENCES | 626 | ||
| Hematologic Assessment in Pet Rats, Mice, Hamsters, and Gerbils | 629 | ||
| Key points | 629 | ||
| BIOSAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLINIC STAFF | 630 | ||
| METHODOLOGY FOR BLOOD COLLECTION | 630 | ||
| Restraint | 630 | ||
| Manual restraint | 630 | ||
| Mice | 630 | ||
| Rats | 632 | ||
| Gerbils | 632 | ||
| Hamsters | 632 | ||
| Chemical restraint | 632 | ||
| Blood Collection Sites in Rats, Mice, Gerbils, and Hamsters: Location, Preparation, and Venipuncture Techniques | 633 | ||
| Collection from tail veins | 633 | ||
| Collection from ventral caudal artery | 633 | ||
| Collection from hindlimb vessels | 634 | ||
| Blood Volume Collected | 634 | ||
| MORPHOLOGY AND NUMBERS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS | 635 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 635 | ||
| Thrombocytes (Platelets) | 635 | ||
| Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) | 637 | ||
| Neutrophils | 637 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 637 | ||
| Eosinophils | 638 | ||
| Basophils | 638 | ||
| Monocytes | 638 | ||
| REFERENCES | 639 | ||
| Hematological Assessment in Pet Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) | 641 | ||
| Key points | 641 | ||
| METHODOLOGY FOR BLOOD COLLECTION | 642 | ||
| Restraint | 642 | ||
| Blood Collection Sites: Location and Preparation, and Venipuncture Techniques | 642 | ||
| Volume Collected | 644 | ||
| MORPHOLOGY AND NUMBERS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS | 644 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 644 | ||
| Thrombocytes (Platelets) | 646 | ||
| Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) | 646 | ||
| Neutrophils (Heterophils) | 646 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 646 | ||
| Eosinophils | 646 | ||
| Basophils | 646 | ||
| Monocytes | 646 | ||
| Kurloff Cells | 647 | ||
| REFERENCES | 647 | ||
| Reptile Hematology | 661 | ||
| Key points | 661 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 661 | ||
| RESTRAINT AND BLOOD COLLECTION TECHNIQUES | 662 | ||
| General Comments | 662 | ||
| Snakes | 662 | ||
| Lizards | 663 | ||
| Chelonians | 664 | ||
| Crocodilians | 666 | ||
| SAMPLE ANALYSIS | 666 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 666 | ||
| Leukocytes | 668 | ||
| FACTORS AFFECTING THE NORMAL HEMOGRAM | 672 | ||
| Demographics | 672 | ||
| Biological Activity | 672 | ||
| Season and Environmental Conditions | 672 | ||
| Restraint | 673 | ||
| DISORDERS OF HEMATOLOGY | 673 | ||
| Erythrocytic Disorders | 673 | ||
| Anemia | 673 | ||
| Polycythemia | 674 | ||
| Inclusions | 674 | ||
| Leukocytic Disorders | 674 | ||
| Leukocytosis | 675 | ||
| Leukopenia | 675 | ||
| Inclusions/hemoparasites | 675 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 676 | ||
| REFERENCES | 676 | ||
| Fish Hematology and Associated Disorders | 681 | ||
| Key points | 681 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 681 | ||
| BLOOD COLLECTION | 682 | ||
| Restraint Techniques | 682 | ||
| Venipuncture Sites | 683 | ||
| Sample Handling | 685 | ||
| HEMATOLOGIC EVALUATION | 685 | ||
| Erythrocyte Structure and Function | 685 | ||
| Packed Cell Volume | 686 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Indices | 686 | ||
| Leukocyte Structure and Function | 688 | ||
| Thrombocytes | 690 | ||
| Complete Blood Count (Hemacytometer) | 690 | ||
| Blood Smear and Differential | 691 | ||
| Interpretation of Results | 691 | ||
| REFERENCES | 698 | ||
| Evaluation of the Blood Film | 703 | ||
| Key points | 703 | ||
| ERYTHROCYTES | 705 | ||
| LEUKOCYTES | 710 | ||
| ACQUIRED CHANGES IN LEUKOCYTE MORPHOLOGY | 714 | ||
| THROMBOCYTES AND PLATELETS | 714 | ||
| BLOOD PARASITES OF BIRDS | 716 | ||
| BLOOD PARASITES AND RED CELL INCLUSIONS OF HERPTILES (REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS) | 717 | ||
| BLOOD PARASITES OF FISH | 719 | ||
| REFERENCES | 719 |