BOOK
Advances in Cholestatic Liver Diseases, An issue of Clinics in Liver Disease, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Levy has secured the field’s top experts to offer the latest clinical reviews on cholestatic liver disease. The issue will include articles devoted to The Gut-Liver Axis; Update on Genetics in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis; New thoughts on IgG4 Associated Cholangitis; Cancer Risk and Surveillance in PSC; Novel Therapies for PBC; and Liver transplantation for Cholestatic Liver Diseases, to name a few. Dr. Levy’s issue will be the most current authority on cholestatic liver disease.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Advances in Cholestatic Liver \rDiseases | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Advances in Cholestatic Liver Diseases\r | vii | ||
| The Gut-Liver Axis in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\r | vii | ||
| The Immunogenetics of Autoimmune Cholestasis\r | vii | ||
| Making Sense of Autoantibodies in Cholestatic Liver Diseases\r | vii | ||
| New Thoughts on Immunoglobulin G4–Related Sclerosing Cholangitis\r | viii | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Multiple Phenotypes, Multiple Approaches\r | viii | ||
| Cancer Risk and Surveillance in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\r | viii | ||
| Sclerosing Cholangitis in Children and Adolescents\r | viii | ||
| Novel Therapies on Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\r | ix | ||
| Understanding and Treating Fatigue in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\r | ix | ||
| Utility of Noninvasive Markers of Fibrosis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases\r | ix | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition–Induced Cholestasis: Prevention and Management\r | ix | ||
| New Insights on Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy\r | x | ||
| Liver Transplantation for Cholestatic Liver Diseases in Adults\r | x | ||
| CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| Preface: Advances in Cholestatic Liver Diseases \r | xiii | ||
| The Gut-Liver Axis in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 2 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 3 | ||
| PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION | 5 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS | 6 | ||
| Shared Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetic Susceptibility | 6 | ||
| Interleukin-2/Interleukin-2 Receptor α Pathway | 6 | ||
| Macrophage-Stimulating–1 Pathway | 7 | ||
| Fucosyltransferase 2 Pathway | 7 | ||
| Salt-Inducible Kinase-2 Pathway | 7 | ||
| Entero-Hepatic Immune Dysregulation in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 8 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF THE GUT-LIVER AXIS IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 9 | ||
| Altering the Microbiome | 9 | ||
| Immunosuppression and Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor α Therapy | 10 | ||
| Targeted Entero-Hepatic Therapies for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 10 | ||
| SUMMARY | 11 | ||
| REFERENCES | 11 | ||
| The Immunogenetics of Autoimmune Cholestasis | 15 | ||
| Key points | 15 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 15 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS: HERITABILITY AND FAMILIAL CLUSTERING | 16 | ||
| HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN ASSOCIATIONS | 17 | ||
| T-CELL SIGNALING | 18 | ||
| TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR α SIGNALLING | 19 | ||
| MUCOSAL IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN LIVER AUTOIMMUNITY | 20 | ||
| IMMUNO-EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES | 22 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK | 25 | ||
| REFERENCES | 25 | ||
| Making Sense of Autoantibodies in Cholestatic Liver Diseases | 33 | ||
| Key points | 33 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 33 | ||
| AUTOANTIBODIES IN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS | 34 | ||
| Antimitochondrial Antibodies | 34 | ||
| Anti-nuclear Antibodies | 35 | ||
| AUTOANTIBODIES IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 36 | ||
| OTHER AUTOANTIBODIES | 37 | ||
| AUTOANTIBODY DETECTION | 37 | ||
| Indirect Immunofluorescence | 38 | ||
| Solid Phase Immunoassay | 39 | ||
| Other Immunoassay | 39 | ||
| Novel Combo Assay | 40 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 40 | ||
| REFERENCES | 40 | ||
| New Thoughts on Immunoglobulin G4–Related Sclerosing Cholangitis | 47 | ||
| Key points | 47 | ||
| SYNOPSIS | 47 | ||
| Concept of Immunoglobulin G4–Related Disease | 48 | ||
| Brief History | 48 | ||
| Terminology | 48 | ||
| Epidemiology and Demographics | 49 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4–RELATED SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 49 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 49 | ||
| Laboratory Features | 49 | ||
| Radiographic Features | 50 | ||
| Histopathology Features | 52 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 53 | ||
| TREATMENT | 53 | ||
| PROGNOSIS AND NATURAL HISTORY | 54 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF DISEASE | 55 | ||
| Role of Genetic Factors | 56 | ||
| Role of Autoantibodies and Autoantigens | 57 | ||
| Role of Microbial Antigens | 57 | ||
| Role of the Immunoglobulin G4 Molecule | 57 | ||
| Role of Immune Cells | 59 | ||
| T helper 2 (Th2) and T regulatory cells | 59 | ||
| Chemokine signaling | 59 | ||
| Innate immune cells | 59 | ||
| SUMMARY | 60 | ||
| REFERENCES | 60 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 67 | ||
| Key points | 67 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 67 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA | 68 | ||
| IDENTIFICATION OF PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS PHENOTYPES | 69 | ||
| LARGE DUCT PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS VARIANTS | 70 | ||
| Stricture Type | 70 | ||
| Non–Inflammatory Bowel Disease Large Duct Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 71 | ||
| High–Immunoglobulin G4 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 71 | ||
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlap | 71 | ||
| Pediatric Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 71 | ||
| Nonwhite Population Large Duct Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 71 | ||
| SMALL DUCT PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 72 | ||
| IMMUNOGLOBULIN G4–RELATED SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 72 | ||
| MULTIPLE APPROACHES | 72 | ||
| Diagnosis | 72 | ||
| Management | 73 | ||
| SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION | 73 | ||
| REFERENCES | 74 | ||
| Cancer Risk and Surveillance in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 79 | ||
| Key points | 79 | ||
| A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS AND PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS–ASSOCIATED CANCER RISK | 79 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF CANCER SURVEILLANCE | 80 | ||
| CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 82 | ||
| Epidemiology of Cholangiocarcinoma in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 82 | ||
| Surveillance Strategies in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Associated Cholangiocarcinoma | 83 | ||
| Diagnostic Modalities Relevant for Surveillance of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Cholangiocarcinoma | 84 | ||
| Noninvasive imaging | 84 | ||
| Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 | 84 | ||
| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography | 85 | ||
| Biliary brush cytology | 85 | ||
| Fluorescence in situ hybridization | 85 | ||
| Treatment Options Relevant for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Cholangiocarcinoma Surveillance | 86 | ||
| Suggested Surveillance Strategy for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Cholangiocarcinoma | 87 | ||
| GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 87 | ||
| Epidemiology of Gallbladder Carcinoma in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 87 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS–ASSOCIATED GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA | 89 | ||
| Diagnostic Modalities Relevant for Surveillance of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Gallbladder Carcinoma | 89 | ||
| Treatment Options Relevant for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Gallbladder Carcinoma Surveillance | 89 | ||
| Recommended Surveillance Strategy for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Gallbladder Carcinoma | 90 | ||
| HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 90 | ||
| COLORECTAL CARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 90 | ||
| Epidemiology of Colorectal Carcinoma in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 90 | ||
| SURVEILLANCE STRATEGIES IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS–ASSOCIATED COLORECTAL CARCINOMA | 91 | ||
| Diagnostic Modalities Relevant to Surveillance of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Colorectal Carcinoma | 91 | ||
| Treatment Options Relevant to Surveillance of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Colorectal Carcinoma | 91 | ||
| Recommended surveillance strategy for primary sclerosing cholangitis–colorectal carcinoma | 92 | ||
| CANCER SURVEILLANCE IN SPECIFIC PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS SUBPOPULATIONS | 92 | ||
| Cancer Surveillance in Pediatric Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 92 | ||
| Cancer Surveillance in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Patients Posttransplant | 92 | ||
| SUMMARY | 93 | ||
| REFERENCES | 93 | ||
| Sclerosing Cholangitis in Children and Adolescents | 99 | ||
| Key points | 99 | ||
| DEFINITION | 99 | ||
| HISTORIC BACKGROUND | 99 | ||
| SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS | 100 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 100 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 101 | ||
| GENETIC FEATURES | 101 | ||
| PEDIATRIC SERIES | 102 | ||
| Retrospective Studies | 102 | ||
| Prospective Study | 104 | ||
| TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS | 106 | ||
| CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | 107 | ||
| LIVER TRANSPLANTATION | 108 | ||
| SUMMARY | 108 | ||
| REFERENCES | 108 | ||
| Novel Therapies on Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 113 | ||
| Key points | 113 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 113 | ||
| URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID | 114 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND EMERGING TREATMENTS | 115 | ||
| Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists/Obeticholic Acid | 115 | ||
| Fibrates | 117 | ||
| Glucocorticoids/Budesonide | 122 | ||
| Immunologic/Molecular Therapies | 124 | ||
| Anti-CD20/rituximab | 124 | ||
| Anti–interleukin-12/ustekinumab | 124 | ||
| Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4/abatacept | 125 | ||
| Anti-CXCL10/MDX-1100, NI-08091 | 125 | ||
| Mesenchymal stem cells | 125 | ||
| Antiretroviral therapy | 126 | ||
| SUMMARY | 126 | ||
| REFERENCES | 126 | ||
| Understanding and Treating Fatigue in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 131 | ||
| Key points | 131 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| THE CLINICAL SCENARIO | 132 | ||
| THE SCALE OF THE PROBLEM | 132 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF FATIGUE | 133 | ||
| UNDERSTANDING FATIGUE IN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS AND PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 133 | ||
| Central Fatigue | 134 | ||
| Peripheral Fatigue | 135 | ||
| A Model for Pathogenesis | 136 | ||
| TREATMENT OF FATIGUE IN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS AND PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 137 | ||
| Novel Therapies | 139 | ||
| Future Perspectives | 140 | ||
| REFERENCES | 140 | ||
| Utility of Noninvasive Markers of Fibrosis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases | 143 | ||
| Key points | 143 | ||
| WHY EVALUATE FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASES? | 144 | ||
| HISTOLOGY AS A GOLD STANDARD FOR ASSESSING FIBROSIS: RELEVANCE AND LIMITATIONS | 145 | ||
| THE (LONG) STORY OF FIBROSIS MARKERS IN CHRONIC CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASES | 146 | ||
| NONINVASIVE EVALUATION OF FIBROSIS IN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS: TOWARD A RATIONAL CHOICE | 147 | ||
| NONINVASIVE EVALUATION OF FIBROSIS IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS: NOTHING BUT LIVER STIFFNESS MEASUREMENT? | 150 | ||
| PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF FIBROSIS MARKERS IN CHOLESTATIC LIVER DISEASES | 152 | ||
| SUMMARY | 154 | ||
| REFERENCES | 154 | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition–Induced Cholestasis | 159 | ||
| Key points | 159 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 159 | ||
| Terminology | 159 | ||
| Definition | 160 | ||
| Frequency and Spectrum of Disease | 160 | ||
| Differences Between Children and Adults in Pathophysiology and Risk Factors for Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease | 161 | ||
| Biological Mechanisms for Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease | 163 | ||
| PREVENTION | 165 | ||
| Monitoring | 165 | ||
| Dedicated Expert Teams | 167 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 168 | ||
| Sepsis | 168 | ||
| Components of Parenteral Nutrition | 168 | ||
| Calories and amino acids | 168 | ||
| Lipids and fish oil | 168 | ||
| Multiprofessional Working | 170 | ||
| Reducing Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease Through Improvements in Central Venous Catheter Care | 170 | ||
| Intestinal Transplantation | 170 | ||
| Isolated Liver Transplantation in Intestinal Failure–Associated Liver Disease | 171 | ||
| SUMMARY | 171 | ||
| REFERENCES | 172 | ||
| New Insights on Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy | 177 | ||
| Key points | 177 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 177 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 177 | ||
| RISK FACTORS | 178 | ||
| GENETICS | 178 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 181 | ||
| SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY | 181 | ||
| FETAL OUTCOME | 182 | ||
| MATERNAL OUTCOME | 183 | ||
| TREATMENT | 183 | ||
| SUMMARY | 184 | ||
| REFERENCES | 185 | ||
| Liver Transplantation for Cholestatic Liver Diseases in Adults | 191 | ||
| Key points | 191 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 191 | ||
| PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS | 192 | ||
| Identifying Patients Most Likely to Need a Liver Transplant | 192 | ||
| Indications for Transplantation | 192 | ||
| Waiting List Mortality for Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 193 | ||
| Model for End-stage Liver Disease Score Exceptions in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 193 | ||
| Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 193 | ||
| Posttransplant Outcomes in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | 194 | ||
| Secondary Cholestatic Disease Posttransplantation | 194 | ||
| PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS | 196 | ||
| Indications for Transplantation | 196 | ||
| Waiting List Mortality for Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 197 | ||
| Model for End-stage Liver Disease Exception Points for Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 197 | ||
| Posttransplant Outcomes | 198 | ||
| REFERENCES | 200 |