BOOK
Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for Child Safety, An Issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Pediatricians in the Unites States and around the World continue to face a myriad of global health threats affecting child and adolescent health including: 1) infectious diseases of poverty [e.g. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases] in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), especially in sub Saharan Africa; 2) emerging and reemerging infectious diseases (such as Ebola); 3) rise of non-communicable diseases (e.g. common mental disorders); 4) unintentional injuries; and 5) environmental health hazards (e.g. climate change). Despite the promising news about rapid declines in maternal and child mortality in the era of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which originated from the United Nation (UN) Millennium Declaration in 2000, only 20% and 7% of LMIC are currently on track to attain the maternal and child mortality targets. For example, 44% of deaths in children younger than 5 years occur in neonates.
Besides discovery of life-saving interventions (e.g. development of new and improved vaccines) for maternal and child health, we also need to do a better job at bridging the knowledge-implementation gap and increase the effectiveness of proven interventions. For example, despite the availability of effective vaccines to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia, rotavirus gastroenteritis, and human papilloma virus-related diseases (e.g. cervical cancer), use of these vaccines remain suboptimal in LMIC.
We need to recognize that global health is also local public health. For example, improving access, equity and quality of care for orphans and vulnerable children, immigrant and newly arrived refugee children in the U.S. remains a challenge. Timely access to psychiatric care for children and adolescents with mental illness is a major concern. The explosion of new age technology (such as the internet) also poses a considerable risk to children and adolescents. Pediatricians also need to be aware of diverse socio-cultural determinants of health and ethical issues in global health service and delivery.
This issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America aims to address the above crucial global health challenges affecting children and adolescents. As practicing pediatricians, we have the unique opportunity to influence local and global public health. In the post-MDG era (beyond 2015), collaborative partnerships between various disciplines and across research, education and service is vital to reduce health inequities in children worldwide.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for \rChildSafety | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iii | ||
| TO ENROLL | iv | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iv | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | v | ||
| EDITOR | v | ||
| AUTHORS | v | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Foreword: Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for Child Safety\r | ix | ||
| Preface: Keeping Children Healthy and Safe Worldwide in the Era of Sustainable Development\r | ix | ||
| Global Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities\r | ix | ||
| Global Threats to Child Safety\r | ix | ||
| Infectious Diseases of Poverty in Children: A Tale of Two Worlds\r | ix | ||
| Prevention and Control of Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhea\r | x | ||
| Global Delivery of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines\r | x | ||
| Integrating Children’s Mental Health into Primary Care\r | x | ||
| Caring for Children in Immigrant Families: Vulnerabilities, Resilience, and Opportunities\r | x | ||
| Orphans and Vulnerable Children Affected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Sub-Saharan Africa\r | xi | ||
| Children’s Environmental Health: Beyond National Boundaries\r | xi | ||
| Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for Child Unintentional Injuries\r | xi | ||
| Adolescent Health Implications of New Age Technology\r | xii | ||
| Ethical Issues in Pediatric Global Health\r | xii | ||
| PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\r | xiii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xiii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xiii | ||
| Foreword: Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for Child Safety \r | xv | ||
| REFERENCES | xvi | ||
| Preface: Keeping Children Healthy and Safe Worldwide in the Era of Sustainable Development \r | xvii | ||
| Global Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| CURRENT SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM | 2 | ||
| Maternal Health and Global Mortality Trends | 2 | ||
| Child and Newborn Global Mortality Trends | 3 | ||
| Factors Affecting Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health | 4 | ||
| INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE MATERNAL, NEWBORN, AND CHILD MORTALITY | 5 | ||
| GAPS IN COVERAGE, EQUITY, AND QUALITY OF CARE | 5 | ||
| INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ACCELERATE SCALE-UP | 7 | ||
| Outreach Delivery Pathways | 7 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 9 | ||
| Advance Newborn and Stillbirth Agenda | 9 | ||
| Advance Global Nutrition Agenda | 9 | ||
| Advance Reproductive Health and Adolescent Health Agenda | 10 | ||
| Scale-up High-Quality, Integrated Care Delivery to Mothers and Children | 10 | ||
| Foster Human Rights and Respectful Maternal and Neonatal Care | 10 | ||
| Survival and Development Agenda | 10 | ||
| Mobilize Resources and Invest in Research to Advance Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health | 11 | ||
| REFERENCES | 12 | ||
| Global Threats to Child Safety | 19 | ||
| Key points | 19 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 19 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 20 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC NEEDS: WORLD HUNGER | 21 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC NEEDS: CLEAN WATER, SANITATION, AND HOUSING | 21 | ||
| CHILD MALTREATMENT | 22 | ||
| PROTECTION FROM VIOLENCE, EXPLOITATION, AND ABUSE | 22 | ||
| VULNERABLE CHILDREN | 22 | ||
| FAMILY SEPARATION | 23 | ||
| CHILD ABANDONMENT | 24 | ||
| CHILD LABOR | 24 | ||
| ARMED CONFLICTS/WARS: CHILD SOLDIERS | 24 | ||
| MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY FROM ARMED CONFLICTS WORLDWIDE IN RECENT DECADES | 25 | ||
| CHILD MARRIAGE/FORCED MARRIAGE | 25 | ||
| FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION | 26 | ||
| CHILD TRAFFICKING | 27 | ||
| STRATEGIES FOR COPING | 28 | ||
| SET-UP OF SHELTERS/REFUGEE CAMPS: STRATEGIES TO DETER VIOLENCE | 28 | ||
| STRATEGIES FOR DEALING WITH CHILD TRAFFICKING | 28 | ||
| STRATEGIES FOR DEALING WITH PROBLEMS OF VIOLENCE, EXPLOITATION, AND ABUSE | 28 | ||
| SPECIFIC PROGRAMS FOR MEETING THE PHYSIOLOGIC AND SAFETY NEEDS OF CHILDREN | 29 | ||
| SOME SUCCESS IN DEALING WITH THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS FACING CHILDREN | 30 | ||
| THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD | 30 | ||
| TYPES OF PROTECTION NEEDED BY CHILDREN DURING DISASTERS AND ARMED CONFLICTS/WARS | 31 | ||
| THE FUTURE | 32 | ||
| REFERENCES | 32 | ||
| Infectious Diseases of Poverty in Children | 37 | ||
| Key points | 37 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 37 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS | 38 | ||
| Epidemiology | 38 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 38 | ||
| Diagnosis | 40 | ||
| Management | 43 | ||
| Prevention | 43 | ||
| TUBERCULOSIS | 43 | ||
| Epidemiology | 43 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 47 | ||
| Diagnosis | 47 | ||
| Management | 48 | ||
| Prevention | 48 | ||
| MALARIA | 49 | ||
| Epidemiology | 49 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 50 | ||
| Diagnosis | 51 | ||
| Management | 51 | ||
| Prevention | 52 | ||
| NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES | 52 | ||
| Chagas Disease | 52 | ||
| Epidemiology | 52 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 53 | ||
| Diagnosis | 53 | ||
| Management/prevention | 56 | ||
| Neurocysticercosis | 56 | ||
| Epidemiology | 56 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 56 | ||
| Diagnosis | 56 | ||
| Treatment/prevention | 56 | ||
| Toxocariasis | 57 | ||
| Prevention and Control of Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhea | 67 | ||
| Key points | 67 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 68 | ||
| GLOBAL BURDEN | 68 | ||
| CAUSES OF PNEUMONIA | 68 | ||
| CAUSES OF DIARRHEA | 69 | ||
| PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES FOR PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD PNEUMONIA AND DIARRHEA | 70 | ||
| VACCINES TO PREVENT CHILDHOOD PNEUMONIA | 71 | ||
| VACCINES AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE (PNEUMOCOCCUS) | 71 | ||
| VACCINES AGAINST HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B | 72 | ||
| VACCINES AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS | 72 | ||
| VACCINES TO PREVENT CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA | 73 | ||
| VACCINES AGAINST ROTAVIRUS | 73 | ||
| VACCINES AGAINST VIBRIO CHOLERAE | 73 | ||
| INTEGRATED GLOBAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF PNEUMONIA AND DIARRHEA | 74 | ||
| SUMMARY | 75 | ||
| REFERENCES | 75 | ||
| Global Delivery of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines | 81 | ||
| Key points | 81 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 81 | ||
| HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINE FUNDING | 82 | ||
| HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINATION IMPLEMENTATION APPROACHES | 85 | ||
| School-Based Approaches | 85 | ||
| Clinic-Based or Office-Based Approaches | 86 | ||
| Community Outreach Approaches | 87 | ||
| CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 88 | ||
| Cultural and Political Barriers | 88 | ||
| Future Directions | 89 | ||
| SUMMARY | 90 | ||
| REFERENCES | 90 | ||
| Integrating Children’s Mental Health into Primary Care | 97 | ||
| Key points | 97 | ||
| UNMET NEED FOR CHILD MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES | 97 | ||
| A ROLE FOR PRIMARY CARE | 98 | ||
| BARRIERS TO TASK SHIFTING | 99 | ||
| DESIGNING MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FOR PRIMARY CARE | 100 | ||
| WHAT MIGHT PROVIDERS DO? | 100 | ||
| A Holistic Framework for Care | 100 | ||
| Targeted Brief Interventions | 101 | ||
| Beyond Diagnosis to Promoting Core Components of Mental Health | 101 | ||
| HOW CAN PROVIDERS LEARN NEW SKILLS? | 104 | ||
| IMPLEMENTING AND SUSTAINING A MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM IN PRIMARY CARE | 105 | ||
| The Chronic Care Model as a Blueprint | 105 | ||
| Getting Started | 107 | ||
| Screening for Problems and Hooks for Engagement | 107 | ||
| Mental Health Visits Start at the Front Desk | 108 | ||
| SUMMARY | 108 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 109 | ||
| REFERENCES | 109 | ||
| Caring for Children in Immigrant Families | 115 | ||
| Key points | 115 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 115 | ||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | 116 | ||
| RISK FROM SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH | 120 | ||
| The Immigrant Paradox and Health | 121 | ||
| The Immigrant Paradox and Education | 121 | ||
| Identity Formation and Health Behaviors in a Changing World | 121 | ||
| Physical Health Among Immigrant Children | 122 | ||
| Mental Health in Families | 123 | ||
| Access to Health Care | 124 | ||
| CLINICAL CARE, RESEARCH, AND ADVOCACY FOR CHILDREN IN IMMIGRANT FAMILIES | 124 | ||
| SUMMARY | 124 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 126 | ||
| REFERENCES | 126 | ||
| Orphans and Vulnerable Children Affected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Sub-Saharan Africa | 131 | ||
| Key points | 131 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 131 | ||
| Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Sub-Saharan Africa | 132 | ||
| VULNERABILITIES FACED BY CHILDREN AFFECTED BY HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS | 134 | ||
| Poverty | 134 | ||
| Attending and Completing School | 135 | ||
| Shelter and Care | 135 | ||
| Psychological Distress and Resilience | 137 | ||
| Special Needs of Adolescents | 137 | ||
| ADDRESSING CHILDREN’S NEEDS IN THE CONTEXT OF HIV | 138 | ||
| Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission | 138 | ||
| Adult and Pediatric Access to Antiretroviral Therapy | 139 | ||
| Mitigation of the Impacts of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Children and Families | 140 | ||
| International policy and donor response | 140 | ||
| Poverty alleviation and social protection | 141 | ||
| Advocacy for Social Change to Reduce Social Marginalization, Stigma, and Discrimination | 142 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 143 | ||
| SUMMARY | 143 | ||
| REFERENCES | 143 | ||
| Children’s Environmental Health | 149 | ||
| Key points | 149 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 150 | ||
| AIR | 150 | ||
| WATER | 153 | ||
| PESTICIDES | 153 | ||
| METALS | 156 | ||
| Lead | 156 | ||
| Mercury | 157 | ||
| Arsenic | 158 | ||
| SPREAD OF TOXIC CHEMICALS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 158 | ||
| E-Waste | 158 | ||
| CLIMATE CHANGE | 158 | ||
| THE HIGH COSTS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION | 160 | ||
| FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS | 160 | ||
| SUMMARY | 161 | ||
| REFERENCES | 161 | ||
| Our Shrinking Globe | 167 | ||
| Key points | 167 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 167 | ||
| GLOBAL BURDEN OF CHILD UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES | 168 | ||
| RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES FOR CHILD UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES | 169 | ||
| Implication of Globalization for Distribution of Child Unintentional Injury Risks and Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income ... | 171 | ||
| DISCUSSION | 174 | ||
| REFERENCES | 179 | ||
| Adolescent Health Implications of New Age Technology | 183 | ||
| Key points | 183 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 183 | ||
| INTERNET ADDICTION | 184 | ||
| CYBERBULLYING | 185 | ||
| PORNOGRAPHY | 186 | ||
| TEXTING AND DRIVING | 187 | ||
| TEXTING AND SLEEP | 187 | ||
| EXPOSURE TO RADIOFREQUENCIES | 188 | ||
| HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF VIDEO GAME USE | 188 | ||
| THE ROLE OF PEDIATRICIANS | 189 | ||
| SUMMARY | 189 | ||
| REFERENCES | 190 | ||
| Ethical Issues in Pediatric Global Health | 195 | ||
| Key points | 195 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 195 | ||
| SLOW PROGRESS IN CHILD HEALTH | 196 | ||
| THE HUMAN RIGHT TO HEALTH | 197 | ||
| THE PERILS OF ACTING IN LOCO PARENTIS | 197 | ||
| Ethical Issues That Arise for Individual Providers | 198 | ||
| Respect for the autonomy of aid recipients | 198 | ||
| Assent, consent, and disclosure | 200 | ||
| Scope of professional duties in low-income and middle-income settings | 201 | ||
| Balancing global health work with other life priorities | 202 | ||
| Ethical Issues That Arise at an Organizational Level | 202 | ||
| Allocation of scarce resources | 202 | ||
| Conflicts of interest that can arise when pediatric global health interventions are motivated by commercial, religious, pol ... | 203 | ||
| Corruption and kickbacks | 203 | ||
| The Crucial Need for Global Health Ethics Education for Trainees and Faculty | 204 | ||
| Importance of Cultural Humility and Collaboration | 205 | ||
| SUMMARY | 205 | ||
| REFERENCES | 206 | ||
| Index | 209 |