BOOK
Musculoskeletal Imaging E-Book
Thomas Pope | Hans L. Bloem | Javier Beltran | William B. Morrison | David John Wilson
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
In its fully revised and updated second edition, Musculoskeletal Imaging covers every aspect of musculoskeletal radiology. This medical reference book incorporates the latest diagnostic modalities and interventional techniques, as well as must-read topics such as hip, groin and cartilage imaging; newly described impingements; and new concepts in the hip including teres ligament pathology. This publication is a key title in the popular Expert Radiology Series, which delivers evidence-based expert guidance from around the globe.
- Fully understand each topic with a format that delivers essential background information.
- Streamline the decision-making process with integrated protocols, classic signs, and ACR guidelines, as well as a design that structures every chapter consistently to include pathophysiology, imaging techniques, imaging findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment options.
- Write the most comprehensive reports possible with help from boxes highlighting what the referring physician needs to know, as well as suggestions for treatment and future imaging studies.
- Access in-depth case studies, valuable appendices, and additional chapters covering all of the most important musculoskeletal procedures performed today.
- Quickly locate important information with a full-color design that includes color-coded tables and bulleted lists highlighting key concepts, as well as color artwork that lets you easily find critical anatomic views of diseases and injuries.
- Engage with more than 40 brand-new videos, including arthroscopic videos.
- Easily comprehend complicated topics with over 5,000 images and new animations.
- Explore integrated clinical perspectives on the newest modalities such as PET-CT in cancer, diffusion MR, as well as ultrasonography, fusion imaging, multi-slice CT and nuclear medicine.
- Learn from team of international experts provides a variety of evidence-based guidance, including the pros and cons of each modality, to help you overcome difficult challenges.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Imaging 2E | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Foreword | xxi | ||
| Preface to the First Edition | xxiii | ||
| Preface to the Second Edition | xxv | ||
| Table Of Contents | xxvii | ||
| Video Contents | xxxi | ||
| 1 General Imaging Principles | 1 | ||
| Conventional Radiography | 1 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography | 1 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 3 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 5 | ||
| Coil Selection | 5 | ||
| Imaging Sequence Selection | 6.e1 | ||
| Optimizing Signal-to-Noise Ratio | 6 | ||
| MR Arthrography | 7 | ||
| Artifacts | 7 | ||
| Heterogeneous Fat Suppression | 7 | ||
| Water Suppression | 7 | ||
| Motion Artifact | 8 | ||
| Blur Artifact | 8 | ||
| Field Cutoff/Coil Malpositioning | 8 | ||
| Magic Angle Phenomenon | 8 | ||
| Magnetic Susceptibility Artifact | 8 | ||
| Chemical Shift Artifact | 10 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine in Musculoskeletal Imaging | 11 | ||
| Summary | 12 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 12 | ||
| References | 12.e1 | ||
| 1 Injury | 13 | ||
| One Axial Skeleton | 13 | ||
| 2 General Principles of Osseous Injury | 13 | ||
| Purpose of the Imaging Report | 13 | ||
| Bone Types | 14 | ||
| Geographic Anatomy of Long and Short Bones | 14 | ||
| Types of Musculoskeletal Injuries | 14 | ||
| Ligamentous Injuries (Selected Examples) | 14 | ||
| Skeletal Injuries | 14 | ||
| Skeletal Injury | 14 | ||
| Fractures | 15 | ||
| Fracture Healing | 15 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Injuries Commonly Associated with Nonligamentous Soft Tissue Injury | 18 | ||
| Spinal Injuries with Inherent Spinal Cord Injury | 18 | ||
| 2 Arthropathies and Neurologic/Muscular Disorders and Connective Tissue Disease | 634 | ||
| 45 Degenerative Disorders of the Spine | 634 | ||
| Etiology | 634.e1 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 634.e1 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 634 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 634 | ||
| Anatomy | 634.e1 | ||
| Pathology | 634 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 635 | ||
| Intervertebral Disk Degeneration | 635 | ||
| Radiography | 635 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 636 | ||
| Discography | 637.e1 | ||
| Posterior Annular Tears | 637 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomographic Discography | 637 | ||
| Herniation of the Nucleus Pulposus | 638 | ||
| Radiography | 638 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 638 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 639 | ||
| Vertebral End Plate | 641 | ||
| Radiography | 641 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 641 | ||
| Osteoarthritis of the Facet Joints | 642 | ||
| Radiography | 643 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 643 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 643 | ||
| Pain Testing | 643 | ||
| Cysts of the Intervertebral Facet Joints | 644 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 644 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 644 | ||
| Degenerative Spondylolisthesis | 645 | ||
| Radiography | 645 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 645 | ||
| Spinal Stenosis | 646 | ||
| Radiography | 646 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 646 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 646 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 648 | ||
| Correlation between Clinical and Imaging Findings | 648 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 648.e1 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 648 | ||
| References | 648.e1 | ||
| 46 Aging | 649 | ||
| What is Aging? | 649 | ||
| Mechanisms of Aging | 649 | ||
| The Aging Musculoskeletal System | 650 | ||
| Within the Joint Organ as a Whole | 650 | ||
| Age-Related Changes within Bone | 650 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in Hyaline Cartilage | 652 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle | 652 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in Ligaments and Tendons | 653 | ||
| Other Age-Related Changes in the Spine | 654 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in the Whole Joint Organ | 654 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 654 | ||
| References | 654.e1 | ||
| 47 Degenerative Disease: | 655 | ||
| Etiology | 655 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 655 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 656 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 656 | ||
| Cartilage Composition and Structure | 656 | ||
| Pathology | 657 | ||
| Cartilage Biomechanics | 658.e1 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 658 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 658 | ||
| MR Imaging Biomarkers of OA and Cartilage Injury | 659.e1 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of Articular Cartilage Injury | 659 | ||
| Grade I Lesions | 659 | ||
| Grade II Lesions | 662 | ||
| Grade III Lesions | 662 | ||
| Grade IV Lesions | 662 | ||
| Bone Marrow Lesions Associated with Cartilage Injury | 662 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 662 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 663 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 663 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 663 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 665 | ||
| References | 665.e1 | ||
| 48 Rheumatoid Arthritis | 666 | ||
| Etiology | 666 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 666 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 666 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 666.e1 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 666 | ||
| General Radiographic Observations | 667 | ||
| Joint Swelling | 667 | ||
| Subluxations | 668 | ||
| Osteopenia | 669 | ||
| Loss of Joint Space | 669 | ||
| Erosions | 669 | ||
| Osteolysis | 669 | ||
| Osteitis | 670 | ||
| Subchondral Cysts | 670 | ||
| Osteonecrosis | 670 | ||
| Selected Joints | 670 | ||
| Hands and Feet | 670 | ||
| Spine | 670 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 672 | ||
| Extra-Articular Manifestations | 672 | ||
| Radiography | 672 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 672 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomography | 673 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 673 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 673 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography | 673 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 673 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 674 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 674 | ||
| References | 674.e3 | ||
| 49 Psoriatic Arthritis and Psoriatic Spondyloarthropathy | 675 | ||
| Etiology | 675.e1 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 675.e1 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 675 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 675 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 675 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 675 | ||
| Early Changes | 675 | ||
| Late Changes | 676 | ||
| Pros and Cons | 676 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 676 | ||
| Peripheral Skeleton | 676 | ||
| General | 676 | ||
| Radiographic | 677 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 677 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomography | 677 | ||
| Ultrasound | 677 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 677 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography | 677 | ||
| Axial Skeleton | 678 | ||
| General | 678 | ||
| Radiographic | 678 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 679 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomography | 680 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 680 | ||
| 3 Infection | 766 | ||
| 63 Noninflammatory Intraarticular Pathology | 766 | ||
| Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis | 766 | ||
| 4 Hematologic and Vascular Diseases | 868 | ||
| 71 General Principles of MRI of the Bone Marrow | 868 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 868 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of Normal Bone Marrow | 868.e1 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques | 868.e2 | ||
| T1-Weighted Spin-Echo Sequence | 868.e2 | ||
| Intermediate-Weighted Spin-Echo Sequence | 868.e2 | ||
| T2-Weighted Fast Spin-Echo Sequence | 868.e2 | ||
| Fat-Saturated Spin-Echo Sequences | 868.e3 | ||
| Gradient-Echo Sequences | 868.e4 | ||
| Gadolinium-Enhanced Sequences | 868.e4 | ||
| Whole-Body Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | 868.e4 | ||
| F-18 FDG-PET (PET and PET/CT) | 868.e5 | ||
| Other Sequences | 868.e6 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 868.e6 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Appearance of the Normal Marrow | 868.e6 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patterns of Marrow Lesions | 868.e7 | ||
| Marrow Depletion | 868.e7 | ||
| Marrow Infiltration | 868.e9 | ||
| Marrow Replacement | 868.e10 | ||
| What the Radiologist Needs to Know | 868.e11 | ||
| How Can the Sensitivity of Bone Marrow Magnetic Resonance Imaging Be Increased? | 868.e11 | ||
| How Can the Specificity of Bone Marrow Magnetic Resonance Imaging Be Increased? | 868.e12 | ||
| How Can Better Fat Suppression Be Achieved? | 868.e12 | ||
| Is This a Normal Variant? | 868.e12 | ||
| Vertebral Marrow Heterogeneities in Elderly Patients | 868.e13 | ||
| Islands of Fatty Marrow | 868.e13 | ||
| Vertebral Hemangioma | 868.e13 | ||
| Enostosis | 868.e13 | ||
| Islands of Red Marrow | 868.e14 | ||
| Hematopoietic Marrow Hyperplasia | 868.e15 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 868.e17 | ||
| References | 868.e17 | ||
| 72 Ischemic Bone Lesions | 869 | ||
| ABSTRACT | 869 | ||
| Etiology | 869.e1 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 869.e1 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 869.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 869.e1 | ||
| Histopathology | 869.e2 | ||
| Diagnosis of Osteonecrosis | 869.e4 | ||
| Imaging Features/Manifestations of the Disease | 869.e6 | ||
| Systemic Osteonecrosis | 869.e6 | ||
| Radiographs | 869.e6 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 869.e6 | ||
| Posttraumatic Osteonecrosis | 869.e10 | ||
| 5 Metabolic, Hormonal, and Systemic Disease | 874 | ||
| 77 Osteoporosis | 874 | ||
| Etiology | 874 | ||
| Bone Turnover | 874 | ||
| Generalized Osteoporosis | 875 | ||
| Primary Osteoporosis | 875 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 876 | ||
| Secondary Osteoporosis | 876 | ||
| Regional Osteopenia | 876 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 877 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 877 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 878 | ||
| Anatomy | 878 | ||
| Pathology | 878 | ||
| Regional Osteoporosis | 878 | ||
| Generalized Osteoporosis | 878 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 881 | ||
| Radiographic Morphometry | 881 | ||
| Bone Densitometry | 882 | ||
| Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry | 883 | ||
| Quantitative Computed Tomography | 884 | ||
| Radiation Dose in Bone Densitometry | 886 | ||
| Other Research Methods | 886 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 886 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 887 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 887 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 888 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 888 | ||
| Useful Websites with Useful Educational and Guideline Material: | 888 | ||
| References | 888.e1 | ||
| 78 Hyperparathyroidism, Renal Osteodystrophy, Osteomalacia, and Rickets | 889 | ||
| Abstract | 889 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 889 | ||
| Renal Osteodystrophy | 889 | ||
| Rickets and Osteomalacia | 889 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 889.e1 | ||
| Etiology | 889.e1 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 889.e1 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 889.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 889.e1 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 889.e1 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 889.e1 | ||
| Radiography | 889.e1 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 889.e2 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 889.e2 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 889.e2 | ||
| Renal Osteodystrophy | 889.e2 | ||
| Etiology | 889.e2 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 889.e2 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 889.e2 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 889.e2 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 889.e2 | ||
| Soft Tissue Calcification | 889.e4 | ||
| In Children | 889.e5 | ||
| Osteoarticular Manifestations and Chronic Dialysis | 889.e5 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 889.e7 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 889.e7 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 889.e8 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 889.e8 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 889.e8 | ||
| Rickets and Osteomalacia | 889.e8 | ||
| Etiology | 889.e8 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 889.e8 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 889.e9 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 889.e9 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 889.e9 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 889.e10 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 889.e10 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 889.e11 | ||
| References | 889.e11 | ||
| 79 Amyloidosis | 890 | ||
| Abstract | 890 | ||
| Etiology | 890.e1 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 890.e1 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 890.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 890.e2 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 890.e2 | ||
| Radiography | 890.e2 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 890.e2 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomography | 890.e3 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 890.e4 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 890.e4 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 890.e4 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 890.e5 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 890.e7 | ||
| References | 890.e7 | ||
| 80 Pituitary and Thyroid Disorders | 891 | ||
| Abstract | 891 | ||
| Acromegaly and Pituitary Gigantism | 891 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 891 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 891 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 891 | ||
| Acromegaly and Pituitary Gigantism | 891.e1 | ||
| Etiology | 891.e1 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 891.e1 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 891.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 891.e2 | ||
| Anatomy | 891.e2 | ||
| Pathology | 891.e2 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 891.e2 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 891.e2 | ||
| Pros and Cons | 891.e2 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 891.e2 | ||
| Radiography | 891.e2 | ||
| Soft Tissue | 891.e2 | ||
| Skull | 891.e3 | ||
| Hand | 891.e3 | ||
| Foot | 891.e3 | ||
| Spine | 891.e3 | ||
| Peripheral Joints | 891.e4 | ||
| Bony Excrescences | 891.e4 | ||
| Bone Mineral Density | 891.e5 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 891.e5 | ||
| Acromegaly | 891.e5 | ||
| Pituitary Gigantism | 891.e5 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 891.e5 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 891.e5 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 891.e6 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 891.e6 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 891.e6 | ||
| Etiology | 891.e6 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 891.e6 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 891.e6 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 891.e7 | ||
| Anatomy | 891.e7 | ||
| Pathology | 891.e7 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 891.e7 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 891.e7 | ||
| Pros and Cons | 891.e7 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 891.e7 | ||
| Radiography | 891.e7 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 891.e7 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 891.e7 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 891.e8 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 891.e8 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 891.e8 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 891.e8 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 891.e8 | ||
| Etiology | 891.e8 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 891.e8 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 891.e8 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 891.e8 | ||
| Anatomy | 891.e8 | ||
| Pathology | 891.e9 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 891.e9 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 891.e9 | ||
| Radiography | 891.e9 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 891.e10 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 891.e10 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 891.e10 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 891.e11 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 891.e11 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 891.e11 | ||
| Etiology | 891.e11 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 891.e11 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 891.e11 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 891.e12 | ||
| Anatomy | 891.e12 | ||
| Pathology | 891.e12 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 891.e13 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 891.e13 | ||
| Radiography | 891.e13 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 891.e15 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 891.e15 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 891.e16 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 891.e16 | ||
| References for Acromegaly and Pituitary Gigantism | 891.e16 | ||
| References for Hypopituitarism | 891.e16 | ||
| References for Hyperthyroidism | 891.e17 | ||
| References for Hypothyroidism | 891.e17 | ||
| 81 Gaucher Disease* | 892 | ||
| Abstract | 892 | ||
| Etiology | 892.e1 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 892.e1 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 892.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 892.e1 | ||
| Anatomy | 892.e1 | ||
| Nonskeletal | 892.e1 | ||
| Skeletal Features | 892.e1 | ||
| Pathology | 892.e2 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 892.e2 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 892.e2 | ||
| Pros and Cons | 892.e3 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 892.e3 | ||
| Radiography | 892.e3 | ||
| Bone Densitometry | 892.e3 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 892.e4 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 892.e7 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 892.e7 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 892.e7 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 892.e8 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 892.e8 | ||
| Enzyme Replacement Therapy | 892.e8 | ||
| Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Children | 892.e8 | ||
| Monitoring the Effects of Treatment | 892.e8 | ||
| Costs | 892.e9 | ||
| Substrate Reduction Therapy | 892.e9 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 892.e10 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 892.e10 | ||
| References | 892.e10 | ||
| 82 Storage Diseases | 893 | ||
| Abstract | 893 | ||
| Etiology | 893.e1 | ||
| 6 Musculoskeletal Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions | 901 | ||
| 90 The Patient with a Tumor or a Tumor-Like Lesion of Bone | 901 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 901 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 904.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 904.e1 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 904.e2 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 904.e2 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 904 | ||
| Radiography | 908 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 911 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 913 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 913.e1 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 916.e1 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 916.e1 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 916 | ||
| References | 916.e1 | ||
| 91 The Patient with a Soft Tissue Lump | 917 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 917 | ||
| Recognition | 917 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 917 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 918 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 918.e1 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 919 | ||
| Defining the Shape and Structure of a Lesion | 919 | ||
| Vascularity | 920 | ||
| Calcification | 920 | ||
| Muscle Injury | 921 | ||
| Old Injury | 921 | ||
| Acute Injury: Hematomas | 921 | ||
| Nerve-Related Lesions | 921 | ||
| Lesions According to Site | 921 | ||
| Locating Spread | 921.e1 | ||
| The Decision to Biopsy | 921.e1 | ||
| Summary | 921 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 923 | ||
| References | 923.e1 | ||
| 92 Primary Bone Tumors | 924 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 924 | ||
| Osteoid-Producing Tumors | 924 | ||
| Osteoma | 924 | ||
| Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma | 924 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 927 | ||
| Conventional (High-Grade Intramedullary) Osteosarcoma | 927 | ||
| Multicentric Osteosarcoma | 928.e1 | ||
| Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma | 928 | ||
| Low-Grade Central Osteosarcoma | 928.e1 | ||
| Surface Osteosarcoma | 928 | ||
| Parosteal Osteosarcoma | 928 | ||
| Periosteal Osteosarcoma | 929 | ||
| High-Grade Surface Osteosarcoma | 930 | ||
| Secondary Osteosarcoma | 930 | ||
| Cartilage-Producing Tumors | 930 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 930 | ||
| Chondroma | 931 | ||
| Chondroblastoma | 933 | ||
| Chondromyxoid Fibroma | 933 | ||
| Chondrosarcoma | 934 | ||
| Central Chondrosarcoma | 934 | ||
| Secondary Peripheral Chondrosarcoma and Periosteal Chondrosarcoma | 935 | ||
| Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma | 935 | ||
| Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma | 935 | ||
| Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma | 935 | ||
| Fibrogenic and Fibrohistiocytic Tumors | 935 | ||
| Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone | 936.e1 | ||
| Desmoplastic Fibroma | 936.e1 | ||
| Fibrosarcoma | 936.e1 | ||
| Hematopoietic (Myeloproliferative) Tumors | 936 | ||
| Lymphoma | 936 | ||
| Osteoclastic Giant Cell Rich Tumors | 937 | ||
| Notochordal Tumors | 938 | ||
| Vascular Tumors | 939 | ||
| Hemangioma | 939 | ||
| Glomus Tumor, Cystic Angiomatosis, Lymphangiomatosis, and Gorham Disease | 940 | ||
| Glomus Tumor | 940 | ||
| Cystic Angiomatosis, Lymphangiomatosis, and Gorham Disease | 940.e1 | ||
| Epithelioid Hemangioma | 940.e1 | ||
| Angiosarcoma and Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma | 940.e1 | ||
| Myogenic Tumors | 940 | ||
| Lipogenic Tumors | 940 | ||
| Miscellaneous Tumors | 940 | ||
| Tumors of Undefined Neoplastic Nature | 942 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 942 | ||
| References | 942.e1 | ||
| 93 Myeloma | 944 | ||
| Etiology | 944 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 944 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 944 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 944 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 945 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 945 | ||
| Pros and Cons | 945 | ||
| Radiography Versus Magnetic Resonance | 945 | ||
| Computed Tomography Versus Radiography | 945 | ||
| Computed Tomography Versus Magnetic Resonance | 945 | ||
| Whole-Body Versus Spinal MR-Imaging | 946 | ||
| Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Versus Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography | 946 | ||
| Controversies | 946 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 947 | ||
| Radiography | 947 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 947 | ||
| Prognosis | 951 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 951 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine Studies | 953 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography– Computed Tomography | 953 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 953 | ||
| Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance, Smoldering Myeloma | 953 | ||
| Solitary Plasmacytoma | 954 | ||
| Vertebral Fractures | 954 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 955 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 955 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 956 | ||
| Evaluation of Relapse/Response to Therapy | 957 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 958 | ||
| References | 958.e1 | ||
| 94 Tumor-Like Lesions of Bone | 959 | ||
| Manifestations of Disease | 959 | ||
| Cystic Lesions | 959 | ||
| Simple Bone Cyst | 959 | ||
| Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | 959 | ||
| Epidermal Inclusion Cyst | 960 | ||
| Intraosseous Ganglion | 960 | ||
| Fibrous Lesions | 962 | ||
| Fibrous Cortical Defect/Nonossifying Fibroma | 962 | ||
| Fibrous Dysplasia | 964 | ||
| Osteofibrous Dysplasia | 965 | ||
| Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumor | 967 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis | 967 | ||
| Metabolic Disorders | 967 | ||
| Normal Variants | 968 | ||
| Posttraumatic Disorders | 969 | ||
| Stress Fractures | 969.e1 | ||
| Avulsion Injuries | 969.e2 | ||
| Subperiosteal Hemorrhage and Hyperplastic Callus | 969 | ||
| Posttraumatic Bone Cysts | 969.e2 | ||
| Infection | 969 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 969 | ||
| References | 969.e4 | ||
| 95 Soft Tissue Tumors | 970 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 970 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 970 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 970 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 974 | ||
| Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Tumors | 974 | ||
| Nodular Fasciitis | 974 | ||
| Elastofibroma Dorsi | 975 | ||
| Fibromatoses | 975 | ||
| Palmar Fibromatosis | 975 | ||
| Plantar Fibromatosis | 975 | ||
| Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis (Aggressive Fibromatosis) | 976 | ||
| Abdominal Fibromatosis | 976 | ||
| Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans | 976 | ||
| Solitary Fibrous Tumor | 977 | ||
| Adult Fibrosarcoma | 977 | ||
| Myxofibrosarcoma | 977 | ||
| Fibrohistiocytic Tumors | 977 | ||
| Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath | 977 | ||
| Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (Diffuse-Type Giant Cell Tumor) | 979 | ||
| Xanthoma | 979 | ||
| Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma with Prominent Osteoclastic Giant Cells | 979 | ||
| Lipomatous Tumors | 979 | ||
| Lipoma | 979 | ||
| Chondroid Lipoma | 979 | ||
| Lipoblastoma | 981 | ||
| Lipoma of Tendon Sheath | 981 | ||
| Lipoma Arborescens | 981 | ||
| Lipomatosis of Nerve (Fibrolipomatous Hamartoma) | 981 | ||
| Diffuse Lipomatosis | 982 | ||
| Hibernoma | 982 | ||
| Malignant Lipomatous Tumors | 983 | ||
| Atypical Lipomatous Tumor, Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma, or Lipoma-like Liposarcoma | 983 | ||
| Myxoid Liposarcoma | 983 | ||
| Pleomorphic and Round Cell Liposarcoma | 983 | ||
| Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma | 983 | ||
| Tumors of Vascular Origin | 984 | ||
| Benign Vascular Soft Tissue Lesions | 984 | ||
| Vascular Tumors of Intermediate Malignancy Grade | 986 | ||
| Tumors of Lymphatic Origin | 987 | ||
| Tumors of Muscular Origin | 987 | ||
| Synovial Tumors | 987 | ||
| Tumors of Peripheral Nerves | 987 | ||
| Extraskeletal Cartilaginous and Osseous Tumors | 989 | ||
| Synovial Osteochondromatosis | 989 | ||
| Extraskeletal Chondrosarcoma | 989 | ||
| Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma | 991 | ||
| Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors | 991 | ||
| Tumors of Uncertain Differentiation | 991 | ||
| Soft Tissue Metastases | 993 | ||
| Pediatric Soft Tissue Tumors | 993 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 993.e1 | ||
| Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics of Soft Tissue Tumors | 993.e1 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 993.e1 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 994 | ||
| References | 995.e1 | ||
| 96 Tumor-like Soft Tissue Lesions | 996 | ||
| Normal Anatomic Variations and Muscular Anomalies | 996 | ||
| Inflammatory and Infectious Lesions | 996 | ||
| Necrotizing Fasciitis | 996.e1 | ||
| Abscess | 996.e1 | ||
| Pyomyositis | 996.e3 | ||
| Hydatid Cystic Disease | 996.e4 | ||
| Focal Myositis | 996.e4 | ||
| Diabetic Muscle Infarction | 996 | ||
| Bursitis | 997 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 998.e1 | ||
| Cat-Scratch Disease | 998.e1 | ||
| Actinomycosis | 998.e1 | ||
| Traumatic Lesions | 998 | ||
| Hematoma and Contusion | 998 | ||
| Foreign Body Reactions | 1001 | ||
| Calcific Myonecrosis | 1002 | ||
| Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome | 1002 | ||
| Muscle Herniations | 1003 | ||
| Myositis Ossificans | 1005 | ||
| Injection Granulomas | 1009 | ||
| Skin Lesions | 1009 | ||
| Pilomatricoma | 1009 | ||
| Granuloma Annulare | 1009 | ||
| Epidermal Inclusion Cyst | 1010 | ||
| Crystal Depositions | 1010 | ||
| Gout and Pseudogout | 1010 | ||
| Calcific Tendinosis | 1011 | ||
| Other Vascular Lesions | 1013 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 1013 | ||
| Tumoral Calcinosis | 1013 | ||
| Amyloid Tumor of Soft Tissue | 1014 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1015 | ||
| References | 1015.e1 | ||
| 97 Metastatic Disease | 1016 | ||
| Etiology | 1016.e1 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 1016 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1016 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1016 | ||
| Anatomy | 1016 | ||
| Pathology | 1017 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 1018 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 1018.e1 | ||
| Radiography | 1018 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1019 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomography | 1019.e1 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1019.e1 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 1019 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography | 1020 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance | 1020 | ||
| Pros and Cons | 1022 | ||
| Controversies | 1022 | ||
| Which Whole-Body Imaging Technique Is Best for Initial Staging and Subsequent Monitoring? | 1022 | ||
| Does Magnetic Field Strength Matter? | 1022 | ||
| Are Intravenous Contrast Agents Needed? | 1022 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 1022 | ||
| Spinal Involvement | 1022 | ||
| Radiography | 1024 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1024 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomography | 1026 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 1026 | ||
| Ivory Vertebrae | 1026 | ||
| Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy | 1026 | ||
| Radiography | 1026.e2 | ||
| Nuclear Medicine | 1026.e2 | ||
| Focal Periosteal Reaction | 1027 | ||
| Cortical Metastases | 1027 | ||
| Soft Tissue Mass | 1027 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1028 | ||
| Multidetector Computed Tomography | 1028 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1028 | ||
| Synovial Involvement | 1028 | ||
| Pathologic Fracture | 1029 | ||
| Radiography | 1030 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1030 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 1030 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 1030 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1030 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 1031 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 1031 | ||
| Treatment Response | 1032 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1032 | ||
| References | 1032.e1 | ||
| 98 Treatment Strategies for Musculoskeletal Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions | 1033 | ||
| Functionality | 1033 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1033 | ||
| Patient History | 1033 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1033 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 1033 | ||
| Imaging | 1033 | ||
| Biopsy | 1034 | ||
| Principles of Treatment | 1034 | ||
| Staging and Compartments | 1035 | ||
| Systemic Control | 1036 | ||
| Local Control | 1036 | ||
| Surgery | 1036 | ||
| (Neo)adjuvant Therapies | 1037 | ||
| Antiblastic Chemotherapy | 1038 | ||
| Isolating Limb Perfusion | 1038 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 1038 | ||
| Arterial Embolization | 1038 | ||
| Radiofrequency Ablation | 1038 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 1038 | ||
| Benign Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors | 1039 | ||
| Malignant Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor | 1039 | ||
| Bone Metastases | 1040 | ||
| Surgical Techniques | 1040 | ||
| Amputation | 1040 | ||
| Limb Salvage | 1040 | ||
| Prosthetic Device | 1040 | ||
| Bone Allograft | 1041 | ||
| Allograft Prosthetic Composite | 1041 | ||
| Bone Transplant | 1043 | ||
| Choosing a Type of Reconstruction | 1043 | ||
| The Patient’s Choice | 1043 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 1044 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1044 | ||
| References | 1045.e1 | ||
| 99 Staging Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors | 1046 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 1046 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance | 1046 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1047.e1 | ||
| Bone Scintigraphy | 1047.e2 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography | 1047.e2 | ||
| Controversies | 1047 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 1047 | ||
| Bone Marrow Involvement | 1048 | ||
| Cortex | 1049 | ||
| Periosteum | 1049 | ||
| Muscular Compartments | 1050 | ||
| Neurovascular Bundle | 1051 | ||
| Joints | 1052 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1053 | ||
| References | 1053.e1 | ||
| 100 Monitoring Therapy in Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors | 1054 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1054.e1 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 1054.e1 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1054.e1 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1054.e3 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1054.e4 | ||
| Monitoring Therapy | 1054 | ||
| Conventional Radiography | 1054 | ||
| Unenhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1054 | ||
| Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1054 | ||
| Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1055 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1055 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 1055 | ||
| Imaging Post-Therapeutic Changes and Recurrences | 1055 | ||
| Benign Bone Tumors | 1055 | ||
| Sarcomas | 1063 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography in Detection of Recurrence | 1065 | ||
| Imaging as Surveillance Strategy | 1066 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1069 | ||
| References | 1069.e1 | ||
| 7 Clinically Relevant Development Dysplasias | 1070 | ||
| 101 Focal Growth Disturbances | 1070 | ||
| Etiology | 1070 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 1070 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1070 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1070.e1 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 1070.e1 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 1070.e1 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 1070 | ||
| Absent or Hypoplastic Bones (Deficiency) | 1070 | ||
| Glenoid Hypoplasia | 1070 | ||
| 8 Postsurgical Imaging and Complications | 1107 | ||
| 106 Principles and Complications of Orthopedic Hardware | 1107 | ||
| Plates and Screws | 1107.e1 | ||
| Cortical Plates | 1107 | ||
| Locked Plates | 1108 | ||
| Screws | 1110 | ||
| Intramedullary Devices | 1111 | ||
| Pediatric Fixation | 1113 | ||
| Fractures | 1113 | ||
| External Fixators | 1113 | ||
| Osteotomies and Epiphysiodesis | 1113 | ||
| Arthroplasty and Arthrodesis | 1114 | ||
| Spine Hardware | 1115 | ||
| Biologic Implants | 1117 | ||
| Bone Graft Substitutes | 1117 | ||
| Bioabsorbable Hardware | 1117 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging and Complications | 1118 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging | 1118 | ||
| Infection | 1119 | ||
| Loosening | 1119 | ||
| Catastrophic Failure | 1119 | ||
| Complications of Joint Replacements | 1119 | ||
| Implant-Related Sarcoma | 1119.e1 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1121 | ||
| 107 Postoperative Shoulder | 1123 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 1123.e1 | ||
| Subacromial Decompression | 1123 | ||
| Description | 1123 | ||
| Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1123.e2 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities | 1123 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1123 | ||
| Rotator Cuff Repair or Débridement | 1125 | ||
| Description | 1125 | ||
| Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1126.e1 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities | 1126 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1128 | ||
| Repairs for Glenohumeral Instability | 1128 | ||
| Description | 1128 | ||
| Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1129.e2 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities | 1129 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1130 | ||
| Shoulder Replacement | 1132 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1134 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1135 | ||
| References | 1135.e1 | ||
| 108 Postoperative Elbow, Wrist, and Hand | 1136 | ||
| Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow Reconstruction | 1136 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, Underlying Mechanics | 1136 | ||
| Figure-of-Eight Repair | 1136.e1 | ||
| Muscle-Splitting Modification | 1136.e1 | ||
| American Sports Medicine Institute (ASMI) Modification | 1136.e1 | ||
| Suture Anchor Method | 1136.e1 | ||
| Docking Technique | 1136.e2 | ||
| Interference Technique | 1136.e2 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1136 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1136 | ||
| Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Elbow Reconstruction | 1137 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1137 | ||
| Presentation and Indications for Operative Treatment | 1137 | ||
| Primary Ligament Repair | 1138.e1 | ||
| Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex Reconstruction | 1138.e1 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1138 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1138 | ||
| Ulnar Nerve Decompression | 1139 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1139 | ||
| Indications for Operative Ulnar Nerve Treatment | 1139.e1 | ||
| Surgical Therapy for Ulnar Nerve Decompression | 1139 | ||
| Simple Decompression of the Ulnar Nerve | 1139 | ||
| Ulnar Nerve Transposition | 1139 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1139 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1140 | ||
| Epicondylitis | 1141 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1141 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1141 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1142 | ||
| Biceps Tendon | 1142 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1142 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1143 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1143 | ||
| Triceps Tendon | 1144 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1144 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1145 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1145 | ||
| Olecranon Bursitis | 1145 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1145 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1146 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1146 | ||
| Common Elbow Fractures | 1146 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1146 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1147 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1148 | ||
| Elbow Arthroplasty | 1150 | ||
| Capitellar Resurfacing Arthroplasty | 1150 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1150 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiographic Appearance | 1150 | ||
| Distal Forearm Fractures at the Wrist | 1151 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1151 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1151 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1152 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 1152 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1152 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1152 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1153 | ||
| Scaphoid Fractures | 1153 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1153 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1154 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1154 | ||
| Postoperative Evaluation of Carpometacarpal, Metacarpal, and Phalangeal Trauma, Including the Surrounding Soft Tissue Structures | 1156 | ||
| Description, Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanics | 1156 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Imaging | 1157 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1158 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1161 | ||
| Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow Reconstruction | 1161 | ||
| Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Elbow Reconstruction | 1161 | ||
| Ulnar Nerve Decompression | 1161 | ||
| Epicondylitis | 1161 | ||
| Biceps Tendon | 1161 | ||
| Triceps Tendon | 1161 | ||
| Olecranon Bursitis | 1161 | ||
| Common Elbow Fractures | 1161 | ||
| Elbow Arthroplasty | 1161 | ||
| Distal Forearm Fractures at the Wrist | 1161 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 1161 | ||
| Scaphoid Fractures | 1161 | ||
| Postoperative Evaluation of Carpometacarpal, Metacarpal, and Phalangeal Trauma Including the Surrounding Soft Tissue Structures | 1161 | ||
| References | 1161.e1 | ||
| 109 Postoperative Hip | 1162 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging in Arthroscopic Hip Surgery | 1162 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging of the Labrum | 1162 | ||
| Femoroacetabular Impingement | 1162 | ||
| Imaging Post-Capsular, Chondral, and Ligamentum Teres Repair | 1162 | ||
| Cartilage Injury | 1162.e1 | ||
| Capsular Injury | 1162.e2 | ||
| Ligamentum Teres Injury | 1162.e2 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging in Arthroplastic Hip Surgery | 1162 | ||
| Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Biomechanics | 1162.e3 | ||
| Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities | 1162 | ||
| Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance | 1163.e1 | ||
| Loosening | 1163 | ||
| Dislocation | 1164 | ||
| Infection | 1165 | ||
| Acetabular Liner Wear | 1166 | ||
| Particle Disease | 1166 | ||
| Metallosis and Related Conditions | 1168 | ||
| Periprosthetic Fracture | 1169 | ||
| Heterotopic Bone Formation | 1169 | ||
| Pseudobursae | 1169.e1 | ||
| Iliopsoas Impingement | 1169 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1170 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging in Arthroscopic Hip Surgery | 1170 | ||
| Postoperative Imaging in Arthroplastic Hip Surgery | 1170 | ||
| References | 1170.e1 | ||
| 110 Postoperative Knee | 1171 | ||
| Arthroscopy | 1171 | ||
| 9 Miscellaneous | 1217 | ||
| 114 Temporomandibular Joint | 1217 | ||
| Abstract | 1217 | ||
| Etiology | 1217 | ||
| Prevalence and Epidemiology | 1217 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 1217 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1217.e1 | ||
| Anatomy | 1217.e1 | ||
| Pathology (with Radiologic/Pathologic Correlation) | 1217.e1 | ||
| Imaging Techniques | 1217.e2 | ||
| Techniques and Relevant Aspects | 1217.e2 | ||
| Plain Radiography | 1217.e2 | ||
| Arthrography | 1217.e2 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1217.e2 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1217.e2 | ||
| Manifestations of the Disease | 1217.e3 | ||
| Complications of Internal Derangement | 1217.e5 | ||
| Synopsis of Treatment Options | 1217.e6 | ||
| Medical Management | 1217.e6 | ||
| Surgical Management | 1217.e6 | ||
| References | 1217.e8 | ||
| 115 Dental Imaging | 1218 | ||
| Abstract | 1218 | ||
| Diagnosis of Mandibular and Maxillary Lesions | 1218.e1 | ||
| Site or Location | 1218.e1 | ||
| Periphery and Shape | 1218.e1 | ||
| Internal Structure | 1218.e1 | ||
| Effects on Surrounding Structures | 1218.e1 | ||
| Inflammatory Diseases | 1218.e1 | ||
| Periapical Inflammatory Disease | 1218.e1 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1218.e1 | ||
| 10 Musculoskeletal Procedures | 1220 | ||
| 117 Biopsy: | 1220 | ||
| Abstract | 1220 | ||
| Indications | 1220.e1 | ||
| Open Biopsy versus Percutaneous Needle Biopsy | 1220.e1 | ||
| Contraindications | 1220.e1 | ||
| Equipment (Optimal and Including Contrast) | 1220.e1 | ||
| Guidance Modality | 1220.e1 | ||
| Needles | 1220.e2 | ||
| Technique | 1220.e3 | ||
| Approaches | 1220.e3 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 1220.e4 | ||
| Computed Tomography Techniques | 1220.e4 | ||
| Ultrasound Techniques | 1220.e4 | ||
| Medications | 1220.e5 | ||
| Biopsy | 1220.e5 | ||
| Controversies | 1220.e5 | ||
| Who Should Perform Biopsies of Suspected Soft Tissue Sarcomas? | 1220.e5 | ||
| Should Blind or Image-Guided Needle Biopsies for Soft Tissue Sarcomas Be Used? | 1220.e5 | ||
| Complications | 1220.e6 | ||
| Post-Procedure and Follow-Up Care | 1220.e6 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1220.e6 | ||
| References | 1220.e6 | ||
| 118 Percutaneous Biopsy of the Appendicular Skeleton | 1221 | ||
| Abstract | 1221 | ||
| Indications | 1221 | ||
| Contraindications | 1221 | ||
| Equipment and Technical Aspects | 1221 | ||
| Preoperative Assessment | 1221 | ||
| Technique | 1221 | ||
| Complications | 1221 | ||
| Results | 1221 | ||
| Indications | 1221.e1 | ||
| Bone Metastases | 1221.e1 | ||
| Primary Bone Tumors | 1221.e1 | ||
| Skeletal Infections | 1221.e1 | ||
| Other Indications | 1221.e1 | ||
| Contraindications | 1221.e1 | ||
| Equipment and Technical Aspects | 1221.e1 | ||
| Radiologic Guidance | 1221.e1 | ||
| Biopsy Needles | 1221.e1 | ||
| Specimen Handling | 1221.e2 | ||
| Preoperative Assessment | 1221.e2 | ||
| Technique | 1221.e2 | ||
| Long Bones | 1221.e2 | ||
| Peripheral and Flat Bones | 1221.e2 | ||
| Sclerotic Lesions | 1221.e3 | ||
| Joints | 1221.e3 | ||
| Complications | 1221.e4 | ||
| Results | 1221.e4 | ||
| Suspected Diagnosis | 1221.e4 | ||
| Location of the Lesion | 1221.e4 | ||
| Radiologic Features | 1221.e4 | ||
| References | 1221.e4 | ||
| 119 Percutaneous Biopsy of the Spine | 1222 | ||
| Abstract | 1222 | ||
| Indications | 1222 | ||
| Contraindications | 1222 | ||
| Technique | 1222 | ||
| Equipment and Material | 1222 | ||
| Complications | 1222 | ||
| Results | 1222 | ||
| Indications | 1222.e1 | ||
| Bone Metastases | 1222.e1 | ||
| Primary Bone Tumors | 1222.e1 | ||
| Spinal Infections | 1222.e1 | ||
| Other Indications | 1222.e1 | ||
| Contraindications | 1222.e1 | ||
| Equipment and Material | 1222.e1 | ||
| Radiologic Guidance | 1222.e1 | ||
| Biopsy Needles | 1222.e1 | ||
| Specimen Handling | 1222.e2 | ||
| Preoperative Assessment | 1222.e3 | ||
| Technique | 1222.e3 | ||
| Lumbar Spine | 1222.e3 | ||
| Appendices | 1229 | ||
| Appendix 1 Measurements Most Frequently Used in Orthopedic Imaging | 1229 | ||
| Abstract | 1229 | ||
| Measurement Variability | 1230.e1 | ||
| Spine Measurements: Imaging of Scoliosis | 1230.e2 | ||
| Cobb Angle | 1230.e2 | ||
| Sagittal and Coronal Balance | 1230.e3 | ||
| Vertebral Rotation | 1230.e4 | ||
| Rib-Vertebral Angle Difference | 1230.e4 | ||
| Measurements in the Upper Extremity | 1230.e4 | ||
| Axial Angle of the Shoulder | 1230.e4 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Distance | 1230.e4 | ||
| Glenohumeral Joint Space | 1230.e4 | ||
| Glenoid Version | 1230.e4 | ||
| Measurement on Shoulder Bony Stock | 1230.e5 | ||
| Measurements in Hill-Sachs Lesions | 1230.e5 | ||
| Shoulder Greater Tuberosity Displacement in Isolated Fracture | 1230.e6 | ||
| Bony Bankart Measurement | 1230.e6 | ||
| Carrying Angle of the Elbow | 1230.e6 | ||
| Ulnar Variance | 1230.e6 | ||
| Carpal Height | 1230.e7 | ||
| Radial Inclination | 1230.e8 | ||
| Palmar Tilt | 1230.e8 | ||
| Radial Length | 1230.e8 | ||
| Radial Shift | 1230.e8 | ||
| Ulnar Translocation of the Carpus | 1230.e8 | ||
| Scapholunate Distance | 1230.e9 | ||
| Scapholunate and Capitolunate Angles | 1230.e9 | ||
| Carpal Angle | 1230.e10 | ||
| Hip Measurements | 1230.e10 | ||
| Acetabular Angle | 1230.e10 | ||
| Sonographic Assessment of Congenital Hip Dysplasia | 1230.e10 | ||
| Wiberg’s Center-Edge Angle | 1230.e11 | ||
| HTE (Horizontal Toit Externe) Angle | 1230.e11 | ||
| Acetabular Index | 1230.e11 | ||
| Femoral Head Coverage | 1230.e11 | ||
| Hip Joint Width | 1230.e12 | ||
| Distance from Acetabulum to Ilioischiatic Line | 1230.e12 | ||
| Acetabular Sector Angles | 1230.e12 | ||
| Femoral Angle (Neck-Shaft Angle) | 1230.e13 | ||
| Angle of Anteversion of the Femoral Head | 1230.e13 | ||
| Lower Extremity Measurements | 1230.e13 | ||
| Axial Angles of the Knee | 1230.e13 | ||
| Metaphyseal-Diaphyseal Angle of the Tibia | 1230.e14 | ||
| Tibial Torsion | 1230.e14 | ||
| Angle of the Tibial Plateau | 1230.e14 | ||
| Patellar Height | 1230.e14 | ||
| Patellar Congruence Angle | 1230.e15 | ||
| Patellar Tilt Angle | 1230.e15 | ||
| Tibial Tubercle–Femoral Sulcus Distance | 1230.e16 | ||
| Boehler Angle | 1230.e16 | ||
| Axial Angles of the Ankle | 1230.e16 | ||
| Dorsoplantar Talocalcaneal Angle (Kite Angle) | 1230.e17 | ||
| Lateral Talocalcaneal Angle | 1230.e17 | ||
| Calcaneal Pitch | 1230.e17 | ||
| Hallux Valgus Angles | 1230.e18 | ||
| ▶ Suggested Readings | 1230.e18 | ||
| References | 1230.e18 | ||
| Appendix 2 Orthopedic Devices | 1231 | ||
| Abstract | 1231 | ||
| Plates and Screws | 1231.e1 | ||
| Blade Plate and Screws | 1231.e1 | ||
| Reconstruction Plate | 1231.e1 | ||
| Buttress Plate and Screws | 1231.e1 | ||
| Screws | 1231.e1 | ||
| Cortical Screws | 1231.e1 | ||
| Cancellous Screws | 1231.e1 | ||
| Cannulated Screws | 1231.e2 | ||
| Acutrak Screw | 1231.e2 | ||
| Herbert Screw | 1231.e2 | ||
| Interference Screws | 1231.e3 | ||
| Bioabsorbable Screws | 1231.e3 | ||
| MBA (Maxwell-Brancheau) Screw | 1231.e3 | ||
| Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) | 1231.e4 | ||
| Intramedullary Devices | 1231.e4 | ||
| Intramedullary Nail | 1231.e4 | ||
| Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nail (ESIN) | 1231.e4 | ||
| Cephalomedullary Nail | 1231.e5 | ||
| Wires and Pins | 1231.e5 | ||
| Kirschner Wires | 1231.e5 | ||
| Cerclage Wires | 1231.e5 | ||
| Tension Band Wiring | 1231.e5 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 1231.e6 | ||
| Staples | 1231.e6 | ||
| Endobutton | 1231.e6 | ||
| Suture Anchors | 1231.e6 | ||
| Arthoplasty | 1231.e7 | ||
| Shoulder Arthroplasty | 1231.e7 | ||
| Reverse Total-Shoulder Arthroplasty | 1231.e7 | ||
| Arthrosurface HemiCAP | 1231.e7 | ||
| Radial Head Hemiarthroplasty | 1231.e8 | ||
| Bipolar Hip Hemiarthroplasty | 1231.e8 | ||
| Total-Hip Arthroplasty | 1231.e8 | ||
| Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty | 1231.e11 | ||
| Unicompartmental (Partial) Knee Arthroplasty | 1231.e11 | ||
| Total-Knee Arthroplasty | 1231.e11 | ||
| Total-Ankle Arthroplasty | 1231.e11 | ||
| MTP Joint Arthroplasty | 1231.e13 | ||
| Antibiotic-Impregnated Cement Spacer | 1231.e14 | ||
| Spine Instrumentation | 1231.e15 | ||
| Corpectomy and Anterior Fusion | 1231.e15 | ||
| Lumbar Diskectomy and Fusion | 1231.e16 | ||
| Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion | 1231.e16 | ||
| Lateral Mass Plate and Screws | 1231.e17 | ||
| Disk Replacement | 1231.e18 | ||
| Interspinous Process Devices | 1231.e18 | ||
| Appendix 3 Fractures with Names | 1232 | ||
| Abstract | 1232 | ||
| Fractures with an Eponym | 1232.e2 | ||
| Fractures Having a Special Name | 1232.e9 | ||
| Salter-Harris Classification of Fractures Through the Growth Plate Physis | 1232.e11 | ||
| References | 1232.e11 | ||
| Appendix 4 Diseases with Names | 1233 | ||
| Baastrup Disease | 1233 | ||
| De Quervain Disease | 1233 | ||
| A | 1233.e1 | ||
| Aarskog Syndrome | 1233.e1 | ||
| Achondrogenesis | 1233.e1 | ||
| Ahlback Disease | 1233.e1 | ||
| Albers-Schönberg Disease | 1233.e1 | ||
| Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy (Pseudohypoparathyroidism) | 1233.e1 | ||
| Allison-Ghormley Nodule | 1233.e1 | ||
| Andersson Lesion | 1233.e1 | ||
| Antley-Bixler Syndrome | 1233.e1 | ||
| Askin Tumor | 1233.e1 | ||
| B | 1233.e1 | ||
| Baastrup Disease | 1233.e1 | ||
| Baker Cyst | 1233.e1 | ||
| Baller-Gerold Syndrome | 1233.e1 | ||
| Bankart Lesion | 1233.e2 | ||
| Bannayan Syndrome | 1233.e2 | ||
| Becker Muscular Dystrophy | 1233.e2 | ||
| Behçet Syndrome | 1233.e2 | ||
| Bekhterev-Strümpell-Marie Disease | 1233.e2 | ||
| Bennett Lesion | 1233.e2 | ||
| Blount Disease | 1233.e2 | ||
| Bouchard Nodes | 1233.e2 | ||
| Brodie Abscess | 1233.e2 | ||
| Buchanan Disease | 1233.e2 | ||
| Buford Complex | 1233.e3 | ||
| Bureau-Barriere Syndrome | 1233.e3 | ||
| Burnett Syndrome | 1233.e3 | ||
| Burns Disease | 1233.e3 | ||
| Buschke-Ollendorff Syndrome | 1233.e3 | ||
| C | 1233.e3 | ||
| Caffey Disease (Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis) | 1233.e3 | ||
| Calvé Syndrome | 1233.e3 | ||
| Camurati-Engelmann Disease (Diaphyseal Dysplasia) | 1233.e3 | ||
| Carpenter Syndrome (Acrocephalopolysyndactyly) | 1233.e3 | ||
| Chandler Disease | 1233.e3 | ||
| Charcot Joint (Neuropathic Arthropathy) | 1233.e3 | ||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease | 1233.e3 | ||
| Chotzen Syndrome | 1233.e3 | ||
| Clutton Joint | 1233.e4 | ||
| Conradi-Hünermann Disease (Chondrodysplasia Calcificans Congenita) | 1233.e4 | ||
| Cope Syndrome | 1233.e4 | ||
| Crohn Disease | 1233.e4 | ||
| Crouzon Syndrome | 1233.e4 | ||
| D | 1233.e4 | ||
| De Quervain Disease | 1233.e4 | ||
| Dejerine-Sottas Neuropathy | 1233.e4 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 1233.e4 | ||
| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | 1233.e5 | ||
| Dupuytren Contracture | 1233.e5 | ||
| Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Syndrome | 1233.e5 | ||
| E | 1233.e5 | ||
| Eagle Syndrome | 1233.e5 | ||
| Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome | 1233.e5 | ||
| Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome (Chondroectodermal Dysplasia) | 1233.e5 | ||
| Erb Dystrophy (Dystrophia Musculorum Progressiva) | 1233.e5 | ||
| Erdheim-Chester Disease (Lipid Granulomatosis) | 1233.e5 | ||
| Ewing Sarcoma | 1233.e5 | ||
| F | 1233.e5 | ||
| Fabry Disease | 1233.e5 | ||
| Fairbank-Ribbing Disease (Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia) | 1233.e6 | ||
| Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger Syndrome | 1233.e6 | ||
| Farber Disease | 1233.e6 | ||
| Felty Syndrome | 1233.e6 | ||
| Fong Syndrome (Osteo-Onychodysplasia) | 1233.e6 | ||
| Forestier Disease | 1233.e6 | ||
| Freiberg Disease | 1233.e6 | ||
| G | 1233.e6 | ||
| Gardner Syndrome | 1233.e6 | ||
| Garré Osteomyelitis (Sclerosing Nonsuppurative Osteomyelitis) | 1233.e6 | ||
| Gaucher Disease (Glycosylceramide Lipidosis) | 1233.e6 | ||
| Goldenhar Syndrome (Oculoauriculovertebral Dysplasia) | 1233.e6 | ||
| Goltz Syndrome (Focal Dermal Hypoplasia) | 1233.e7 | ||
| Gorham Disease (Massive Osteolysis, Vanishing Bone Disease) | 1233.e7 | ||
| Gorlin Cyst (Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst) | 1233.e7 | ||
| Greig Syndrome (Orbital Hypertelorism) | 1233.e7 | ||
| Grisel Syndrome | 1233.e7 | ||
| Guyon Canal Syndrome (Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome) | 1233.e7 | ||
| H | 1233.e7 | ||
| Haglund Syndrome (Tendons and Ligaments) | 1233.e7 | ||
| Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome | 1233.e7 | ||
| Hand-Schüller-Christian Disease | 1233.e7 | ||
| Hardcastle Syndrome | 1233.e8 | ||
| Hass Disease | 1233.e8 | ||
| Heberden Nodes | 1233.e8 | ||
| Hallermann-Streiff-François (Oculomandibulodyscephaly) | 1233.e8 | ||
| Hill-Sachs Deformity | 1233.e8 | ||
| Hodgkin Disease | 1233.e8 | ||
| Hoffa Disease | 1233.e8 | ||
| Hoffmann Syndrome | 1233.e8 | ||
| Holt-Oram Syndrome | 1233.e8 | ||
| Hunter Syndrome | 1233.e8 | ||
| Hurler Syndrome | 1233.e8 | ||
| I | 1233.e8 | ||
| Isaacs Syndrome | 1233.e8 | ||
| Iselin Disease | 1233.e8 | ||
| J | 1233.e8 | ||
| Jaccoud Arthropathy | 1233.e8 | ||
| Jackson-Weiss Syndrome | 1233.e9 | ||
| Jaffe-Campanacci Syndrome | 1233.e9 | ||
| Jansen-Type Metaphyseal Dysplasia | 1233.e9 | ||
| Jeune Syndrome (Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy) | 1233.e9 | ||
| Joseph, Acro-osteolysis of | 1233.e9 | ||
| K | 1233.e9 | ||
| Kahler Disease | 1233.e9 | ||
| Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome | 1233.e9 | ||
| Kashin-Beck Disease | 1233.e9 | ||
| Kenny-Caffey Syndrome | 1233.e9 | ||
| Kienböck Disease | 1233.e9 | ||
| Kiloh-Nevin Syndrome | 1233.e9 | ||
| Kirner Deformity | 1233.e10 | ||
| Klinefelter Syndrome | 1233.e10 | ||
| Klippel-Feil Syndrome | 1233.e10 | ||
| Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome (Parkes-Weber Syndrome) | 1233.e10 | ||
| Kniest Dysplasia | 1233.e10 | ||
| Köhler Disease | 1233.e10 | ||
| Kümmell Disease | 1233.e10 | ||
| L | 1233.e10 | ||
| Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis | 1233.e10 | ||
| Larsen Syndrome | 1233.e10 | ||
| Launois Deformity | 1233.e10 | ||
| Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease | 1233.e10 | ||
| Lenz-Majewski Dysplasia | 1233.e10 | ||
| Leri-Weill Syndrome | 1233.e11 | ||
| Lesch-Nyhan (Kelley-Seegmiller) Syndrome | 1233.e11 | ||
| Letterer-Siwe Disease | 1233.e11 | ||
| Lisch Nodule | 1233.e11 | ||
| Lisfranc Joint | 1233.e11 | ||
| Looser Zones | 1233.e11 | ||
| M | 1233.e11 | ||
| Madelung Deformity | 1233.e11 | ||
| Maffucci Syndrome (Kast Syndrome) | 1233.e11 | ||
| Majewski Syndrome | 1233.e11 | ||
| Marfan Syndrome | 1233.e11 | ||
| Marie-Strümpell Disease | 1233.e11 | ||
| Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome | 1233.e11 | ||
| Mauclaire Disease | 1233.e11 | ||
| Mazabraud Syndrome | 1233.e12 | ||
| McCune-Albright Syndrome | 1233.e12 | ||
| Melnick-Needles Syndrome | 1233.e12 | ||
| Menkes Syndrome | 1233.e12 | ||
| Meyer Dysplasia | 1233.e12 | ||
| Morel-Lavellee Effusion | 1233.e12 | ||
| Morquio Syndrome | 1233.e12 | ||
| Morton Neuroma | 1233.e12 | ||
| Mueller-Weiss Syndrome | 1233.e12 | ||
| Munchmeyer Disease (Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, Myositis Ossificans Progressiva) | 1233.e12 | ||
| N | 1233.e12 | ||
| Nager Acrofacial Dysostosis | 1233.e12 | ||
| Naumoff Syndrome | 1233.e12 | ||
| Niemann-Pick Disease | 1233.e12 | ||
| Nievergelt Syndrome | 1233.e13 | ||
| Nora Lesion (Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation) | 1233.e13 | ||
| O | 1233.e13 | ||
| O’Donoghue Triad | 1233.e13 | ||
| Ollier Disease (Enchondromatosis) | 1233.e13 | ||
| Osgood-Schlatter Disease | 1233.e13 | ||
| P | 1233.e13 | ||
| Paget Disease of Bone | 1233.e13 | ||
| Panner Disease | 1233.e13 | ||
| Parsonage-Turner Syndrome | 1233.e13 | ||
| Pellegrini-Stieda Disease | 1233.e13 | ||
| Perthes Lesion | 1233.e13 | ||
| Pfeiffer Syndrome | 1233.e13 | ||
| Pierson Disease | 1233.e13 | ||
| Poland Syndrome | 1233.e14 | ||
| Poncet Disease (Tuberculous Arthritis) | 1233.e14 | ||
| Pott Disease | 1233.e14 | ||
| Preiser Disease | 1233.e14 | ||
| Pseudo-Hurler Polydystrophy (Mucolipidosis III) | 1233.e14 | ||
| Pyle Syndrome | 1233.e14 | ||
| R | 1233.e14 | ||
| Recklinghausen Disease of Bone (Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica) | 1233.e14 | ||
| Reiter Syndrome | 1233.e14 | ||
| Riley-Day Familial Dysautonomia | 1233.e14 | ||
| Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome | 1233.e14 | ||
| S | 1233.e14 | ||
| Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome | 1233.e14 | ||
| Sakati Syndrome | 1233.e15 | ||
| Saldino-Mainzer Syndrome | 1233.e15 | ||
| Scheie Syndrome | 1233.e15 | ||
| Scheuermann Disease | 1233.e15 | ||
| Schmorl Node | 1233.e15 | ||
| Schwartz-Jampel-Aberfeld Syndrome (Chondrodystrophic Myotonia) | 1233.e15 | ||
| Sever Disease | 1233.e15 | ||
| Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome | 1233.e15 | ||
| Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease | 1233.e15 | ||
| Sly Syndrome | 1233.e15 | ||
| Smith-McCort Dysplasia | 1233.e15 | ||
| Sprengel Deformity | 1233.e15 | ||
| Stafne Developmental Cyst | 1233.e16 | ||
| Stickler Syndrome | 1233.e16 | ||
| Sturge-Weber-Dimitri Syndrome | 1233.e16 | ||
| Sudeck Atrophy | 1233.e16 | ||
| T | 1233.e16 | ||
| Terry Thomas Sign | 1233.e16 | ||
| Thiemann Disease (Familial Osteoarthropathy of Fingers) | 1233.e16 | ||
| Tietze Syndrome | 1233.e16 | ||
| Touraine-Solente-Gole-Syndrome (Pachydermoperiostosis) | 1233.e16 | ||
| Trauner-Rieger Syndrome | 1233.e16 | ||
| Treacher-Collins Syndrome (Mandibulofacial Dysostosis) | 1233.e16 | ||
| Trevor Disease (Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica) | 1233.e16 | ||
| Turner Syndrome | 1233.e17 | ||
| V | 1233.e17 | ||
| Van Buchem Syndrome | 1233.e17 | ||
| Van Neck Disease | 1233.e17 | ||
| Voorhoeve Disease (Osteopathia Striata) | 1233.e17 | ||
| Vrolik Syndrome (Thick Bone Osteogenesis Imperfecta) | 1233.e17 | ||
| W | 1233.e17 | ||
| Waldenström Macroglobulinemia | 1233.e17 | ||
| Wartenberg Syndrome | 1233.e17 | ||
| Weismann-Netter-Stuhl Syndrome | 1233.e17 | ||
| Werdnig-Hoffman Disease | 1233.e17 | ||
| Werner Syndrome | 1233.e17 | ||
| Wiedemann-Beckwith Syndrome (Exomphalos-Macroglossia-Gigantism Syndrome) | 1233.e18 | ||
| Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) | 1233.e18 | ||
| Wohlfart-Kugelberg-Welander Syndrome (Atrophia Musculorum Pseudomyopathica) | 1233.e18 | ||
| Wolcott-Rallison Dysplasia | 1233.e18 | ||
| Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome | 1233.e18 | ||
| Worth Syndrome | 1233.e18 | ||
| Z | 1233.e18 | ||
| Zellweger Syndrome | 1233.e18 | ||
| Appendix 5 Classic Signs and Findings in Musculoskeletal Radiology | 1234 | ||
| Index | 1235 | ||
| A | 1235 | ||
| B | 1238 | ||
| C | 1240 | ||
| D | 1244 | ||
| E | 1247 | ||
| F | 1248 | ||
| G | 1250 | ||
| H | 1251 | ||
| I | 1253 | ||
| J | 1259 | ||
| K | 1260 | ||
| L | 1260 | ||
| M | 1263 | ||
| N | 1268 | ||
| O | 1270 | ||
| P | 1272 | ||
| Q | 1278 | ||
| R | 1278 | ||
| S | 1280 | ||
| T | 1285 | ||
| U | 1289 | ||
| V | 1290 | ||
| W | 1291 | ||
| X | 1291 | ||
| Z | 1291 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |