BOOK
Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging - E-Book
James Johnston | Terri L. Fauber
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Written by radiographers for radiographers, Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging, 2nd Edition follows the ASRT recommended curriculum and focuses on what the radiographer needs to understand to safely and competently perform radiographic examinations. This comprehensive radiologic physics and imaging text links the two subjects together so that you understand how they relate to each other — and to clinical practice. Prepare for success on the ARRT exam and the job with just the right amount of information on radiation production and characteristics, imaging equipment, film screen image acquisition and processing, digital image acquisition and display, image analysis, and the basic principles of computed tomography.
- 345 photos and line drawings encourage you to visualize important concepts.
- Strong pedagogy, including chapter objectives, key terms, outlines, bulleted chapter summaries, and specialty boxes, help you organize information and focus on what is most important in each chapter.
- Make the Physics Connection and Make the Imaging Connection boxes link physics and imaging concepts so you fully appreciate the importance of both subjects.
- Educator resources on Evolve, including lesson plans, an image collection, PowerPoint presentations, and a test bank, provide additional resources for instructors to teach the topics presented in the text.
- Theory to Practice boxes succinctly explain the application of concepts and describe how to use the information in clinical practice.
- Critical Concept boxes further explain and emphasize key points in the chapters.
- Math Application boxes use examples to show how mathematical concepts and formulas are applied in the clinical setting.
- An emphasis on the practical information highlights just what you need to know to ace the ARRT exam and become a competent practitioner.
- Numerous critique exercises teach you how to evaluate the quality of radiographic images and determine which factors produce poor images.
- A glossary of key terms serves as a handy reference.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributor and reviewers | vi | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Purpose | vii | ||
| Unique features | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Table of contents | xi | ||
| 1 Introduction to the imaging sciences | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key terms | 1 | ||
| Discovery and use of X-rays | 1 | ||
| Dr. roentgen’s discovery | 1 | ||
| Overview of X-ray evolution and use | 2 | ||
| General principles | 5 | ||
| Units of measure | 5 | ||
| Radiographic equipment | 8 | ||
| The fundamentals of radiation protection | 10 | ||
| Summary | 13 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 13 | ||
| Review questions | 13 | ||
| I Principles of Radiation Physics | 15 | ||
| 2 Structure of the atom | 16 | ||
| Objectives | 16 | ||
| Key terms | 16 | ||
| Introduction | 16 | ||
| Basic atomic structure | 16 | ||
| Historical overview | 16 | ||
| Modern theory | 18 | ||
| Classification and bonding | 21 | ||
| Classification | 21 | ||
| Bonding | 23 | ||
| Summary | 24 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 24 | ||
| Review questions | 24 | ||
| 3 Electromagnetic and particulate radiation | 25 | ||
| Objectives | 25 | ||
| Key terms | 25 | ||
| Introduction | 25 | ||
| Electromagnetic radiation | 25 | ||
| Nature and characteristics | 25 | ||
| X-rays and gamma rays | 28 | ||
| The rest of the spectrum | 29 | ||
| Particulate radiation | 29 | ||
| Summary | 30 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 31 | ||
| Review questions | 31 | ||
| 4 The X-ray circuit | 32 | ||
| Objectives | 32 | ||
| Key terms | 32 | ||
| Introduction | 32 | ||
| Nature of electricity | 33 | ||
| Electric potential, current, and resistance | 33 | ||
| Conductors, insulators, and electronic devices | 35 | ||
| Electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction | 36 | ||
| Magnetism | 36 | ||
| Electromagnetism | 37 | ||
| Generators, motors, and transformers | 38 | ||
| General X-ray circuit | 40 | ||
| Primary circuit | 40 | ||
| At the console. | 42 | ||
| Secondary circuit | 43 | ||
| At the console. | 45 | ||
| Filament circuit | 45 | ||
| At the console. | 47 | ||
| Principles of circuit operation | 47 | ||
| Summary | 47 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 48 | ||
| Review questions | 48 | ||
| 5 The X-ray tube | 50 | ||
| Objectives | 50 | ||
| Key terms | 50 | ||
| Introduction | 50 | ||
| General tube construction | 50 | ||
| Housing | 50 | ||
| X-ray tube | 51 | ||
| Anode | 52 | ||
| Cathode | 55 | ||
| Principles of operation | 55 | ||
| Quality control and extending tube life | 56 | ||
| Summary | 59 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 59 | ||
| Review questions | 59 | ||
| 6 X-ray production | 61 | ||
| Objectives | 61 | ||
| Key terms | 61 | ||
| Introduction | 61 | ||
| Photons (target interactions) | 61 | ||
| Heat production | 62 | ||
| Characteristic interactions | 62 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung interactions | 63 | ||
| Properties of the x-ray beam | 65 | ||
| Beam quantity | 65 | ||
| Beam quality | 66 | ||
| Emission spectrum | 67 | ||
| Summary | 70 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 71 | ||
| Review questions | 71 | ||
| 7 X-ray interactions with matter | 73 | ||
| Objectives | 73 | ||
| Key terms | 73 | ||
| Introduction | 73 | ||
| Classical interactions | 73 | ||
| Compton interactions | 74 | ||
| Photoelectric interactions | 75 | ||
| Pair production | 77 | ||
| Photodisintegration | 77 | ||
| Differential absorption | 77 | ||
| Summary | 79 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 80 | ||
| Review questions | 80 | ||
| II Image Production and Evaluation | 81 | ||
| 8 Image production | 82 | ||
| Objectives | 82 | ||
| Key terms | 82 | ||
| Introduction | 82 | ||
| Differential absorption | 82 | ||
| Beam attenuation | 83 | ||
| Absorption | 83 | ||
| Scattering | 83 | ||
| Transmission | 85 | ||
| Factors affecting beam attenuation | 86 | ||
| Tissue thickness. | 86 | ||
| Type of tissue. | 86 | ||
| Tissue density. | 87 | ||
| X-ray beam quality. | 87 | ||
| Imaging effect. | 87 | ||
| Image receptors | 88 | ||
| Digital image receptors | 88 | ||
| Film-screen image receptors | 88 | ||
| Dynamic imaging: Fluoroscopy | 89 | ||
| Image intensification. | 89 | ||
| Brightness gain. | 89 | ||
| Summary | 90 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 91 | ||
| Review questions | 91 | ||
| 9 Image quality and characteristics | 92 | ||
| Objectives | 92 | ||
| Key terms | 92 | ||
| Introduction | 93 | ||
| Image quality | 93 | ||
| Brightness or density | 93 | ||
| Contrast | 94 | ||
| Spatial resolution or recorded detail | 96 | ||
| Distortion | 97 | ||
| Size distortion (magnification). | 97 | ||
| Shape distortion. | 97 | ||
| Scatter | 99 | ||
| Quantum noise | 99 | ||
| Image artifacts | 99 | ||
| Digital image characteristics | 101 | ||
| Brightness | 101 | ||
| Contrast | 104 | ||
| Spatial resolution | 105 | ||
| Image noise | 105 | ||
| Film-screen characteristics | 106 | ||
| Density | 107 | ||
| Optical density. | 107 | ||
| Diagnostic range. | 107 | ||
| Radiographic contrast | 108 | ||
| Sensitometry | 109 | ||
| Sensitometric equipment. | 109 | ||
| Penetrometer. | 109 | ||
| Sensitometer. | 109 | ||
| Log relative exposure. | 109 | ||
| Regions. | 109 | ||
| Toe region. | 109 | ||
| Straight-line region. | 109 | ||
| Shoulder region. | 109 | ||
| Film characteristics. | 109 | ||
| Speed. | 109 | ||
| Speed point. | 109 | ||
| Speed exposure point. | 109 | ||
| Contrast. | 109 | ||
| Average gradient. | 109 | ||
| Exposure latitude. | 109 | ||
| Recorded detail | 114 | ||
| Summary | 114 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 115 | ||
| Review questions | 115 | ||
| 10 Radiographic exposure technique | 117 | ||
| Objectives | 117 | ||
| Key terms | 117 | ||
| Introduction | 118 | ||
| Primary factors | 118 | ||
| Milliamperage and exposure time | 118 | ||
| Kilovoltage | 121 | ||
| Secondary factors | 124 | ||
| Focal spot size | 124 | ||
| Source-to-image receptor distance | 125 | ||
| Object-to-image receptor distance | 127 | ||
| Calculating magnification | 127 | ||
| Central ray alignment | 129 | ||
| Grids | 130 | ||
| Beam restriction | 132 | ||
| Generator output | 132 | ||
| Tube filtration | 132 | ||
| Film-screen relative speed (RS) | 132 | ||
| Compensating filters | 133 | ||
| Patient factors | 133 | ||
| Body habitus | 133 | ||
| Part thickness | 133 | ||
| Pediatric patients | 136 | ||
| Radiation protection review | 136 | ||
| KVp and mAs | 136 | ||
| Beam restriction | 136 | ||
| Grid selection | 137 | ||
| Film-screen speed | 137 | ||
| Excessive radiation exposure and digital imaging | 137 | ||
| Summary | 137 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 137 | ||
| Review questions | 137 | ||
| 11 Scatter control | 139 | ||
| Objectives | 139 | ||
| Key terms | 139 | ||
| Introduction | 139 | ||
| Beam restriction | 140 | ||
| Beam restriction and scatter radiation | 140 | ||
| Collimation and contrast | 141 | ||
| Compensating for collimation | 141 | ||
| Types of beam-restricting devices | 142 | ||
| Aperture diaphragms. | 142 | ||
| Cones and cylinders. | 142 | ||
| Collimators. | 142 | ||
| Automatic collimators. | 142 | ||
| Radiographic grids | 145 | ||
| Grid construction | 145 | ||
| Grid pattern. | 145 | ||
| Grid focus. | 145 | ||
| Types of grids | 148 | ||
| Stationary and reciprocating grids. | 148 | ||
| Long- versus short-dimension grids. | 148 | ||
| Grid performance | 148 | ||
| Grid cutoff | 150 | ||
| Upside-down focused. | 150 | ||
| Off-level. | 150 | ||
| Off-center. | 150 | ||
| Off-focus. | 150 | ||
| Moiré effect | 150 | ||
| Grid usage | 151 | ||
| Radiation protection | 153 | ||
| The air gap technique | 153 | ||
| Shielding accessories | 154 | ||
| Summary | 154 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 155 | ||
| Review questions | 155 | ||
| 12 Image receptors | 156 | ||
| Objectives | 156 | ||
| Key terms | 156 | ||
| Introduction | 157 | ||
| Digital receptors | 157 | ||
| Detector types | 157 | ||
| Computed radiography systems. | 157 | ||
| Direct radiography systems. | 157 | ||
| Image acquisition, extraction and processing, and display | 161 | ||
| Acquisition | 161 | ||
| Extraction and processing | 161 | ||
| Display | 162 | ||
| Using digital receptors | 164 | ||
| Quality assurance and quality control | 168 | ||
| Daily | 168 | ||
| Monthly or quarterly | 168 | ||
| Picture archiving and communication systems | 169 | ||
| Radiographic film | 172 | ||
| Film construction | 172 | ||
| Latent image formation | 172 | ||
| Film characteristics | 173 | ||
| Film speed. | 173 | ||
| Film contrast and film latitude. | 173 | ||
| Spectral sensitivity. | 173 | ||
| Intensifying screen characteristics | 173 | ||
| Screen speed. | 173 | ||
| Screen maintenance. | 173 | ||
| Automatic film processing | 177 | ||
| Components | 177 | ||
| Developing. | 177 | ||
| Fixing. | 177 | ||
| Washing. | 177 | ||
| Drying. | 177 | ||
| Systems | 178 | ||
| Quality control | 180 | ||
| Silver recovery | 182 | ||
| Summary | 182 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 184 | ||
| Review questions | 184 | ||
| 13 Exposure technique selection | 186 | ||
| Objectives | 186 | ||
| Key terms | 186 | ||
| Introduction | 187 | ||
| Radiation detectors | 187 | ||
| Phototimers | 187 | ||
| Ionization chamber systems | 188 | ||
| Milliamperage/second readout | 189 | ||
| Kilovoltage peak and milliamperage/second selection | 189 | ||
| Minimum response time | 189 | ||
| Backup time | 190 | ||
| Density adjustment | 190 | ||
| Alignment and positioning considerations | 190 | ||
| Detector selection | 190 | ||
| Patient centering | 191 | ||
| Detector size | 192 | ||
| Compensating issues | 192 | ||
| Patient considerations | 192 | ||
| Collimation | 193 | ||
| Image receptor variations | 193 | ||
| Anatomically programmed radiography | 193 | ||
| Quality control | 194 | ||
| Calibration | 194 | ||
| Quality control testing | 194 | ||
| Exposure technique charts | 195 | ||
| Conditions | 196 | ||
| Design characteristics | 197 | ||
| Types of technique charts | 197 | ||
| Variable kvp–fixed mas technique chart. | 197 | ||
| Fixed kvp–variable mas technique chart. | 197 | ||
| Exposure technique chart development | 199 | ||
| Special considerations | 199 | ||
| Projections and positions. | 199 | ||
| Casts and splints. | 199 | ||
| Casts. | 199 | ||
| Splints. | 199 | ||
| Pathologic conditions. | 199 | ||
| Soft tissue. | 199 | ||
| Contrast media. | 199 | ||
| Summary | 202 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 202 | ||
| Review questions | 202 | ||
| III Specialized Radiographic Equipment | 204 | ||
| 14 Image-intensified fluoroscopy | 204 | ||
| Objectives | 205 | ||
| Key terms | 205 | ||
| Introduction | 205 | ||
| Construction | 206 | ||
| Intensification principles | 207 | ||
| Viewing and recording systems | 209 | ||
| Viewing systems | 209 | ||
| Camera tube. | 209 | ||
| Charge-coupled device. | 209 | ||
| Coupling of devices to the image intensifier. | 209 | ||
| Television monitor. | 209 | ||
| Liquid crystal display monitors. | 209 | ||
| Plasma monitors. | 209 | ||
| Recording systems | 209 | ||
| Cassette spot film. | 209 | ||
| Film cameras. | 209 | ||
| Digital fluoroscopy | 213 | ||
| Fluoroscopic controls and settings | 214 | ||
| Quality control | 215 | ||
| Summary | 217 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 218 | ||
| Review questions | 218 | ||
| 15 Additional equipment | 219 | ||
| Objectives | 219 | ||
| Key terms | 219 | ||
| Introduction | 219 | ||
| Mobile equipment | 219 | ||
| Radiographic units | 219 | ||
| Fluoroscopic units | 220 | ||
| Dedicated units | 221 | ||
| Chest | 221 | ||
| Panoramic X-ray | 221 | ||
| Bone densitometry | 221 | ||
| Mammography | 222 | ||
| Unique features. | 222 | ||
| Linear tomography | 223 | ||
| Tomographic angle | 224 | ||
| Fulcrum | 224 | ||
| Focal plane | 224 | ||
| Exposure technique | 225 | ||
| Summary | 225 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 225 | ||
| Review questions | 225 | ||
| 16 Computed tomography | 227 | ||
| Objectives | 227 | ||
| Key terms | 227 | ||
| Introduction | 228 | ||
| Development | 228 | ||
| Generations | 229 | ||
| Additional advancements | 230 | ||
| Image data production | 231 | ||
| Image reconstruction | 234 | ||
| Computed tomography image characteristics | 234 | ||
| Reconstruction process | 234 | ||
| Imaging controls and data storage | 235 | ||
| Equipment | 235 | ||
| Protocols | 236 | ||
| Postprocessing | 236 | ||
| Multiple options | 236 | ||
| Windowing | 236 | ||
| Image quality | 238 | ||
| Noise | 239 | ||
| Spatial resolution | 240 | ||
| Contrast resolution | 240 | ||
| Artifacts | 240 | ||
| Quality control | 242 | ||
| Radiation protection | 242 | ||
| Dose notification and alerts | 244 | ||
| Summary | 246 | ||
| Critical thinking questions | 246 | ||
| Review questions | 247 | ||
| Appendix A answers to review questions | 249 | ||
| Glossary | 250 | ||
| Index | 257 | ||
| A | 257 | ||
| B | 257 | ||
| C | 258 | ||
| D | 259 | ||
| E | 260 | ||
| F | 261 | ||
| G | 262 | ||
| H | 262 | ||
| I | 263 | ||
| J | 264 | ||
| K | 264 | ||
| L | 264 | ||
| M | 264 | ||
| N | 265 | ||
| O | 265 | ||
| P | 265 | ||
| Q | 266 | ||
| R | 266 | ||
| S | 267 | ||
| T | 268 | ||
| U | 269 | ||
| V | 269 | ||
| W | 269 | ||
| X | 269 | ||
| Z | 269 | ||
| Endsheet | 1 | ||
| Endsheet | 1 | ||
| Inside front cover | ibc |