BOOK
Plaque Imaging, An Issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Neuroimaging Clinics of North America focuses on Plaque Imaging. Articles will include: 3D carotid plaque MR imaging, Analysis of multi-contrast carotid plaque MR imaging, Incorporating carotid plaque imaging into routine clinical carotid MRA, PET-CT imaging to assess future cardiovascular risk, Utility of combining PET and MR imaging of carotid plaque, 3D carotid plaque ultrasound, Contrast-enhanced carotid plaque ultrasound, Detection of vulnerable plaque in patients with “cryptogenic stroke,” Measuring plaque burden in secondary prevention of asymptomatic patients with known carotid stenosis, Plaque imaging in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Plaque imaging to decide on optimal treatment: medical versus CEA versus CAS, Clinical perspective of carotid plaque imaging, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Plaque Imaging | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| CME Accreditation Page | iii | ||
| PROGRAM OBJECTIVE | iii | ||
| TARGET AUDIENCE | iii | ||
| LEARNING OBJECTIVES | iii | ||
| ACCREDITATION | iii | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST | iii | ||
| UNAPPROVED/OFF-LABEL USE DISCLOSURE | iii | ||
| TO ENROLL | iv | ||
| METHOD OF PARTICIPATION | iv | ||
| CME INQUIRIES/SPECIAL NEEDS | iv | ||
| NEUROIMAGING CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA | v | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | v | ||
| May 2016 | v | ||
| August 2016 | v | ||
| November 2016 | v | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | v | ||
| November 2015 | v | ||
| August 2015 | v | ||
| May 2015 | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | vii | ||
| EDITOR | vii | ||
| AUTHORS | vii | ||
| Contents | xi | ||
| Foreword: Plaque Imaging | xi | ||
| Preface: Carotid Plaque Imaging Comes of Age | xi | ||
| Three-Dimensional Carotid Plaque MR Imaging | xi | ||
| Analysis of Multicontrast Carotid Plaque MR Imaging | xi | ||
| Incorporating Carotid Plaque Imaging into Routine Clinical Carotid Magnetic Resonance Angiography | xi | ||
| FDG PET/CT Imaging of Carotid Atherosclerosis | xi | ||
| Utility of Combining PET and MR Imaging of Carotid Plaque | xii | ||
| Three-Dimensional Ultrasound of Carotid Plaque | xii | ||
| The Use of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography for Imaging of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques: Current Evidence, Future Direc ... | xii | ||
| Detection of Vulnerable Plaque in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke | xii | ||
| Plaque Assessment in the Management of Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis | xiii | ||
| Low-Grade Carotid Stenosis: Implications of MR Imaging | xiii | ||
| Unusual Cerebral Emboli | xiii | ||
| Plaque Imaging to Decide on Optimal Treatment: Medical Versus Carotid Endarterectomy Versus Carotid Artery Stenting | xiii | ||
| Clinical Perspective of Carotid Plaque Imaging | xiv | ||
| Foreword: Plaque Imaging | xv | ||
| Preface: Carotid Plaque Imaging Comes of Age | xvii | ||
| Three-Dimensional Carotid Plaque MR Imaging | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND EXISTING 2D IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 2 | ||
| THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAROTID PLAQUE MR IMAGING: ESTABLISHED TECHNIQUES | 2 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Motion-Sensitized Driven Equilibrium Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo | 3 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Magnetization Prepared Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echo | 4 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Fast (Turbo) Spin Echo–Based Approach | 4 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Time of Flight | 4 | ||
| THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAROTID PLAQUE IMAGING: NOVEL TECHNIQUES | 5 | ||
| Simultaneous Noncontrast Angiography and Intraplaque Hemorrhage Imaging | 6 | ||
| Multicontrast Atherosclerosis Characterization of Carotid Plaque | 6 | ||
| Three-Dimensional SHINE | 6 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Delay Alternating with Nutation for Tailored Excitation | 7 | ||
| CINE Retrospective Ordering and Compressed Sensing (ciné-ROCS) Turbo Spin Echo, Motion-Sensitized Driven Equilibrium Prepar ... | 8 | ||
| Three-Dimensional for Joint Intracranial and Extracranial Vessel Wall Imaging | 8 | ||
| SUMMARY | 11 | ||
| REFERENCES | 11 | ||
| Analysis of Multicontrast Carotid Plaque MR Imaging | 13 | ||
| Key points | 13 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 13 | ||
| PLAQUE BURDEN | 14 | ||
| 2-D Boundary Detection | 14 | ||
| 3-D Boundary Detection | 14 | ||
| Plaque Burden Quantification | 14 | ||
| Vessel wall thickness calculation | 14 | ||
| Vessel wall area and volume | 14 | ||
| Normalized wall index | 14 | ||
| Validation, Reproducibility, and Clinical Studies of the Morphologic Metrics | 15 | ||
| PLAQUE COMPONENTS | 16 | ||
| Multicontrast Image Registration | 16 | ||
| Plaque Component Segmentation | 16 | ||
| Validation, Reproducibility, and Clinical Studies of Plaque Compositional Features | 17 | ||
| PLAQUE ACTIVITY | 19 | ||
| Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Image Registration and Filter | 19 | ||
| Parameters Derived from Vessel Wall Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced–MR Imaging | 20 | ||
| Integrated area under the curve | 20 | ||
| Patlak model | 20 | ||
| Extended graphical model | 20 | ||
| Reference region method in pharmacokinetic modeling | 20 | ||
| Validation, Reproducibility, and Clinical Studies of Plaque Activity | 21 | ||
| PLAQUE BIOMECHANICS | 22 | ||
| Wall Shear Stress | 22 | ||
| Computational fluid dynamics method | 22 | ||
| Flow velocity imaging method | 23 | ||
| Tensile Stress Model | 24 | ||
| Clinical Studies of Biomechanical Features | 24 | ||
| REFERENCES | 25 | ||
| Incorporating Carotid Plaque Imaging into Routine Clinical Carotid Magnetic Resonance Angiography | 29 | ||
| Key points | 29 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 29 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 30 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL PRACTICE | 31 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 31 | ||
| PRIMARY PREVENTION | 32 | ||
| SECONDARY PREVENTION | 33 | ||
| PROGRESSION OF VESSEL WALL DISEASE | 33 | ||
| PREINTERVENTION IMAGING | 37 | ||
| TECHNIQUES | 37 | ||
| Three-dimensional Sequence for Hemorrhage Assessment Using Inversion Recovery and Multiple Echoes | 41 | ||
| Multicontrast Atherosclerosis Characterization | 41 | ||
| Simultaneous Noncontrast Angiography and Intraplaque Hemorrhage | 41 | ||
| SUMMARY | 41 | ||
| REFERENCES | 42 | ||
| FDG PET/CT Imaging of Carotid Atherosclerosis | 45 | ||
| Key points | 45 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 45 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS | 45 | ||
| 18F FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE UPTAKE AS A MARKER OF TISSUE INFLAMMATION | 47 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASES | 47 | ||
| PET/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING TO ASSESS IMPACT OF THERAPY ON ARTERIAL INFLAMMATION | 49 | ||
| CLINICAL IMAGING OF INFLAMMATION USING 18F FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE PET | 51 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 51 | ||
| SUMMARY | 51 | ||
| REFERENCES | 52 | ||
| Utility of Combining PET and MR Imaging of Carotid Plaque | 55 | ||
| Key points | 55 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
| CURRENTLY AVAILABLE PLATFORMS, TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS, AND FEASIBILITY | 56 | ||
| RATIONALE FOR COMBINING PET WITH MR FOR CAROTID PLAQUE IMAGING | 56 | ||
| Carotid Angiography | 56 | ||
| Limitations of Histologic Validation and Cross Validation with MR Imaging | 57 | ||
| Simultaneous Scanning and Motion Correction | 58 | ||
| Radiation Exposure, Serial Imaging, and Multiprocess Imaging | 60 | ||
| Potential for Multiprocess Imaging and PET Sensitivity and Specificity | 61 | ||
| Versatility and Concurrent Imaging of Other Relevant Organ Systems | 61 | ||
| CURRENT LIMITATIONS OF HYBRID PET/MR | 62 | ||
| Attenuation Correction | 62 | ||
| Cost and Logistics | 62 | ||
| Standardization and Artifact Susceptibility | 63 | ||
| PUBLISHED RESEARCH | 64 | ||
| SUMMARY | 65 | ||
| REFERENCES | 65 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Ultrasound of Carotid Plaque | 69 | ||
| Key points | 69 | ||
| HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL CAROTID PLAQUE ULTRASOUND | 69 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF PLAQUE BURDEN AND ITS PROGRESSION/REGRESSION | 70 | ||
| Measurement of Three-Dimensional Plaque Volume | 71 | ||
| Progression of Carotid Plaque Volume and Cardiovascular Risk | 72 | ||
| VESSEL WALL VOLUME | 73 | ||
| ULCERATION | 74 | ||
| ECHOLUCENCY AND PLAQUE TEXTURE: APPROACHING PLAQUE COMPOSITION | 75 | ||
| SUMMARY | 78 | ||
| REFERENCES | 78 | ||
| The Use of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography for Imaging of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques | 81 | ||
| Key points | 81 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 81 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS FOR THE USE OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN CAROTID DISEASE | 83 | ||
| IMAGING OF CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE USING CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY | 85 | ||
| Feasibility of Using Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography for Imaging of Intraplaque Neovascularization | 85 | ||
| Correlation of Intraplaque Neovascularization Imaging Using CEUS with Histopathology | 85 | ||
| CLINICAL UTILITY OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE | 87 | ||
| Role of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography in the Treatment of Carotid Stenosis | 87 | ||
| Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography in Patients Without Prior Stroke (Primary Prevention) | 87 | ||
| Intraplaque Neovascularization Imaging by Carotid Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease | 93 | ||
| LIMITATIONS IN THE USE OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE | 93 | ||
| SUMMARY | 94 | ||
| REFERENCES | 94 | ||
| Detection of Vulnerable Plaque in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke | 97 | ||
| Key points | 97 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 97 | ||
| CRYPTOGENIC STROKE | 98 | ||
| METHODS OF VULNERABLE PLAQUE DETECTION IN CRYPTOGENIC STROKE | 99 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 99 | ||
| B-Mode Ultrasonography | 99 | ||
| Three-Dimensional B-Mode Ultrasonography | 100 | ||
| Microemboli Signal Detection | 100 | ||
| Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound | 100 | ||
| Multi-Detector Row Computed Tomography Angiography | 101 | ||
| Combination of Computed Tomography or MR Imaging with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose–PET | 102 | ||
| High-Resolution Carotid MR Imaging | 102 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MR IMAGING PLAQUE DETECTION IN PATIENTS WITH CRYPTOGENIC STROKE | 103 | ||
| Prevalence and Characterization of Vulnerable Plaques in Patients with Low-Grade Stenosis | 103 | ||
| Plaque Remodeling after Cryptogenic Stroke | 104 | ||
| Influence of Secondary Stroke Prevention Medication on Plaque Remodeling | 104 | ||
| Stroke Recurrence in Patients with Vulnerable Plaques | 105 | ||
| OUTLOOK | 105 | ||
| REFERENCES | 107 | ||
| Plaque Assessment in the Management of Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis | 111 | ||
| Key points | 111 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 111 | ||
| Current Medical Therapy in Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis | 111 | ||
| Potential New Medical Therapy in Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis Based on Plaque Assessment | 112 | ||
| IMAGING TECHNIQUES | 112 | ||
| Overview | 112 | ||
| Carotid Plaque Imaging with MR Imaging | 114 | ||
| MR imaging depiction of percentage wall volume | 114 | ||
| MR imaging depiction of intraplaque hemorrhage | 114 | ||
| MR imaging depiction of lipid-rich necrotic core and thin/ruptured fibrous cap | 115 | ||
| Translation of carotid plaque burden imaging from research to clinical MR imaging | 115 | ||
| Carotid Plaque Imaging with Duplex Ultrasonography | 116 | ||
| Ultrasonography depiction of plaque volume | 116 | ||
| Ultrasonography depiction of ulceration | 116 | ||
| Ultrasonography depiction of juxtaluminal black/hypoechoic area | 118 | ||
| Ultrasonography depiction of intracranial microembolus with transcranial Doppler | 118 | ||
| IMAGING FINDINGS/PATHOLOGY | 119 | ||
| Predictive Value of Plaque Imaging for MR Imaging | 119 | ||
| Intraplaque hemorrhage | 119 | ||
| Lipid-rich necrotic core and thin/ruptured fibrous cap | 120 | ||
| Predictive Value of Plaque Imaging for Ultrasonography | 120 | ||
| Total plaque area | 120 | ||
| Transcranial Doppler microemboli detection | 120 | ||
| Plaque ulceration and plaque texture on three-dimensional ultrasonography | 122 | ||
| Juxtaluminal black/hypoechoic area | 123 | ||
| Potential of Plaque MR Imaging to Individualize the Medical Therapy of Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis | 123 | ||
| Lipid-rich necrotic core | 123 | ||
| Intraplaque hemorrhage | 124 | ||
| Potential of Plaque Ultrasonography Imaging to Individualize the Medical Therapy of Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis | 125 | ||
| Total plaque area | 125 | ||
| SUMMARY | 125 | ||
| REFERENCES | 126 | ||
| Low-Grade Carotid Stenosis | 129 | ||
| Key points | 129 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 129 | ||
| MODIFICATIONS IN MEDICAL MANAGEMENT | 130 | ||
| EVALUATION OF PLAQUE BEYOND THE DEGREE OF LUMINAL STENOSIS | 131 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF LUMINAL IMAGING IN EVALUATION OF PLAQUE VOLUME | 131 | ||
| PLAQUE PROGRESSION THROUGH REPEATED SILENT RUPTURES | 133 | ||
| HIGH-RESOLUTION VESSEL WALL MR IMAGING FOR CAROTID PLAQUE COMPONENT ASSESSMENT | 134 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF PLAQUE FEATURES | 135 | ||
| HIGH-RESOLUTION MR IMAGING FOR THE EVALUATION OF LOW-GRADE CAROTID STENOSIS | 137 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 137 | ||
| Associations of Low-Grade Carotid Stenosis with Systemic Atherosclerosis | 138 | ||
| LIMITATIONS OF MR IMAGING OF THE CAROTID ARTERIES | 139 | ||
| SUMMARY | 140 | ||
| REFERENCES | 140 | ||
| Unusual Cerebral Emboli | 147 | ||
| Key points | 147 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 147 | ||
| General Features of Cerebral Emboli | 147 | ||
| Cerebral Fat Embolism | 149 | ||
| Imaging Findings | 149 | ||
| CALCIFIED CEREBRAL EMBOLI | 149 | ||
| CEREBRAL AIR EMBOLISM | 151 | ||
| SEPTIC EMBOLI | 155 | ||
| EMBOLISM FROM CARDIAC MYXOMA | 156 | ||
| PARADOXICAL EMBOLISM | 157 | ||
| EMBOLIZATION SECONDARY TO ATRIOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA | 159 | ||
| SUMMARY | 161 | ||
| REFERENCES | 162 | ||
| Plaque Imaging to Decide on Optimal Treatment | 165 | ||
| Key points | 165 | ||
| CURRENT CLINICAL CHALLENGES | 165 | ||
| Prevalence of Carotid Artery Disease | 165 | ||
| Clinical Outcomes with Medical Therapy Alone | 166 | ||
| Carotid Endarterectomy | 167 | ||
| Symptomatic carotid artery disease | 167 | ||
| Asymptomatic carotid artery disease | 167 | ||
| Is Carotid Artery Stenting a Viable Substitute for Carotid Endarterectomy? | 168 | ||
| INFORMED CLINICAL DECISION MAKING WITH CAROTID PLAQUE IMAGING | 168 | ||
| The Heterogeneous Carotid Plaque | 168 | ||
| Optimal Medical Therapy: Is It Truly Optimal? | 169 | ||
| Carotid Revascularization: Whom to Treat? | 169 | ||
| Carotid Artery Stenting: Imaging-aided Surgery Planning | 169 | ||
| SUMMARY | 171 | ||
| REFERENCES | 171 | ||
| Clinical Perspective of Carotid Plaque Imaging | 175 | ||
| Key points | 175 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 175 | ||
| STROKE RISK AND THE EFFECT OF REVASCULARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH CAROTID DISEASE | 176 | ||
| Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis | 176 | ||
| Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis | 176 | ||
| CHANGING MANAGEMENT PARADIGMS AND THE ROLE OF CAROTID PLAQUE IMAGING | 177 | ||
| Current Guidelines and Their Limitations | 177 | ||
| The Risk Modeling Approach | 177 | ||
| Evolving Concepts in Carotid Imaging: The Vulnerable Plaque | 178 | ||
| SUMMARY | 180 | ||
| REFERENCES | 181 | ||
| Index | 183 |