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Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease is reviewed extensively in this important Surgical Clinics of North America issue. Articles include: Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Historical Perspective, Epidemiology and Risk Factors; Diagnostic Modalities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Serologic Markers and Endoscopy; Diagnostic Modalities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Radiologic Imaging; Medical Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Crohn's Disease of the Foregut and Small Intestine; Crohn's Disease of the Colon, Rectum and Anus; Indications and Options for Surgery in Ulcerative Colitis; Challenges in the Medical and Surgical Management of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Colorectal Neoplasia and Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Nutritional Support of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient; Psychosocial Support of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient; Genetics and Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; and more!
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | Cover | ||
Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | i | ||
Copyright\r | ii | ||
Contributors | iii | ||
CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
EDITOR | iii | ||
AUTHORS | iii | ||
Contents | v | ||
Foreword: Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | v | ||
Preface: Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | v | ||
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Historical Perspective, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors\r | v | ||
Diagnostic Modalities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Serologic Markers and Endoscopy\r | v | ||
Imaging for Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | v | ||
Medical Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | vi | ||
Crohn’s Disease of the Foregut\r | vi | ||
Crohn’s Disease of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus\r | vi | ||
Indications and Options for Surgery in Ulcerative Colitis\r | vi | ||
Challenges in the Medical and Surgical Management of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | vii | ||
Extraintestinal Manifestations Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | vii | ||
Colorectal Neoplasia and Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | vii | ||
Nutritional Support of Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease\r | vii | ||
Psychosocial Support of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient \r | vii | ||
SURGICAL CLINICS\rOF NORTH AMERICA\x0B | ix | ||
FORTHCOMING ISSUES | ix | ||
February 2016 | ix | ||
April 2016 | ix | ||
June 2016 | ix | ||
RECENT ISSUES | ix | ||
October 2015 | ix | ||
August 2015 | ix | ||
June 2015 | ix | ||
April 2015 | ix | ||
Foreword: Inflammatory Bowel Disease \r | xi | ||
Preface: Inflammatory Bowel Disease \r | xiii | ||
REFERENCES | xiv | ||
Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1105 | ||
Key points | 1105 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1105 | ||
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 1106 | ||
Background | 1106 | ||
Trends in Occurrence and Distribution | 1107 | ||
Trends in Classification | 1107 | ||
Trends in the Course of Disease | 1107 | ||
Trends in Goals of Management | 1109 | ||
EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1109 | ||
Incidence | 1109 | ||
Prevalence | 1109 | ||
Distribution by Age | 1109 | ||
Distribution by Gender | 1109 | ||
Racial and Ethnic Disparity | 1110 | ||
RISK FACTORS | 1110 | ||
Cause and Pathogenesis | 1110 | ||
Postulated Environmental Triggers | 1110 | ||
Intestinal Immune Mechanism | 1110 | ||
Genetic Predisposition | 1111 | ||
Gut Flora | 1111 | ||
Role of Diet | 1111 | ||
Role of Mesenteric Fat and Obesity | 1111 | ||
Role of Smoking | 1112 | ||
Medications and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1112 | ||
Infections and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1112 | ||
Role of Immunization | 1112 | ||
Hygiene Hypothesis | 1112 | ||
Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1113 | ||
Role of Stress and Lifestyle in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1113 | ||
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Surgery | 1113 | ||
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cancer | 1114 | ||
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Mortality | 1114 | ||
CONCLUDING REMARKS | 1114 | ||
REFERENCES | 1115 | ||
Diagnostic Modalities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1123 | ||
Key points | 1123 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1123 | ||
RELEVANT ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 1124 | ||
CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 1124 | ||
SEROLOGIC MARKERS AS DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 1124 | ||
Atypical Perinuclear Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody | 1124 | ||
Anti-Saccharimyces cerevisiae Antibody | 1127 | ||
Antibodies to Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Porin | 1127 | ||
Pseudomonas fluorescens–Associated Sequence I2 | 1128 | ||
Flagellin CBir1/Fla-X/A4-Fla2 | 1128 | ||
Serologic Panels | 1129 | ||
ENDOSCOPIC DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES | 1130 | ||
Deep Enteroscopy | 1130 | ||
Balloon-assisted enteroscopy | 1130 | ||
Single-balloon enteroscopy | 1130 | ||
Double-balloon enteroscopy | 1130 | ||
Spiral enteroscopy | 1131 | ||
Outcomes of Deep Enteroscopy | 1131 | ||
Video Capsule Endoscopy | 1132 | ||
Magnification Endoscopy and Chromoendoscopy (Dye-Based and Dyeless Chromoendoscopy) | 1132 | ||
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy | 1134 | ||
Colon Capsule Endoscopy | 1134 | ||
ENDOSCOPIC MONITORING OF DISEASE ACTIVITY | 1135 | ||
SUMMARY | 1137 | ||
REFERENCES | 1137 | ||
Imaging for Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1143 | ||
Key points | 1143 | ||
PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS | 1143 | ||
Introduction | 1143 | ||
Contrast Radiologic Studies | 1145 | ||
Upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow through | 1145 | ||
Double-contrast barium enema | 1145 | ||
ABDOMINAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ENTEROGRAPHY | 1146 | ||
MRI | 1148 | ||
Technique | 1148 | ||
Indication for Use | 1149 | ||
Limitations | 1151 | ||
Future Direction | 1151 | ||
ULTRASOUND | 1152 | ||
Future Directions | 1152 | ||
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY | 1152 | ||
Technique | 1153 | ||
History | 1153 | ||
Indication for Use | 1154 | ||
Limitations | 1155 | ||
Future Direction | 1155 | ||
REFERENCES | 1155 | ||
Medical Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1159 | ||
Key points | 1159 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1159 | ||
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE MEDICATIONS | 1160 | ||
5-Aminosalicyclic Acid Compounds | 1160 | ||
Action and metabolism | 1160 | ||
Efficacy | 1161 | ||
Safety | 1161 | ||
IMMUNOMODULATOR THERAPY | 1162 | ||
Thiopurines | 1162 | ||
Action and metabolism | 1162 | ||
Efficacy | 1163 | ||
Side effects | 1163 | ||
Methotrexate | 1163 | ||
Action | 1163 | ||
Crohn’s Disease of the Foregut | 1183 | ||
Key points | 1183 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1183 | ||
ESOPHAGEAL CROHN’S DISEASE | 1184 | ||
Signs and Symptoms | 1185 | ||
Treatment | 1185 | ||
Strictures | 1186 | ||
Fistulas | 1186 | ||
GASTRODUODENAL CROHN’S DISEASE | 1186 | ||
Signs and Symptoms | 1187 | ||
Endoscopic Findings | 1187 | ||
Treatment | 1187 | ||
Medical Management | 1187 | ||
Endoscopic Management | 1188 | ||
Surgical Management | 1188 | ||
Duodenal Obstruction | 1188 | ||
Fistulas | 1190 | ||
Malignancy | 1190 | ||
SUMMARY | 1190 | ||
REFERENCES | 1190 | ||
Crohn's Disease of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus | 1195 | ||
Key points | 1195 | ||
PRESENTATIONS OF CROHN'S DISEASE | 1195 | ||
Intra-Abdominal Abscess | 1195 | ||
Abdominal Wall Abscesses | 1196 | ||
Toxic Megacolon | 1196 | ||
Bleeding | 1197 | ||
Obstruction Because of Stricture | 1198 | ||
OPERATIONS AND TECHNIQUES FOR CROHN'S DISEASE OF THE COLON AND RECTUM | 1198 | ||
Segmental Resection | 1198 | ||
Total Abdominal Colectomy with Ileorectal Anastomosis | 1199 | ||
Restorative Proctocolectomy | 1200 | ||
Total Abdominal Colectomy with Ileostomy Without Proctectomy | 1200 | ||
Management of the Rectal Stump | 1200 | ||
Secondary Proctectomy | 1201 | ||
Total Proctocolectomy with Ileostomy | 1202 | ||
Abdominoperineal Resection for Distal Crohn's Disease | 1202 | ||
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC COMPLICATIONS AFTER SURGERY FOR CROHN'S DISEASE | 1202 | ||
Perineal Wound after Proctectomy | 1202 | ||
High Ileostomy Output after Total Proctocolectomy with End Ileostomy | 1203 | ||
Perianal Crohn's Disease | 1203 | ||
Anal Fistulae | 1204 | ||
Anal Stenosis and Strictures | 1204 | ||
Fecal Diversion for Perianal Crohn's Disease | 1205 | ||
SUMMARY | 1206 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1206 | ||
REFERENCES | 1207 | ||
Indications and Options for Surgery in Ulcerative Colitis | 1211 | ||
Key points | 1211 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1211 | ||
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS | 1212 | ||
Cancer Risk | 1212 | ||
Intractability | 1212 | ||
Emergency Situations | 1212 | ||
EMERGENT SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 1213 | ||
Emergent Open Total Abdominal Colectomy with End Ileostomy | 1213 | ||
Preoperative planning | 1213 | ||
Prep and positioning | 1213 | ||
Intra-abdominal access | 1213 | ||
Right colon mobilization | 1213 | ||
Pitfalls | 1213 | ||
Omental preservation | 1214 | ||
Left colon mobilization | 1214 | ||
Splenic flexure mobilization | 1215 | ||
Pitfalls | 1215 | ||
Bowel transection | 1216 | ||
Division of the vascular pedicles | 1216 | ||
Pitfalls | 1216 | ||
Ileostomy creation | 1217 | ||
Pitfalls | 1217 | ||
Procedure completion | 1217 | ||
Additional Considerations | 1217 | ||
Fate of preserved rectum | 1217 | ||
Laparoscopic versus open approach | 1217 | ||
Poor rectal tissue integrity | 1218 | ||
Indeterminate colitis | 1218 | ||
ELECTIVE SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 1218 | ||
Total Proctocolectomy with End Ileostomy | 1218 | ||
Rectal dissection | 1218 | ||
Pitfalls | 1219 | ||
Anorectal dissection | 1219 | ||
Intersphincteric proctectomy | 1220 | ||
Extrasphincteric proctectomy | 1221 | ||
End ileostomy creation | 1221 | ||
Procedure completion | 1221 | ||
Additional Considerations | 1222 | ||
Long-term complications | 1222 | ||
Delayed intersphincteric proctectomy | 1222 | ||
Total Proctocolectomy with Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis | 1222 | ||
Preoperative considerations | 1222 | ||
Staged procedures | 1222 | ||
Separation of distal colon and rectum | 1222 | ||
Mobilization of distal ileum | 1223 | ||
Formation of J pouch | 1223 | ||
Further mobilization if the pouch does not reach | 1224 | ||
Formation of anal anastomosis | 1225 | ||
Diverting loop ileostomy creation | 1225 | ||
Procedure completion | 1225 | ||
Additional Considerations | 1226 | ||
Laparoscopic versus open approach | 1226 | ||
Surveillance | 1226 | ||
Long-term outcomes | 1226 | ||
S-pouch function | 1226 | ||
Total Proctocolectomy and Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis with Mucosectomy and Hand-sewn Anastomosis | 1227 | ||
Perineal dissection | 1227 | ||
Hand-sewn anastomosis | 1227 | ||
Ostomy creation | 1227 | ||
Additional Considerations | 1227 | ||
Hand-sewn versus double-stapled technique | 1227 | ||
Ileal pouch–anal anastomosis in patients with rectal cancer | 1228 | ||
Surveillance | 1228 | ||
Elective Total Abdominal Colectomy with Ileoproctostomy | 1229 | ||
Ileorectal anastomosis | 1229 | ||
Pitfalls | 1229 | ||
Additional Considerations | 1229 | ||
Persistent proctitis | 1229 | ||
Rectal cancer risk | 1229 | ||
Elective Kock and Barnett Continent Ileostomies | 1229 | ||
SUMMARY | 1230 | ||
REFERENCES | 1230 | ||
Challenges in the Medical and Surgical Management of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1233 | ||
Key points | 1233 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1233 | ||
INTESTINAL FISTULA | 1234 | ||
SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME | 1236 | ||
POUCH COMPLICATIONS | 1239 | ||
DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS | 1240 | ||
SUMMARY | 1241 | ||
REFERENCES | 1241 | ||
Extraintestinal Manifestations Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1245 | ||
Key points | 1245 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1245 | ||
MUSCULOSKELETAL MANIFESTATIONS | 1247 | ||
Peripheral Arthropathies | 1247 | ||
Axial Arthropathies | 1248 | ||
DERMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS | 1248 | ||
Erythema Nodosum | 1248 | ||
Pyoderma Gangrenosum | 1249 | ||
Aphthous Ulcers | 1249 | ||
Sweet Syndrome | 1250 | ||
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS | 1250 | ||
Episcleritis and Scleritis | 1251 | ||
Uveitis | 1251 | ||
HEPATOBILIARY MANIFESTATIONS | 1252 | ||
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis | 1252 | ||
Cholelithiasis | 1253 | ||
Portal Vein Thrombosis | 1253 | ||
RENAL | 1253 | ||
PULMONARY | 1254 | ||
SUMMARY | 1254 | ||
REFERENCES | 1254 | ||
Colorectal Neoplasia and Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1261 | ||
Key points | 1261 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1261 | ||
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF INCREASED RISK | 1262 | ||
ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND COLORECTAL CANCER | 1262 | ||
SURVEILLANCE | 1262 | ||
MANAGEMENT OF DYSPLASIA | 1263 | ||
DYSPLASIA-ASSOCIATED LESION OR MASS | 1264 | ||
NEOPLASIA FOLLOWING PROCTOCOLECTOMY WITH ILEAL POUCH-ANAL ANASTOMOSIS | 1264 | ||
CROHN'S DISEASE | 1266 | ||
CANCER IN A FISTULA | 1266 | ||
SUMMARY | 1266 | ||
REFERENCES | 1267 | ||
Nutritional Support of Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1271 | ||
Key points | 1271 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1271 | ||
EFFECT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE ON DIET, NUTRITION, AND METABOLISM | 1272 | ||
Dietary Intake in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1272 | ||
Specific Nutrient Deficiencies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1273 | ||
Microbial Alterations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1273 | ||
Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Special Patient Population | 1274 | ||
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MALNUTRITION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 1274 | ||
Nutritional Assessment | 1274 | ||
Nutritional Therapy | 1275 | ||
PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 1275 | ||
SUMMARY | 1276 | ||
REFERENCES | 1276 | ||
Psychosocial Support of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient | 1281 | ||
Key points | 1281 | ||
INTRODUCTION | 1281 | ||
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 1282 | ||
PATHOPSYCHOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY DISORDERS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 1282 | ||
SCREENING FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 1283 | ||
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS | 1284 | ||
NONPHARMACOLOGIC PSYCHOTHERAPY | 1285 | ||
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE | 1286 | ||
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 1287 | ||
COPING WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 1288 | ||
IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | 1289 | ||
SUMMARY | 1289 | ||
REFERENCES | 1289 | ||
Index | 1295 |