BOOK
Glaucoma, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 45-6, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Dr. Stefano Pizzirani has assembled an expert panel of authors on the topic of small animal Glaucoma. Articles include: Functional anatomy of the outflow facilities,Epidemiology of idiopathic canine glaucoma,Pathophysiology and classification of idiopathic canine glaucoma,Genetics of idiopathic canine glaucoma,Clinical signs,Medical treatment of idiopathic canine glaucoma,Ocular pathology in canine glaucoma,Feline Glaucoma, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Glaucoma | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Editor | iii | ||
| Authors | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface: Glaucoma\r | v | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Outflow Facilities\r | v | ||
| Definition, Classification, and Pathophysiology of Canine Glaucoma\r | v | ||
| Genetics of Canine Primary Glaucomas\r | v | ||
| Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of the Canine Primary Glaucomas\r | vi | ||
| Microscopic Lesions in Canine Eyes with Primary Glaucoma\r | vi | ||
| Medical Treatment of Primary Canine Glaucoma\r | vi | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Canine Glaucoma: Filtering and End-Stage Glaucoma Procedures\r | vi | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Canine Glaucoma: Cyclodestructive Techniques\r | vii | ||
| Feline Glaucoma\r | vii | ||
| Canine Secondary Glaucomas\r | vii | ||
| VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: SMALL\rANIMAL PRACTICE | viii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | viii | ||
| January 2016 | viii | ||
| March 2016 | viii | ||
| May 2016 | viii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | viii | ||
| September 2015 | viii | ||
| July 2015 | viii | ||
| May 2015 | viii | ||
| VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: SMALL\rANIMAL PRACTICE\r | viii | ||
| Preface: Glaucoma\r | ix | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Outflow Facilities | 1101 | ||
| Key points | 1101 | ||
| AQUEOUS PRODUCTION | 1102 | ||
| PATHWAYS OF AQUEOUS OUTFLOW | 1104 | ||
| TRABECULAR OUTFLOW | 1104 | ||
| ANGULAR AQUEOUS PLEXUS | 1115 | ||
| POSTERIOR, UVEOSCLERAL, OR UNCONVENTIONAL OUTFLOW | 1117 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1119 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1120 | ||
| Definition, Classification, and Pathophysiology of Canine Glaucoma | 1127 | ||
| Key points | 1127 | ||
| DEFINITION | 1127 | ||
| Age | 1128 | ||
| Gender | 1130 | ||
| Familial History | 1130 | ||
| Breed and Goniodysgenesis | 1131 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF GLAUCOMAS | 1131 | ||
| Congenital Glaucoma | 1132 | ||
| Primary Glaucoma | 1133 | ||
| Primary angle-closure glaucoma | 1134 | ||
| Primary open-angle glaucoma | 1137 | ||
| PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PRIMARY GLAUCOMA | 1137 | ||
| Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma | 1138 | ||
| Primary Open-angle Glaucoma | 1140 | ||
| THEORIES AND MECHANISMS | 1140 | ||
| Mechanical Theory | 1142 | ||
| Vascular Theory | 1142 | ||
| Pathophysiologic Mechanisms | 1143 | ||
| Mitochondrial dysfunction | 1143 | ||
| Oxidative stress | 1144 | ||
| Activation of glial cells | 1144 | ||
| Glutamate | 1145 | ||
| Immune-mediated and autoimmune mechanisms | 1145 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1148 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1148 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1148 | ||
| Genetics of Canine Primary Glaucomas | 1159 | ||
| Key points | 1159 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1159 | ||
| TECHNIQUES USED TO STUDY GENETIC DISORDERS | 1161 | ||
| GENETICS OF HUMAN GLAUCOMA AND ITS RELEVANCE TO CANINE GLAUCOMA STUDIES | 1165 | ||
| GENETICS OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY GLAUCOMA | 1165 | ||
| GENETICS OF CANINE PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA | 1166 | ||
| GENETICS OF PECTINATE LIGAMENT DYSPLASIA AND CILIARY CLEFT OPENING | 1167 | ||
| GENETICS OF PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA | 1168 | ||
| GENETICS OF PRIMARY LENS LUXATION | 1170 | ||
| STRATEGIES TO TARGET PRIMARY GLAUCOMA IN CANINE POPULATIONS | 1171 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1172 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1172 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1172 | ||
| Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of the Canine Primary Glaucomas | 1183 | ||
| Key points | 1183 | ||
| DEFINITION OF PRIMARY GLAUCOMA | 1183 | ||
| PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA | 1184 | ||
| PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA | 1185 | ||
| Reverse Pupillary Block | 1185 | ||
| CLINICAL FORMS OF PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA | 1189 | ||
| Latent | 1189 | ||
| Intermittent | 1190 | ||
| Acute Congestive | 1190 | ||
| Post Congestive | 1191 | ||
| Chronic Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma | 1191 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS OF PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA | 1191 | ||
| EARLY TO MIDSTAGE CLINICAL SIGNS | 1192 | ||
| Pain | 1192 | ||
| Systemic Malaise | 1192 | ||
| Alterations in Vision | 1192 | ||
| Episcleral Injection | 1192 | ||
| Corneal Edema | 1192 | ||
| Mild Aqueous Flare and Cell | 1193 | ||
| Pupil Alterations | 1193 | ||
| Lens Changes | 1193 | ||
| Vitreous Alterations | 1194 | ||
| Retina | 1194 | ||
| Optic Disc Changes | 1194 | ||
| Changes in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Visual Cortex | 1195 | ||
| CHRONIC CLINICAL SIGNS | 1195 | ||
| Haab Striae | 1195 | ||
| Buphthalmos | 1195 | ||
| Reduced Episcleral Injection | 1196 | ||
| Phthisis Bulbi | 1196 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA | 1196 | ||
| TECHNIQUES THAT EVALUATE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE | 1196 | ||
| Tonometry | 1196 | ||
| Indentation tonometry | 1196 | ||
| Applanation tonometry | 1196 | ||
| Rebound tonometry | 1197 | ||
| Tonometer factors | 1197 | ||
| Tonometrist-controlled factors | 1198 | ||
| Animal factors | 1199 | ||
| The Effect of Corneal Thickness on Intraocular Pressure Measurements | 1199 | ||
| TECHNIQUES THAT EVALUATE THE IRIDOCORNEAL ANGLE | 1199 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 1199 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 1202 | ||
| Anterior-Segment Optical Coherence Tomography | 1203 | ||
| TECHNIQUES THAT EVALUATE THE VISUAL CAPABILITIES OF THE EYE | 1203 | ||
| Visual Field | 1203 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Testing | 1204 | ||
| Multifocal electroretinogram/visual evoked potential | 1204 | ||
| TECHNIQUES THAT EVALUATE THE OPTIC DISC | 1205 | ||
| Optic Disc Photography | 1205 | ||
| Advanced Optic Disc Imaging | 1205 | ||
| Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph) | 1205 | ||
| Optical Coherence Tomography | 1206 | ||
| Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography | 1206 | ||
| Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography | 1206 | ||
| TECHNIQUES THAT EVALUATE THE RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER | 1207 | ||
| Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Photography | 1207 | ||
| Ophthalmoscopy | 1209 | ||
| Red-Free Photography | 1209 | ||
| Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography | 1209 | ||
| Scanning Laser Polarimetry | 1209 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1209 | ||
| Microscopic Lesions in Canine Eyes with Primary Glaucoma | 1213 | ||
| Key points | 1213 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1213 | ||
| GLAUCOMA-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CANINE ANTERIOR SEGMENT | 1214 | ||
| Goniodysgenesis: Background and Nomenclature | 1214 | ||
| Histopathologic Diagnosis and Challenges | 1217 | ||
| Concurrent Lesions or Insights on Pathogenesis? | 1219 | ||
| Goniodysgenesis: Static or Progressive? | 1223 | ||
| GLAUCOMA-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE CANINE POSTERIOR SEGMENT | 1223 | ||
| General Microscopic Features of Primary Glaucoma in the Posterior Segment | 1224 | ||
| Microscopic Lesions of Early Primary Glaucoma: Atrophy of the Inner Retina | 1224 | ||
| Microscopic Lesions of Chronic Primary Glaucoma: Panretinal Atrophy, Optic Nerve Cupping, and Choroidal and Scleral Thinning | 1225 | ||
| Changes in the Choroid and Tapetum with Primary Glaucoma | 1226 | ||
| Photic Retinopathy or the So-Called Tapetal Sparing | 1226 | ||
| Changes in the Lens with Primary Glaucoma | 1228 | ||
| Changes in the Vitreous with Primary Glaucoma | 1228 | ||
| Changes in the Sclera with Primary Glaucoma | 1229 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1229 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1230 | ||
| Medical Treatment of Primary Canine Glaucoma | 1235 | ||
| Key points | 1235 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1235 | ||
| TOPICAL OCULAR HYPOTENSIVE DRUGS | 1236 | ||
| CHOLINERGIC AGONISTS (MIOTICS) | 1237 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 1237 | ||
| Pilocarpine | 1237 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Canine Glaucoma | 1261 | ||
| Key points | 1261 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1261 | ||
| FILTERING PROCEDURES | 1262 | ||
| GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CURRENT GONIOIMPLANT DESIGN | 1263 | ||
| SUBCONJUNCTIVAL IMPLANTS | 1264 | ||
| Preparation | 1264 | ||
| Technique | 1265 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 1268 | ||
| Success Rate | 1269 | ||
| Combined Procedures | 1269 | ||
| FRONTAL SINUS SHUNTS | 1269 | ||
| SUPRACHOROIDAL SHUNTS | 1270 | ||
| INTRASCLERAL SHUNTS | 1270 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1271 | ||
| END-STAGE GLAUCOMA PROCEDURES | 1274 | ||
| Chemical Ablation of the Ciliary Body | 1275 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1276 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 1276 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1277 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Canine Glaucoma | 1283 | ||
| Key points | 1283 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1283 | ||
| CYCLOPHOTOCOAGULATION | 1284 | ||
| DIODE TRANSSCLERAL CYCLOPHOTOCOAGULATION | 1286 | ||
| SURGICAL PROCEDURE | 1286 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 1288 | ||
| SUCCESS RATE | 1288 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1289 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC CYCLOPHOTOCOAGULATION | 1290 | ||
| SURGICAL PROCEDURE | 1290 | ||
| SURGICAL APPROACH TO THE CILIARY PROCESSES | 1292 | ||
| Limbal Approach | 1292 | ||
| Pars Plana Approach (Pseudophakic, Aphakic) | 1293 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC CYCLOPHOTOCOAGULATION TREATMENT AND TECHNIQUES | 1294 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 1299 | ||
| SUCCESS RATE | 1299 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1301 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1301 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 1302 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1302 | ||
| Feline Glaucoma | 1307 | ||
| Key points | 1307 | ||
| AQUEOUS HUMOR DYNAMICS IN CATS | 1307 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CAUSES OF GLAUCOMA IN CATS | 1307 | ||
| PRIMARY GLAUCOMA IN CATS | 1310 | ||
| Feline Open Angle Glaucoma | 1310 | ||
| Feline Congenital Glaucoma | 1310 | ||
| SECONDARY GLAUCOMA IN CATS | 1312 | ||
| Glaucoma Secondary to Neoplasia | 1312 | ||
| Glaucoma Secondary to Uveitis | 1312 | ||
| Trauma | 1313 | ||
| Intraocular Hemorrhage | 1314 | ||
| Lens-Associated Secondary Glaucoma in Cats | 1314 | ||
| Feline Aqueous Humor Misdirection Syndrome | 1314 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS OF FELINE GLAUCOMA | 1316 | ||
| Measuring Intraocular Pressure in Cats | 1319 | ||
| Fluctuations in Intraocular Pressure Should Be Expected, Even in Normal Cats | 1319 | ||
| The Age of the Patient Can Influence Intraocular Pressure | 1319 | ||
| Prior Drug Administration May Alter Intraocular Pressure | 1319 | ||
| Tonometers Provide Only an Estimate of Intraocular Pressure and Have Important Limitations | 1319 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 1321 | ||
| Ancillary Diagnostic Tests | 1321 | ||
| CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF GLAUCOMA IN CATS | 1322 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY FOR FELINE GLAUCOMA | 1323 | ||
| INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE–LOWERING DRUGS | 1323 | ||
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | 1325 | ||
| DRUGS WITH VARIABLE RESPONSE | 1325 | ||
| β-Blockers | 1325 | ||
| Prostaglandin Analogues | 1325 | ||
| Cholinergics | 1326 | ||
| Adrenergic Agonists | 1326 | ||
| Topical Corticosteroids in Feline Glaucoma | 1327 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF GLAUCOMA IN CATS | 1327 | ||
| Cyclodestructive Procedures | 1327 | ||
| Anterior Chamber Shunt Procedures | 1328 | ||
| Pharmacologic Ablation of the Ciliary Body Epithelium | 1328 | ||
| ENUCLEATION AND EVISCERATION FOR FELINE GLAUCOMA | 1328 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1329 | ||
| Canine Secondary Glaucomas | 1335 | ||
| Key points | 1335 | ||
| UVEITIS | 1338 | ||
| Key Findings | 1338 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1338 | ||
| Additional Diagnostics | 1339 | ||
| Treatment | 1340 | ||
| Prognosis | 1341 | ||
| CATARACTS AND CATARACT SURGERY | 1341 | ||
| Key Findings | 1341 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1341 | ||
| Additional Diagnostics | 1344 | ||
| Treatment | 1344 | ||
| Prognosis | 1344 | ||
| LENS INSTABILITY AND LENS LUXATION | 1344 | ||
| Key Findings | 1345 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1345 | ||
| Additional Diagnostics | 1346 | ||
| Treatment | 1346 | ||
| Prognosis | 1347 | ||
| NEOPLASIA | 1347 | ||
| Key Findings | 1348 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1348 | ||
| Additional Diagnostics | 1348 | ||
| Treatment | 1349 | ||
| Prognosis | 1349 | ||
| HYPHEMA | 1350 | ||
| Key Findings | 1350 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1350 | ||
| Additional Diagnostics | 1350 | ||
| Treatment | 1351 | ||
| Prognosis | 1351 | ||
| RETINAL DETACHMENTS | 1351 | ||
| Key Findings | 1352 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 1352 | ||
| Additional Diagnostics | 1353 | ||
| Treatment | 1353 | ||
| Prognosis | 1353 | ||
| PENETRATING AND BLUNT TRAUMA | 1353 | ||
| Angle Recession Glaucoma | 1354 | ||
| Penetrating Trauma with Lens Damage | 1354 | ||
| SPECIFIC IMMUNE-MEDIATED AND/OR PIGMENT-MEDIATED DISEASES | 1354 | ||
| Melanocytic Glaucoma/Pigmentary Glaucoma/Ocular Melanosis | 1354 | ||
| Golden Retriever Uveitis-related/Cyst-related Glaucomas | 1355 | ||
| Uveodermatologic Syndrome/Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada–like Syndrome | 1356 | ||
| REFERENCES | 1357 | ||
| Index | 1365 |