Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Get an in-depth understanding of the dental materials and tasks that dental professionals encounter every day with Dental Materials: Foundations and Applications, 11th Edition.  Trusted for nearly 40 years, Powers and Wataha’s text walks readers through the nature, categories, and uses of clinical and laboratory dental materials in use today. Increased coverage of foundational basics and clinical applications and an expanded art program help make complex content easier to grasp. If you’re looking to effectively stay on top of the rapidly developing field of dental materials, look no further than this proven text.
- Comprehensive and cutting-edge content  describes the latest materials commonly used in dental practice, including those in esthetics, ceramics, dental implants, and impressions.
- Approximately 500 illustrations and photographs make it easier to understand properties and differences in both materials and specific types of products.
- Review questions provide an excellent study tool with 20 to 30 self-test questions in each chapter.
- Quick Review boxes summarize the material in each chapter.
- Note boxes highlight key points and important terminology throughout the text.
- Key terms are bolded at their initial mention in the text and defined in the glossary.
- Expert authors are well recognized in the fields of dental materials, oral biomaterials, and restorative dentistry.
- A logical and consistent format sets up a solid foundation before progressing into discussions of specific materials, moving from the more common and simple applications such as composites to more specialized areas such as polymers and dental implants.
- Learning objectives in each chapter focus readers’ attention on essential information.
- Supplemental readings in each chapter cite texts and journal articles for further research and study.
- Conversion Factors on the inside back cover provides a list of common metric conversions.
- NEW! Foundations and Applications subtitle emphasizes material basics and clinical applications to mirror the educational emphasis.
- NEW! More clinical photos and conceptual illustrations help bring often-complex material into context and facilitate comprehension.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ES2 | ||
| Dental Materials: Foundations and Applications | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Preface | iii | ||
| Background | iii | ||
| Audience | iii | ||
| Organization | iii | ||
| Key Features | iii | ||
| New to This Edition | iv | ||
| Companion Website | iv | ||
| Student Resources | iv | ||
| Instructor Resources | iv | ||
| Acknowledgments | v | ||
| Introduction | vii | ||
| Atoms: the building blocks of dental materials | vii | ||
| Atoms | vii | ||
| Bonds between Atoms | viii | ||
| Molecules and Crystals | ix | ||
| Basic types of dental materials | x | ||
| Metals and Alloys | x | ||
| Ceramics | x | ||
| Polymers | xii | ||
| Composite Materials | xii | ||
| Contents | xv | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction to Restorative Dental Materials | 1 | ||
| Dental disease and restorative materials | 1 | ||
| Caries | 1 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 1 | ||
| Trauma, Systemic Disease, and Genetic Disorders | 2 | ||
| Restoration of damaged teeth | 4 | ||
| Intracoronal Restorations | 4 | ||
| Extracoronal Restorations | 4 | ||
| Endodontic Treatment | 5 | ||
| Replacement of lost or missing teeth | 9 | ||
| Partial Tooth Loss (Partial Edentulism) | 9 | ||
| Loss of All Teeth (Edentulism) | 12 | ||
| Prevention of disease and trauma | 12 | ||
| Chapter 2: Properties of Materials | 15 | ||
| Dimensional change | 15 | ||
| Thermal Dimensional Change | 15 | ||
| Thermal conductivity | 16 | ||
| Electrical properties | 17 | ||
| Solubility and sorption | 17 | ||
| Wettability | 17 | ||
| Mechanical properties | 18 | ||
| Stress | 18 | ||
| Strain | 19 | ||
| Stress-Strain Curves | 19 | ||
| Elastic Modulus | 19 | ||
| Proportional Limit and Yield Strength | 20 | ||
| Ultimate Strength | 20 | ||
| Elongation and Compression | 21 | ||
| Resilience and Toughness | 21 | ||
| Hardness | 21 | ||
| Strain-Time Curves | 22 | ||
| Dynamic Properties | 23 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 25 | ||
| Appendix2-1. Equations | 25 | ||
| Dimensional Change During Setting | 25 | ||
| Thermal Dimensional Change | 25 | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 26 | ||
| Stress | 26 | ||
| Strain | 26 | ||
| Elastic Modulus | 26 | ||
| Elongation and Compression | 26 | ||
| Chapter 3: Preventive Dental Materials | 27 | ||
| Fluoride gels, foams, rinses, and varnishes | 27 | ||
| Composition | 27 | ||
| Properties | 28 | ||
| Manipulation | 28 | ||
| Pit and fissure sealants | 28 | ||
| Composition and Reaction | 29 | ||
| Properties | 30 | ||
| Manipulation of Sealants | 32 | ||
| Visible Light-Activated Sealants | 32 | ||
| Amine-Accelerated Sealants | 32 | ||
| Mouth protectors | 33 | ||
| Types and Composition | 33 | ||
| Properties | 33 | ||
| Fabrication of Mouth Protectors | 36 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 41 | ||
| Appendix3-1. Equations | 41 | ||
| Penetration Coefficient | 41 | ||
| Chapter 4: Direct Esthetic Restorative Materials | 42 | ||
| Composites | 42 | ||
| Composition and Reaction | 43 | ||
| Filler Size | 43 | ||
| Filler Composition | 43 | ||
| Coupling Agents | 44 | ||
| Resin Matrix | 44 | ||
| Initiators and Accelerators | 45 | ||
| Pigments | 45 | ||
| Properties | 45 | ||
| Polymerization Shrinkage | 45 | ||
| Thermal Conductivity | 46 | ||
| Thermal Expansion | 46 | ||
| Water Sorption | 46 | ||
| Radiopacity | 46 | ||
| Compressive and Flexural Strengths | 46 | ||
| Elastic Modulus | 46 | ||
| Hardness and Wear | 46 | ||
| Bond Strength | 46 | ||
| Clinical Qualities | 46 | ||
| Wear | 46 | ||
| Postoperative Sensitivity | 47 | ||
| Manipulation | 47 | ||
| Etching and Bonding | 47 | ||
| Single-Paste Composites | 47 | ||
| Two-Paste Composites | 47 | ||
| Pulpal Protection | 47 | ||
| Insertion | 47 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing | 47 | ||
| Composites for special applications | 48 | ||
| Flowable Composites | 48 | ||
| Bulk-Fill Composites | 49 | ||
| Laboratory Composites | 49 | ||
| Core Buildup Composites | 51 | ||
| Provisional Composites | 51 | ||
| Repair of Ceramic or Composite | 51 | ||
| Compomers | 51 | ||
| Chapter 5: Dental Amalgam | 58 | ||
| Silver alloys for dental amalgams | 58 | ||
| Mercury | 59 | ||
| Reaction of silver alloy with mercury | 59 | ||
| Properties of amalgam | 61 | ||
| Strength | 61 | ||
| Dimensional Change | 63 | ||
| Creep | 64 | ||
| Tarnish and Corrosion | 65 | ||
| Manipulation of amalgam | 65 | ||
| Mixing the Amalgam (Trituration) | 65 | ||
| Transfer and Condensation | 66 | ||
| Carving and Finishing | 67 | ||
| Limiting exposure to mercury | 69 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 71 | ||
| Chapter 6: Finishing, Polishing, and Cleansing Materials | 73 | ||
| Abrasion | 74 | ||
| Rate | 74 | ||
| Surface Roughness and Gloss | 74 | ||
| Types of Abrasives | 74 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing Techniques | 76 | ||
| Amalgam | 76 | ||
| Composites | 76 | ||
| Ceramics | 77 | ||
| Resin-Modified Glass Ionomers | 77 | ||
| Glass Ionomers | 77 | ||
| Gold Alloy | 77 | ||
| Denture Bases | 78 | ||
| Prophylactic pastes | 78 | ||
| Composition | 78 | ||
| Properties | 78 | ||
| Dentifrices | 79 | ||
| Composition and Role of Ingredients | 79 | ||
| Effect of Toothbrush | 80 | ||
| Selection of Toothbrush and Dentifrice | 80 | ||
| Denture cleansers | 80 | ||
| Requirements | 80 | ||
| Types | 80 | ||
| Effectiveness | 80 | ||
| Recommended Techniques and Precautions | 81 | ||
| Whitening | 81 | ||
| Composition | 81 | ||
| Properties | 81 | ||
| Techniques | 82 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 83 | ||
| Chapter 7: Cements | 84 | ||
| Cementation | 85 | ||
| Water-based cements | 85 | ||
| Glass Ionomer Cement | 85 | ||
| Composition and Reaction | 85 | ||
| Properties | 85 | ||
| Manipulation | 85 | ||
| Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement | 87 | ||
| Composition and Reaction | 87 | ||
| Properties | 87 | ||
| Manipulation | 87 | ||
| Bioceramic Cement | 87 | ||
| Oil-based cements | 88 | ||
| Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cements | 88 | ||
| Composition and Reaction | 88 | ||
| Properties | 88 | ||
| Manipulation | 88 | ||
| Resin-based cements | 88 | ||
| Esthetic Resin Cements | 88 | ||
| Chapter 8: Impression Materials | 98 | ||
| Alginate hydrocolloid impression material | 100 | ||
| Packaging | 100 | ||
| Composition | 100 | ||
| Properties | 102 | ||
| Mixing and Setting Times | 102 | ||
| Elastic Recovery | 102 | ||
| Flexibility | 103 | ||
| Strength | 103 | ||
| Dimensional Change | 103 | ||
| Reproduction of Detail | 104 | ||
| Disinfection | 104 | ||
| Objectives for Taking Alginate Impressions | 104 | ||
| Selection of the Tray | 104 | ||
| Modification of the Tray | 104 | ||
| Dispensing the Alginate | 105 | ||
| Mixing the Alginate | 105 | ||
| Loading the Tray | 105 | ||
| Making the Impression | 105 | ||
| Steps after Making the Impression | 105 | ||
| Troubleshooting Alginate Impressions | 106 | ||
| Alginate substitute impression material | 106 | ||
| Elastomeric impression materials | 106 | ||
| Addition silicone impression materials | 106 | ||
| Composition and Setting Reaction | 106 | ||
| Consistencies | 107 | ||
| Properties | 107 | ||
| Manipulation | 107 | ||
| Polyether impression materials | 109 | ||
| Composition and Setting Reaction | 109 | ||
| Properties | 109 | ||
| Manipulation | 109 | ||
| Disinfection of elastomeric impressions | 110 | ||
| Elastomeric materials for bite registration | 110 | ||
| Digital impressions | 110 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 115 | ||
| Appendix8-1. Agar hydrocolloid impression material | 115 | ||
| Condensation silicone impression materials | 116 | ||
| Polysulfide impression materials | 116 | ||
| Rigid Impression Materials | 117 | ||
| Impression Compound | 117 | ||
| Zinc Oxide-Eugenol | 117 | ||
| Chapter 9: Model and Die Materials | 118 | ||
| Desirable Qualities and Types of Products | 118 | ||
| Gypsum Products | 120 | ||
| Chemical and Physical Nature | 120 | ||
| Physical Form | 120 | ||
| Chemical Reaction and Excess Water | 120 | ||
| Accelerators and Retarders | 121 | ||
| Water-Powder Ratio | 121 | ||
| Temperature and Humidity | 122 | ||
| Hardening Solutions | 122 | ||
| Properties of Gypsum Materials | 122 | ||
| Setting Time | 122 | ||
| Reproduction of Detail | 122 | ||
| Strength | 123 | ||
| Hardness and Abrasion Resistance | 124 | ||
| Dimensional Accuracy | 124 | ||
| Manipulation | 124 | ||
| Measurement and Combination of Powder and Water | 124 | ||
| Spatulation | 125 | ||
| Pouring the Model | 125 | ||
| Disinfection | 128 | ||
| Epoxy products | 128 | ||
| Dies from digital data | 128 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 130 | ||
| Chapter 10: Waxes | 131 | ||
| Important properties of waxes | 131 | ||
| Melting Range | 132 | ||
| Excess Residue | 132 | ||
| Flow | 132 | ||
| Thermal Expansion | 133 | ||
| Residual Stress | 133 | ||
| Pattern waxes | 133 | ||
| Inlay Wax | 133 | ||
| Casting Wax | 133 | ||
| Baseplate Wax | 133 | ||
| Resins | 134 | ||
| Important Properties of Pattern Waxes | 134 | ||
| Processing waxes | 134 | ||
| Boxing and Utility Waxes | 134 | ||
| Sticky Wax | 134 | ||
| Corrective Impression Wax | 135 | ||
| Bite-Registration Wax | 136 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 137 | ||
| Chapter 11: Casting Alloys, Wrought Alloys, and Solders | 138 | ||
| Fundamental concepts about metals and alloys | 138 | ||
| Noble Metals, Base Metals, and Nonmetals | 138 | ||
| Elements in Dental Alloys | 140 | ||
| Crystal Structure and Grains of Alloys | 140 | ||
| Important Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alloys | 142 | ||
| Casting alloys | 144 | ||
| Categorizing Casting Alloys | 144 | ||
| Common Casting Alloys | 145 | ||
| Ceramic-bonding casting alloys | 147 | ||
| Properties Important to Ceramic-Alloy Bonding | 147 | ||
| Problems Encountered with Ceramic-Alloy Bonding | 149 | ||
| Wrought alloys | 150 | ||
| Solders | 150 | ||
| Biocompatibility of alloys and solders | 152 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 154 | ||
| Chapter 12: Casting, Soldering, and Welding | 155 | ||
| Waxing and spruing | 156 | ||
| Waxing | 156 | ||
| Spruing | 158 | ||
| Investing and burnout | 158 | ||
| Investments | 158 | ||
| Investing | 158 | ||
| Expansion of the Investment | 160 | ||
| Burnout | 160 | ||
| Chapter 13: Polymers in Prosthodontics | 169 | ||
| Polymerization | 169 | ||
| Methyl Methacrylate, Acrylic Polymers (PMMA), and Free-Radical Polymerization | 171 | ||
| Cross-Linking, Copolymers, Plasticizers, and Fillers | 172 | ||
| Complete dentures | 174 | ||
| Fabrication of Complete Dentures: An Overview | 174 | ||
| Manipulation of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) in Complete Denture Construction | 174 | ||
| Properties of Acrylic (PMMA) Polymers | 178 | ||
| Care of Dentures | 181 | ||
| Repair of Dentures | 182 | ||
| Denture soft liners | 182 | ||
| Acrylic polymers combined with alloys | 184 | ||
| Polymer denture teeth | 185 | ||
| Other uses of polymers in prosthodontics | 187 | ||
| Maxillofacial Prostheses | 187 | ||
| Temporary Restorations | 187 | ||
| Impression Trays | 189 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 191 | ||
| Chapter 14: Dental Ceramics | 192 | ||
| Ceramics in dentistry | 192 | ||
| Basic Ideas about Ceramics | 192 | ||
| Types and Uses of Ceramics in Dentistry Today | 193 | ||
| Fabrication Techniques | 195 | ||
| Properties of ceramics | 199 | ||
| Physical Properties | 199 | ||
| Thermal Properties | 199 | ||
| Optical Properties | 201 | ||
| Biologic Properties | 202 | ||
| Clinical uses of dental ceramics | 202 | ||
| Ceramic-Alloy Restorations | 202 | ||
| Ceramic-Alloy Bonding | 204 | ||
| Fabrication of Ceramic-Alloy Restorations | 204 | ||
| All-Ceramic Restorations | 206 | ||
| All-Ceramic Crowns and Fixed Partial Dentures | 206 | ||
| Ceramic Implant Abutments and Implants | 209 | ||
| New Problems with All-Ceramic Restorations | 209 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 213 | ||
| Chapter 15: Dental Implants | 214 | ||
| Important principles | 214 | ||
| Implant Surgery | 214 | ||
| Osseointegration and Biointegration | 219 | ||
| Implants and Force | 220 | ||
| Clinical issues | 220 | ||
| Types and Uses of Implants | 220 | ||
| Definition of Clinical Success of Implant Therapy | 221 | ||
| Clinical Maintenance | 221 | ||
| Implant materials | 221 | ||
| Early Materials: Polymers, Ceramics, and Metals | 221 | ||
| Titanium Alloys for Endosseous Implants | 224 | ||
| Ceramic Coatings | 225 | ||
| Ceramic Implants | 225 | ||
| Suggested supplementary readings | 230 | ||
| Glossary | 231 | ||
| Index | 235 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ES3 |