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Book Details
Abstract
Master the important pathophysiology concepts you need to know with the most engaging and reader-friendly text available. Filled with vibrant illustrations and complemented by online resources that bring pathophysiology concepts to life, Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition continues its tradition of delivering the most accurate information on treatments, manifestations, and mechanisms of disease across the lifespan, giving you the fundamental knowledge needed to move forward in your nursing education and career. New additions include a new chapter on epigenetics, new content on rare diseases, a separate chapter for male and female reproductive alterations, streamlined features, simplified language, and fully updated information throughout.
- Introduction to Pathophysiology in the front matter section provides intro to the subject of pathophysiology and explains why it is important.
- Consistent presentation helps readers better distinguish pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evaluation and treatment for each disease.
- More than 1,000 high-quality illustrations vividly depict clinical manifestations and cellular mechanisms underlying diseases.
- Lifespan coverage details age-specific conditions affecting pediatric, adult, and aging patients in depth.
- Algorithms throughout the text clarify disease progression.
- Risk Factor boxes alert readers to important safety considerations associated with specific diseases.
- Health Alert boxes highlight new developments in biologic research, diagnostic studies, preventive care, treatments, and more.
- Quick Check boxes test readers’ retention of important chapter concepts.
- Geriatric Considerations boxes and Pediatric Considerations boxes highlight key considerations for these demographics in relevant chapters.
- Did You Understand? sections provide a fast and efficient review of chapter content.
- Chapter outlines help readers find specific information with ease.
- Chapter introductions explain why chapter content is important and how it fits into a broader health care context.
- Key terms are bolded throughout the text for fast, easy reference.
- Glossary of selected terms familiarizes readers with the most difficult or important terminology.
- Additional online resources on Evolve companion website offers access to animations, review questions, key terms matching exercises, and more.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ifc1 | ||
| Health Alerts | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Understanding Pathophysiology | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Reviewers | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Organization and Content: What’s New in the Sixth Edition | ix | ||
| Part One: Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology | ix | ||
| Part Two: Body Systems and Diseases | ix | ||
| Features to Promote Learning | x | ||
| Art Program | x | ||
| Teaching/Learning Package | x | ||
| For Students | x | ||
| For Instructors | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Introduction to Pathophysiology | xii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xiii | ||
| One Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology | 1 | ||
| Unit 1 The Cell | 1 | ||
| 1 Cellular Biology | 1 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1 | ||
| Evolve Website | 1 | ||
| Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | 1 | ||
| Cellular Functions | 1 | ||
| Structure and Function of Cellular Components | 2 | ||
| Nucleus | 2 | ||
| Cytoplasmic Organelles | 2 | ||
| Plasma Membranes | 2 | ||
| Membrane Composition | 2 | ||
| Lipids. | 3 | ||
| Proteins. | 5 | ||
| Protein regulation in a cell: protein homeostasis. | 8 | ||
| Carbohydrates. | 9 | ||
| Cellular Receptors | 9 | ||
| Cell-to-Cell Adhesions | 10 | ||
| Extracellular Matrix | 10 | ||
| Specialized Cell Junctions | 11 | ||
| Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction | 12 | ||
| Cellular Metabolism | 14 | ||
| Role of Adenosine Triphosphate | 16 | ||
| Food and Production of Cellular Energy | 16 | ||
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | 16 | ||
| Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output | 17 | ||
| Electrolytes as Solutes | 18 | ||
| Passive Transport: Diffusion, Filtration, and Osmosis | 19 | ||
| Diffusion. | 19 | ||
| Filtration: hydrostatic pressure. | 19 | ||
| Osmosis. | 19 | ||
| Active Transport of Na+ and K | 21 | ||
| Transport by Vesicle Formation | 21 | ||
| Endocytosis and Exocytosis | 21 | ||
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | 24 | ||
| Caveolae | 24 | ||
| Movement of Electrical Impulses: Membrane Potentials | 24 | ||
| Cellular Reproduction: the Cell Cycle | 25 | ||
| Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis | 26 | ||
| Rates of Cellular Division | 26 | ||
| Growth Factors | 26 | ||
| Tissues | 27 | ||
| Tissue Formation | 27 | ||
| Types of Tissues | 27 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 34 | ||
| Cellular Functions | 34 | ||
| Structure and Function of Cellular Components | 34 | ||
| Cell-to-Cell Adhesions | 34 | ||
| Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction | 35 | ||
| Cellular Metabolism | 35 | ||
| Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output | 35 | ||
| Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle | 35 | ||
| Tissues | 35 | ||
| Key Terms | 36 | ||
| References | 37 | ||
| 2 Genes and Genetic Diseases | 38 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 38 | ||
| Evolve Website | 38 | ||
| DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level | 38 | ||
| Definitions | 38 | ||
| Composition and Structure of DNA | 38 | ||
| DNA as the Genetic Code | 39 | ||
| Replication of DNA | 39 | ||
| Mutation | 39 | ||
| From Genes to Proteins | 39 | ||
| Transcription | 39 | ||
| Gene Splicing | 41 | ||
| Translation | 41 | ||
| Chromosomes | 42 | ||
| Chromosome Aberrations and Associated Diseases | 42 | ||
| Polyploidy | 42 | ||
| Aneuploidy | 42 | ||
| Autosomal aneuploidy. | 45 | ||
| Sex chromosome aneuploidy. | 47 | ||
| Abnormalities of Chromosome Structure | 47 | ||
| Deletions. | 48 | ||
| Duplications. | 48 | ||
| Inversions. | 48 | ||
| Translocations. | 48 | ||
| Fragile sites. | 49 | ||
| Elements of Formal Genetics | 49 | ||
| Phenotype and Genotype | 49 | ||
| Dominance and Recessiveness | 49 | ||
| Transmission of Genetic Diseases | 49 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Inheritance | 50 | ||
| Characteristics of Pedigrees | 50 | ||
| Recurrence Risks | 50 | ||
| Delayed Age of Onset | 51 | ||
| Penetrance and Expressivity | 51 | ||
| Epigenetics and Genomic Imprinting | 52 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Inheritance | 52 | ||
| Characteristics of Pedigrees | 52 | ||
| Recurrence Risks | 53 | ||
| Consanguinity | 54 | ||
| X-Linked Inheritance | 54 | ||
| X Inactivation | 54 | ||
| Sex Determination | 54 | ||
| Characteristics of Pedigrees | 55 | ||
| Recurrence Risks | 55 | ||
| Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Traits | 55 | ||
| Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping | 56 | ||
| Classic Pedigree Analysis | 56 | ||
| Complete Human Gene Map: Prospects and Benefits | 57 | ||
| Multifactorial Inheritance | 57 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 59 | ||
| DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level | 59 | ||
| Chromosomes | 59 | ||
| Elements of Formal Genetics | 60 | ||
| Transmission of Genetic Diseases | 60 | ||
| Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping | 60 | ||
| Multifactorial Inheritance | 60 | ||
| Key Terms | 61 | ||
| References | 61 | ||
| 3 Epigenetics and Disease | 62 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 62 | ||
| Evolve Website | 62 | ||
| Epigenetic Mechanisms | 62 | ||
| DNA Methylation | 62 | ||
| Histone Modifications | 63 | ||
| RNA-Based Mechanisms | 64 | ||
| Epigenetics and Human Development | 64 | ||
| Genomic Imprinting | 64 | ||
| Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes | 65 | ||
| Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | 65 | ||
| Russell-Silver Syndrome | 66 | ||
| Long-Term and Multigenerational Persistence of Epigenetic States Induced by Stochastic and Environmental Factors | 66 | ||
| Epigenetics and Nutrition | 66 | ||
| Epigenetics and Maternal Care | 66 | ||
| Epigenetics and Mental Illness | 67 | ||
| Epigenetics and Ethanol Exposure During Gestation | 67 | ||
| Epigenetic Disease in the Context of Genetic Abnormalities | 67 | ||
| Twin Studies Provide Insights on Epigenetic Modification | 68 | ||
| Molecular Approaches to Understand Epigenetic Disease | 68 | ||
| Epigenetics and Cancer | 68 | ||
| DNA Methylation and Cancer | 68 | ||
| miRNAs and Cancer | 69 | ||
| Epigenetic Screening for Cancer | 69 | ||
| Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Epigenetic Disease | 69 | ||
| DNA Demethylating Agents | 70 | ||
| Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors | 70 | ||
| miRNA Coding | 70 | ||
| Future Directions | 70 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 70 | ||
| Overview | 70 | ||
| Epigenetics and Human Development | 70 | ||
| Genomic Imprinting | 71 | ||
| Long-Term and Multigenerational Persistence of Epigenetic States Induced by Stochastic and Environmental Factors | 71 | ||
| Epigenetics and Cancer | 71 | ||
| Future Directions | 71 | ||
| Key Terms | 71 | ||
| References | 71 | ||
| 4 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology | 73 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 73 | ||
| Evolve Website | 73 | ||
| Cellular Adaptation | 74 | ||
| Atrophy | 74 | ||
| Hypertrophy | 75 | ||
| Hyperplasia | 76 | ||
| Dysplasia: Not a True Adaptive Change | 77 | ||
| Metaplasia | 77 | ||
| Cellular Injury | 77 | ||
| General Mechanisms of Cell Injury | 78 | ||
| Hypoxic Injury | 78 | ||
| Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species—Oxidative Stress | 81 | ||
| Mitochondrial Effects | 82 | ||
| Chemical or Toxic Injury | 84 | ||
| Mechanisms | 84 | ||
| Chemical Agents Including Drugs | 85 | ||
| Lead. | 87 | ||
| Carbon monoxide. | 90 | ||
| Ethanol. | 90 | ||
| Mercury. | 93 | ||
| Unintentional and Intentional Injuries | 93 | ||
| Asphyxial Injuries | 94 | ||
| Suffocation. | 94 | ||
| Strangulation. | 95 | ||
| Chemical asphyxiants. | 96 | ||
| Drowning. | 96 | ||
| Infectious Injury | 96 | ||
| Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury | 96 | ||
| Manifestations of Cellular Injury: Accumulations | 96 | ||
| Water | 97 | ||
| Lipids and Carbohydrates | 98 | ||
| Glycogen | 98 | ||
| Proteins | 98 | ||
| Pigments | 99 | ||
| Melanin | 99 | ||
| Hemoproteins | 100 | ||
| Calcium | 100 | ||
| Urate | 101 | ||
| Systemic Manifestations | 101 | ||
| Cellular Death | 101 | ||
| Necrosis | 102 | ||
| Apoptosis | 104 | ||
| Autophagy | 105 | ||
| Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology | 107 | ||
| Normal Life Span, Life Expectancy, and Quality-Adjusted Life Year | 108 | ||
| Degenerative Extracellular Changes | 108 | ||
| Cellular Aging | 108 | ||
| Tissue and Systemic Aging | 109 | ||
| Frailty | 109 | ||
| Somatic Death | 109 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 110 | ||
| Cellular Adaptation | 110 | ||
| Cellular Injury | 110 | ||
| Manifestations of Cellular Injury | 111 | ||
| Cellular Death | 111 | ||
| Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology | 111 | ||
| Somatic Death | 112 | ||
| Key Terms | 112 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| 5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases | 114 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 114 | ||
| Evolve Website | 114 | ||
| Distribution of Body Fluids and Electrolytes | 114 | ||
| Water Movement Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid | 115 | ||
| Water Movement Between ICF and ECF | 115 | ||
| Alterations in Water Movement | 115 | ||
| Edema | 115 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 116 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 116 | ||
| Evaluation and treatment | 116 | ||
| Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance | 116 | ||
| Alterations in Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance | 119 | ||
| Isotonic Alterations | 119 | ||
| Hypertonic Alterations | 119 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 119 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 119 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 120 | ||
| Evaluation and treatment | 120 | ||
| Hypotonic Alterations | 121 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 121 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 121 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 121 | ||
| Evaluation and treatment | 121 | ||
| Alterations in Potassium and Other Electrolytes | 122 | ||
| Potassium | 122 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 122 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 122 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 123 | ||
| Evaluation and treatment | 124 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 124 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 124 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 124 | ||
| Evaluation and treatment | 125 | ||
| Other Electrolytes—Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium | 125 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance | 125 | ||
| Hydrogen Ion and pH | 125 | ||
| Buffer Systems | 125 | ||
| Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffering | 125 | ||
| Protein Buffering | 125 | ||
| Renal Buffering | 126 | ||
| Acid-Base Imbalances | 127 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 127 | ||
| Metabolic Alkalosis | 127 | ||
| Respiratory Acidosis | 128 | ||
| Respiratory Alkalosis | 130 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 131 | ||
| Distribution of Body Fluids | 131 | ||
| Alterations in Water Movement | 131 | ||
| Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance | 131 | ||
| Alterations in Sodium, Water, and Chloride Balance | 131 | ||
| Alterations in Potassium and Other Electrolytes | 132 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance | 132 | ||
| Key Terms | 132 | ||
| References | 133 | ||
| Unit 2 Mechanisms of Self-Defense | 134 | ||
| 6 Innate Immunity: | 134 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 134 | ||
| Evolve Website | 134 | ||
| Human Defense Mechanisms | 134 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 134 | ||
| First Line of Defense: Physical and Biochemical Barriers and the Human Microbiome | 135 | ||
| Physical Barriers | 135 | ||
| Epithelial Cell–Derived Chemicals | 135 | ||
| The Normal Microbiome | 135 | ||
| Second Line of Defense: Inflammation | 137 | ||
| Plasma Protein Systems and Inflammation | 138 | ||
| Complement System | 138 | ||
| Clotting System | 139 | ||
| Kinin System | 140 | ||
| Control and Interaction of Plasma Protein Systems | 141 | ||
| Cellular Components of Inflammation | 141 | ||
| Cellular Receptors | 142 | ||
| Cellular Products | 143 | ||
| Mast Cells and Basophils | 144 | ||
| Degranulation. | 145 | ||
| Synthesis of mediators. | 145 | ||
| Endothelium | 145 | ||
| Platelets | 146 | ||
| Phagocytes | 146 | ||
| Neutrophils. | 146 | ||
| Eosinophils. | 146 | ||
| Basophils. | 146 | ||
| Monocytes and macrophages. | 146 | ||
| Dendritic cells. | 147 | ||
| Phagocytosis. | 147 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells and Lymphocytes | 147 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Inflammation | 147 | ||
| Local Manifestations of Acute Inflammation | 149 | ||
| Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation | 149 | ||
| Fever | 149 | ||
| Leukocytosis | 149 | ||
| Plasma Protein Synthesis | 149 | ||
| Chronic Inflammation | 149 | ||
| Wound Healing | 151 | ||
| Phase I: Inflammation | 152 | ||
| Phase II: Proliferation and New Tissue Formation | 152 | ||
| Phase III: Remodeling and Maturation | 153 | ||
| Dysfunctional Wound Healing | 153 | ||
| Wound Disruption | 154 | ||
| Impaired Contraction | 154 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 155 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 155 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Inflammation | 156 | ||
| Wound Healing | 156 | ||
| Key Terms | 156 | ||
| References | 157 | ||
| 7 Adaptive Immunity | 158 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 158 | ||
| Evolve Website | 158 | ||
| Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity | 158 | ||
| Antigens and Immunogens | 160 | ||
| Antibodies | 161 | ||
| Classes of Immunoglobulins | 161 | ||
| Molecular Structure | 161 | ||
| Antigen-Antibody Binding | 162 | ||
| Function of Antibodies | 162 | ||
| IgE | 164 | ||
| Secretory Immune System | 164 | ||
| Immune Response: Collaboration of B Cells and T Cells | 166 | ||
| Generation of Clonal Diversity | 166 | ||
| Development of B Lymphocytes | 166 | ||
| Development of T Lymphocytes | 167 | ||
| Clonal Selection | 167 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Immune Responses | 167 | ||
| Antigen Processing and Presentation | 167 | ||
| Cellular Interactions in the Immune Response | 168 | ||
| T-helper lymphocytes. | 168 | ||
| Superantigens. | 169 | ||
| T-cytotoxic lymphocytes. | 169 | ||
| B-cell clonal selection. | 170 | ||
| Memory cells. | 172 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 172 | ||
| T-Lymphocyte Function | 172 | ||
| T-Cytotoxic Lymphocytes | 172 | ||
| Lymphokine-Secreting T Cells | 172 | ||
| T-Regulatory Lymphocytes | 172 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 174 | ||
| Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity | 174 | ||
| Antigens and Immunogens | 174 | ||
| Antibodies | 174 | ||
| Immune Response: Collaboration of B Cells and T Cells | 174 | ||
| Pediatric Considerations: Age-Related Factors Affecting Mechanisms of Self-Defense in the Newborn Child | 175 | ||
| Geriatric Considerations: Age-Related Factors Affecting Mechanisms of Self-Defense in the Elderly | 175 | ||
| Key Terms | 175 | ||
| References | 175 | ||
| 8 Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense | 176 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 176 | ||
| Evolve Website | 176 | ||
| Infection | 176 | ||
| Microorganisms and Humans: A Dynamic Relationship | 176 | ||
| Bacterial Disease | 177 | ||
| Viral Disease | 182 | ||
| Fungal Disease | 184 | ||
| Parasitic Disease | 185 | ||
| Countermeasures Against Infectious Microorganisms | 187 | ||
| Infection Control Measures | 187 | ||
| Antimicrobials | 187 | ||
| Active Immunization | 188 | ||
| Passive Immunotherapy | 189 | ||
| Deficiencies in Immunity | 189 | ||
| Initial Clinical Presentation | 189 | ||
| Primary (Congenital) Immune Deficiencies | 190 | ||
| Combined Deficiencies | 191 | ||
| Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies | 191 | ||
| Phagocyte Defects | 192 | ||
| Defects in Innate Immunity | 192 | ||
| Complement Deficiencies | 192 | ||
| Secondary (Acquired) Immune Deficiencies | 192 | ||
| Evaluation and Care of Those with Immune Deficiency | 193 | ||
| Replacement Therapies for Immune Deficiencies | 193 | ||
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | 194 | ||
| Epidemiology of AIDS | 194 | ||
| Pathogenesis of AIDS | 194 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of AIDS | 195 | ||
| Treatment and Prevention of AIDS | 197 | ||
| Pediatric AIDS and Central Nervous System Involvement | 198 | ||
| Hypersensitivity: Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Alloimmunity | 199 | ||
| Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity | 199 | ||
| Type I: IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity Reactions | 201 | ||
| Mechanisms of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. | 202 | ||
| Clinical manifestations of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. | 202 | ||
| Evaluation and treatment of IgE hypersensitivity. | 203 | ||
| Type II: Tissue-Specific Hypersensitivity Reactions | 203 | ||
| Type III: Immune Complex–Mediated Hypersensitivity Reactions | 205 | ||
| Mechanisms of type III hypersensitivity. | 205 | ||
| Immune complex disease. | 205 | ||
| Type IV: Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity Reactions | 206 | ||
| Antigenic Targets of Hypersensitivity Reactions | 206 | ||
| Allergy | 206 | ||
| Allergens. | 206 | ||
| Allergic disease: bee sting allergy. | 206 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 207 | ||
| Breakdown of tolerance. | 208 | ||
| Autoimmune disease: systemic lupus erythematosus. | 208 | ||
| Alloimmunity | 208 | ||
| Alloantigens. | 208 | ||
| Alloimmune disease: transfusion reactions. | 208 | ||
| Alloimmune disease: transplant rejection. | 209 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 211 | ||
| Infection | 211 | ||
| Deficiencies in Immunity | 211 | ||
| Hypersensitivity: Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Alloimmunity | 211 | ||
| Key Terms | 212 | ||
| References | 213 | ||
| 9 Stress and Disease | 214 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 214 | ||
| Evolve Website | 214 | ||
| Historical Background and General Concepts | 214 | ||
| Stress Overview: Allostasis, Multiple Mediators, and Systems | 217 | ||
| The Stress Response | 218 | ||
| Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal System | 218 | ||
| Physiologic Effects of Cortisol | 218 | ||
| Pathophysiologic Effects of Cortisol | 218 | ||
| Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoids | 219 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Regulation: Autonomic Nervous System | 221 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 221 | ||
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 223 | ||
| Histamine and Other Hormones | 223 | ||
| Role of the Immune System | 225 | ||
| Stress, Personality, Coping, and Illness | 225 | ||
| Coping | 226 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 229 | ||
| Concepts of Stress | 229 | ||
| The Stress Response | 229 | ||
| Stress, Personality, Coping, and Illness | 230 | ||
| Geriatric Considerations: Aging & the Stress-Age Syndrome | 230 | ||
| Key Terms | 230 | ||
| References | 230 | ||
| Unit 3 Cellular Proliferation: Cancer | 233 | ||
| 10 Biology of Cancer | 233 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 233 | ||
| Evolve Website | 233 | ||
| Cancer Terminology and Characteristics | 233 | ||
| Tumor Classification and Nomenclature | 233 | ||
| Benign and Malignant | 233 | ||
| Carcinoma in Situ | 234 | ||
| The Biology of Cancer Cells | 236 | ||
| Sustained Proliferative Signaling | 238 | ||
| Evading Growth Suppressors | 241 | ||
| Genomic Instability | 242 | ||
| Enabling Replication Immortality | 245 | ||
| Inducing Angiogenesis | 245 | ||
| Reprograming Energy Metabolism | 246 | ||
| Resisting Apoptotic Cell Death | 247 | ||
| Tumor-Promoting Inflammation | 248 | ||
| Evading Immune Destruction | 250 | ||
| Activating Invasion and Metastasis | 251 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Cancer | 254 | ||
| Paraneoplastic Syndromes | 254 | ||
| Pain | 255 | ||
| Fatigue | 255 | ||
| Cachexia | 255 | ||
| Molecular Basis of Cachexia | 255 | ||
| Anemia | 256 | ||
| Leukopenia and Thrombocytopenia | 256 | ||
| Infection | 257 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 257 | ||
| Hair and Skin | 258 | ||
| Diagnosis, Characterization, and Treatment of Cancer | 258 | ||
| Diagnosis and Staging | 258 | ||
| Histologic Staging | 258 | ||
| Tumor Markers | 258 | ||
| Classification of Tumors—Classic Histology and Modern Genetics | 259 | ||
| Treatment | 260 | ||
| Surgery | 260 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 260 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 260 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 261 | ||
| Targeted Disruption of Cancer | 261 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 262 | ||
| Cancer Terminology and Characteristics | 262 | ||
| The Biology of Cancer Cells | 262 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Cancer | 263 | ||
| Diagnosis, Characterization, and Treatment of Cancer | 263 | ||
| Key Terms | 264 | ||
| References | 264 | ||
| 11 Cancer Epidemiology | 266 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 266 | ||
| Evolve Website | 266 | ||
| Genetics, Epigenetics, and Tissue | 266 | ||
| Incidence and Mortality Trends | 272 | ||
| Incidence Trends | 272 | ||
| Mortality Trends | 272 | ||
| In Utero and Early Life Conditions | 272 | ||
| Environmental-Lifestyle Factors | 274 | ||
| Tobacco Use | 274 | ||
| Diet | 276 | ||
| Nutrition, Obesity, Alcohol Consumption, and Physical Activity: Impacts on Cancer | 276 | ||
| Nutrition | 276 | ||
| Obesity | 280 | ||
| Alcohol Consumption | 281 | ||
| Physical Activity | 283 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation | 283 | ||
| Radiation-Induced Cancer | 285 | ||
| Nontargeted Effects | 286 | ||
| Acute, Latent, and Microenvironmental Effects | 287 | ||
| Low Dose and Dose Rate | 287 | ||
| Ultraviolet Radiation | 287 | ||
| Electromagnetic Radiation | 289 | ||
| Infection, Sexual and Reproductive Behavior | 290 | ||
| Other Viruses and Microorganisms | 292 | ||
| Air Pollution | 292 | ||
| Chemical and Occupational Hazards as Carcinogens | 293 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 293 | ||
| Incidence and Mortality Trends | 294 | ||
| In Utero and Early Life Conditions | 294 | ||
| Environmental-Lifestyle Factors | 294 | ||
| Tobacco Use | 294 | ||
| Diet | 294 | ||
| Nutrition, Obesity, Alcohol Consumption, and Physical Activity: Impacts on Cancer | 294 | ||
| Ionizing Radiation (IR) | 295 | ||
| Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) | 295 | ||
| Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) | 295 | ||
| Infection, Sexual and Reproductive Behavior | 295 | ||
| Air Pollution | 296 | ||
| Chemicals and Occupational Hazards as Carcinogens | 296 | ||
| Key Terms | 296 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| 12 Cancer in Children and Adolescents | 301 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 301 | ||
| Evolve Website | 301 | ||
| Incidence, Etiology, and Types of Childhood Cancer | 301 | ||
| Etiology | 302 | ||
| Genetic and Genomic Factors | 303 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 303 | ||
| Prenatal Exposure | 303 | ||
| Childhood Exposure | 304 | ||
| Prognosis | 305 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 306 | ||
| Incidence and Types of Childhood Cancers | 306 | ||
| Etiology | 306 | ||
| Prognosis | 306 | ||
| Key Terms | 306 | ||
| References | 306 | ||
| Two Body Systems and Diseases | 307 | ||
| Unit 4 The Neurologic System | 307 | ||
| 13 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System | 307 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 307 | ||
| Evolve Website | 307 | ||
| Overview and Organization of the Nervous System | 307 | ||
| Cells of the Nervous System | 307 | ||
| The Neuron | 307 | ||
| Neuroglia and Schwann Cells | 308 | ||
| Nerve Injury and Regeneration | 309 | ||
| The Nerve Impulse | 309 | ||
| Synapses | 311 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 311 | ||
| The Central Nervous System | 311 | ||
| The Brain | 311 | ||
| Forebrain | 313 | ||
| Telencephalon. | 313 | ||
| Diencephalon. | 315 | ||
| Midbrain | 316 | ||
| Mesencephalon. | 316 | ||
| Hindbrain | 317 | ||
| Metencephalon. | 317 | ||
| Myelencephalon. | 317 | ||
| The Spinal Cord | 318 | ||
| Motor Pathways | 320 | ||
| Sensory Pathways | 320 | ||
| Protective Structures of the Central Nervous System | 321 | ||
| Cranium | 321 | ||
| Meninges | 321 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System | 321 | ||
| Vertebral Column | 322 | ||
| Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System | 323 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Brain | 323 | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | 324 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord | 325 | ||
| The Peripheral Nervous System | 325 | ||
| The Autonomic Nervous System | 326 | ||
| Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System | 327 | ||
| Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System | 329 | ||
| Neurotransmitters and Neuroreceptors | 329 | ||
| Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System | 329 | ||
| Did You Understand? | 333 | ||
| Overview and Organization of the Nervous System | 333 | ||
| Cells of the Nervous System | 333 | ||
| The Nerve Impulse | 333 | ||
| The Central Nervous System | 334 | ||
| The Peripheral Nervous System | 334 | ||
| The Autonomic Nervous System | 334 | ||
| Key Terms | 334 | ||
| References | 335 | ||
| 14 Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function | 336 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 336 | ||
| Evolve Website | 336 | ||
| Pain | 336 | ||
| Neuroanatomy of Pain | 336 | ||
| Pain Modulation | 338 | ||
| Neurotransmitters of Pain Modulation | 338 | ||
| Pathways of Modulation | 339 | ||
| Clinical Descriptions of Pain | 339 | ||
| Temperature Regulation | 342 | ||
| Control of Body Temperature | 342 | ||
| Temperature Regulation in Infants and Elderly Persons | 342 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Fever | 342 | ||
| Benefits of Fever | 343 | ||
| Disorders of Temperature Regulation | 344 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 344 | ||
| Hypothermia | 344 | ||
| Trauma and Temperature | 344 | ||
| Sleep | 344 | ||
| Sleep Disorders | 345 | ||
| Common Dyssomnias | 346 | ||
| Common Parasomnias | 346 | ||
| Restless Leg Syndrome | 346 | ||
| The Special Senses | 346 | ||
| Vision | 346 | ||
| The Eye | 347 | ||
| Visual Dysfunction | 347 | ||
| Alterations in ocular movements. | 347 | ||
| Alterations in visual acuity. | 348 | ||
| Alterations in accommodation. | 349 | ||
| Alterations in refraction. | 349 | ||
| Alterations in color vision. | 349 | ||
| Neurologic disorders causing visual dysfunction. | 349 | ||
| External Eye Structure and Disorders | 349 | ||
| Hearing | 350 | ||
| The Normal Ear | 350 | ||
| Auditory Dysfunction | 351 | ||
| Conductive hearing loss. | 351 | ||
| Sensorineural hearing loss. | 352 | ||
| Mixed and functional hearing loss. | 352 | ||
| Ménière disease. | 352 | ||
| Ear Infections | 352 | ||
| Otitis externa. | 352 | ||
| Otitis media. | 352 | ||
| Olfaction and Taste | 353 | ||
| Olfactory and Taste Dysfunctions | 353 | ||
| Somatosensory Function | 353 | ||
| Touch | 353 | ||
| Proprioception | 353 | ||
| Glossary | e1 | ||
| A | e1 | ||
| B | e3 | ||
| C | e3 | ||
| D | e5 | ||
| E | e5 | ||
| F | e6 | ||
| G | e6 | ||
| H | e7 | ||
| I | e7 | ||
| J | e8 | ||
| K | e8 | ||
| L | e8 | ||
| M | e9 | ||
| N | e10 | ||
| O | e11 | ||
| P | e11 | ||
| R | e13 | ||
| S | e13 | ||
| T | e14 | ||
| U | e15 | ||
| V | e15 | ||
| W | e15 | ||
| X | e15 | ||
| Z | e15 | ||
| Index | 1096 | ||
| A | 1096 | ||
| B | 1100 | ||
| C | 1102 | ||
| D | 1108 | ||
| E | 1110 | ||
| F | 1112 | ||
| G | 1113 | ||
| H | 1114 | ||
| I | 1117 | ||
| J | 1119 | ||
| K | 1120 | ||
| L | 1120 | ||
| M | 1122 | ||
| N | 1124 | ||
| O | 1126 | ||
| P | 1127 | ||
| Q | 1131 | ||
| R | 1131 | ||
| S | 1132 | ||
| T | 1136 | ||
| U | 1138 | ||
| V | 1138 | ||
| W | 1139 | ||
| X | 1139 | ||
| Y | 1139 | ||
| Z | 1139 | ||
| Prefixes and Suffixes Used in Medical Terminology | 1140 | ||
| Inside Back Cover | ibc1 |