BOOK
Microbiology for the Healthcare Professional - E-Book
Karin C. VanMeter | Robert J Hubert
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Easily understood by students without any chemistry or biology background, Microbiology for the Healthcare Professional, 2nd Edition offers an excellent foundation for understanding the spread, treatment, and prevention of infectious disease — critical knowledge for today’s healthcare professional. This straightforward introductory text makes microbiology approachable and easy to learn, presenting just the right level of information and detail to help you comprehend future course material and apply concepts to your new career.
- Focuses on just the necessary information the introductory microbiology student needs to know, saving time and allowing you to focus on what is most important.
- UNIQUE! Why You Need to Know boxes put material in perspective, helping you to understand the history, impact and future of the topics under discussion.
- UNIQUE! Life Application boxes provide fun facts on how chapter topics apply to real world situations and events.
- UNIQUE! Medical Highlights boxes share anecdotal information about various pathological conditions.
- UNIQUE! Healthcare Application tables focus on pathogens as they relate to topics discussed in the chapter.
- Chapter outlines and key terms provide a framework for every chapter, enabling more efficient and effective learning.
- Learning objectives clarify chapter goals and guide you through content that needs to be mastered.
- Twenty review questions at the end of each chapter test you retention and help you identify areas requiring further study.
- UPDATED! Additional micrographs and cellular photos from author’s collection help engage you.
- NEW! Appendix on key human bacterial pathogens arranged by body system with text page references provides a quick reference to diseases, organisms, and their characteristics.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Inside front cover | Inside Front Cover | ||
| Microbiology for the healthcare professional | i | ||
| Copyright page | ii | ||
| Preface | iii | ||
| Evolve resources | iii | ||
| Http://evolve.elsevier.com/vanmeter/microbiology/ | iii | ||
| For the instructor | iv | ||
| For the student | iv | ||
| Acknowledgments | v | ||
| Reviewers | vi | ||
| Table of contents | vii | ||
| 1 Basic Science | 1 | ||
| 1 Scope of microbiology | 1 | ||
| Outline | 1 | ||
| Learning objectives | 2 | ||
| Key terms | 2 | ||
| Origins of microbiology and microscopy | 3 | ||
| Microscopy and its founding fathers | 3 | ||
| Types of microscopes | 3 | ||
| Bright-field microscopes | 5 | ||
| Dark-field microscopes | 6 | ||
| Phase-contrast microscopes | 6 | ||
| Fluorescence microscopes | 6 | ||
| Confocal microscopes | 7 | ||
| Electron microscopes | 7 | ||
| Transmission electron microscopes | 7 | ||
| Scanning electron microscopes | 7 | ||
| Atomic force microscopes | 7 | ||
| Spontaneous generation | 7 | ||
| Pasteurization | 8 | ||
| Germ theory of disease | 8 | ||
| Origin and evolution of microorganisms | 9 | ||
| Origin | 9 | ||
| Evolution | 9 | ||
| Classification of microorganisms | 10 | ||
| Prokaryotes versus eukaryotes | 10 | ||
| Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes | 10 | ||
| Viruses | 11 | ||
| Prions | 11 | ||
| Viroids | 11 | ||
| Taxonomy | 11 | ||
| Microorganisms in health and disease | 11 | ||
| Microbes in the environment | 11 | ||
| Normal flora | 12 | ||
| Pathogens | 12 | ||
| Applied microbiology | 13 | ||
| Microorganisms in food production | 14 | ||
| Microorganisms in the production of alcoholic beverages | 14 | ||
| Treatment of water supplies | 15 | ||
| Microbes and the production of pharmaceutical agents | 15 | ||
| Microbes in agriculture | 15 | ||
| Bioremediation | 15 | ||
| Microbes, biomass, and energy | 15 | ||
| Microbial forensics | 15 | ||
| Summary | 16 | ||
| Review questions | 16 | ||
| 2 Chemistry of life | 18 | ||
| Outline | 18 | ||
| Learning objectives | 18 | ||
| Key terms | 19 | ||
| Atoms and ions | 20 | ||
| Elements | 20 | ||
| Atomic model | 20 | ||
| Ions | 22 | ||
| Chemical bonds and molecules | 23 | ||
| Formation and classification of chemical bonds and forces | 23 | ||
| Types of chemical reactions | 25 | ||
| Chemical notations | 26 | ||
| Inorganic compounds | 27 | ||
| Acids, bases, and the pH scale | 27 | ||
| Buffers | 28 | ||
| Salts | 28 | ||
| Water | 29 | ||
| Organic molecules | 30 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 31 | ||
| Proteins | 32 | ||
| Lipids | 33 | ||
| Nucleic acids | 36 | ||
| Summary | 37 | ||
| Review questions | 38 | ||
| 3 Cell structure and function | 40 | ||
| Outline | 40 | ||
| Learning objectives | 40 | ||
| Key terms | 41 | ||
| General structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | 42 | ||
| Plasma membrane and cell wall | 42 | ||
| Plasma membrane | 42 | ||
| Glycocalyx | 44 | ||
| Cell wall | 45 | ||
| Surface appendages | 46 | ||
| Bacterial flagella | 47 | ||
| Bacterial mobility | 48 | ||
| Pili | 48 | ||
| Cilia | 48 | ||
| Microvilli | 49 | ||
| Biofilms | 49 | ||
| Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cell organelles, inclusions, and endospores | 50 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 50 | ||
| Cytoskeleton | 51 | ||
| Cell organelles | 52 | ||
| Nucleus | 52 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum | 52 | ||
| Golgi apparatus | 52 | ||
| Lysosomes | 54 | ||
| Peroxisomes | 54 | ||
| Mitochondria | 54 | ||
| Chloroplasts | 54 | ||
| Ribosomes | 55 | ||
| Vacuoles | 56 | ||
| Vesicles | 56 | ||
| Inclusions | 57 | ||
| Endospores | 57 | ||
| Fluid compartments and membrane transport mechanisms | 57 | ||
| Intracellular fluid compartment | 58 | ||
| Extracellular fluid compartment | 58 | ||
| Passive transport | 58 | ||
| Diffusion | 58 | ||
| Facilitated diffusion | 58 | ||
| Osmosis | 58 | ||
| Filtration | 59 | ||
| Active transport | 59 | ||
| Pump transport | 60 | ||
| Endocytosis | 60 | ||
| Exocytosis | 60 | ||
| Cellular metabolism | 61 | ||
| Enzymes | 61 | ||
| Enzyme specificity | 61 | ||
| Classification and naming of enzymes | 62 | ||
| Exoenzymes and endoenzymes | 62 | ||
| Cofactors and coenzymes | 63 | ||
| Regulation of enzyme activity | 63 | ||
| Cellular respiration and photosynthesis | 64 | ||
| Cellular respiration | 64 | ||
| Photosynthesis | 68 | ||
| Protein synthesis | 70 | ||
| Transcription | 70 | ||
| Translation | 70 | ||
| DNA replication and cell division | 72 | ||
| DNA replication | 72 | ||
| Cell division | 73 | ||
| Binary fission | 74 | ||
| Cell cycle and mitosis | 74 | ||
| Meiosis | 75 | ||
| Genetics | 77 | ||
| Genotype and phenotype | 78 | ||
| Mutations | 78 | ||
| Genetic transfer in prokaryotes | 79 | ||
| Summary | 79 | ||
| Review questions | 80 | ||
| 4 Bacteria and archaea | 81 | ||
| Outline | 81 | ||
| Learning objectives | 81 | ||
| Key terms | 82 | ||
| Bacterial structure | 82 | ||
| Shapes | 82 | ||
| Arrangements | 85 | ||
| Bacterial growth | 86 | ||
| Basis of bacterial growth: Binary fission | 86 | ||
| Population growth curve | 87 | ||
| Measuring growth | 87 | ||
| Measurement of cell mass | 87 | ||
| Measurement of cell number | 88 | ||
| Factors influencing microbial growth | 88 | ||
| Nutritional requirements | 88 | ||
| Temperature | 89 | ||
| Osmotic pressure | 89 | ||
| Hydrostatic pressure | 89 | ||
| Atmospheric conditions | 90 | ||
| pH | 90 | ||
| Classification of bacteria and archaea | 90 | ||
| Criteria | 91 | ||
| Classification according to bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology | 91 | ||
| Spirochetes | 91 | ||
| Aerobic/microaerophilic helical vibroid gram-negative bacteria | 91 | ||
| Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci | 92 | ||
| Facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods | 94 | ||
| Anaerobic gram-negative rods | 95 | ||
| Anaerobic gram-negative cocci | 95 | ||
| Rickettsias and chlamydias | 95 | ||
| Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas | 95 | ||
| Gram-positive cocci | 96 | ||
| Endospore-forming gram-positive rods and cocci | 98 | ||
| Regular nonsporulating gram-positive rods | 99 | ||
| Irregular nonsporulating gram-positive rods | 99 | ||
| Mycobacteria | 99 | ||
| Nocardioforms | 100 | ||
| Streptomycetes | 100 | ||
| Methanogens | 100 | ||
| Extreme thermophiles | 100 | ||
| Extreme halophiles | 101 | ||
| Summary | 101 | ||
| Review questions | 101 | ||
| 5 Viruses | 103 | ||
| Outline | 103 | ||
| Learning objectives | 103 | ||
| Key terms | 104 | ||
| General structure and classification | 105 | ||
| Classification | 105 | ||
| Morphology | 105 | ||
| Helical viruses | 105 | ||
| Icosahedral viruses | 108 | ||
| Enveloped viruses | 108 | ||
| Complex viruses | 109 | ||
| Genome type | 110 | ||
| DNA viruses | 111 | ||
| RNA viruses | 111 | ||
| Reverse-transcribing viruses | 112 | ||
| Genome changes | 112 | ||
| Viral multiplication | 112 | ||
| Multiplication of bacteriophages | 112 | ||
| Adsorption | 113 | ||
| Penetration | 113 | ||
| Assembly | 113 | ||
| Multiplication of animal viruses | 114 | ||
| Adsorption | 114 | ||
| Penetration | 115 | ||
| Uncoating | 115 | ||
| Replication | 116 | ||
| Assembly | 116 | ||
| Release | 117 | ||
| Viral infections | 117 | ||
| Host cell damage | 117 | ||
| Morphological effects | 117 | ||
| Physiological effects | 117 | ||
| Biochemical effects | 117 | ||
| Genotoxic effects | 118 | ||
| Major groups of viruses in vertebrates | 118 | ||
| DNA viruses | 118 | ||
| Adenoviruses | 118 | ||
| Hepadnaviruses | 118 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 118 | ||
| Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses | 118 | ||
| Parvoviruses | 120 | ||
| Poxviruses | 120 | ||
| RNA viruses | 120 | ||
| Bunyaviridae | 120 | ||
| Coronaviruses | 120 | ||
| Hepatitis viruses | 120 | ||
| Orthomyxoviruses | 121 | ||
| Paramyxoviruses | 121 | ||
| Picornaviruses | 121 | ||
| Rhabdoviruses | 122 | ||
| Reoviruses | 122 | ||
| Retroviruses | 122 | ||
| Togaviruses | 122 | ||
| Flaviviruses | 123 | ||
| Subviral agents | 123 | ||
| Viroids | 123 | ||
| Virusoids (satellites) | 123 | ||
| Prions | 123 | ||
| Summary | 124 | ||
| Review questions | 124 | ||
| 6 Eukaryotic microorganisms | 126 | ||
| Outline | 126 | ||
| Learning objectives | 126 | ||
| Key terms | 127 | ||
| Introduction | 128 | ||
| Fungi | 129 | ||
| Characteristics of fungi | 129 | ||
| Yeasts | 131 | ||
| Molds | 131 | ||
| Dimorphic fungi | 132 | ||
| Life cycle of fungi | 132 | ||
| Asexual reproduction | 132 | ||
| Sexual reproduction | 133 | ||
| Classification of fungi | 133 | ||
| Algae | 134 | ||
| Characteristics of algae | 135 | ||
| Life cycle of algae | 135 | ||
| Classification of algae | 135 | ||
| Protozoans | 137 | ||
| Characteristics of protozoans | 137 | ||
| Life cycle of protozoans | 137 | ||
| Classification of protozoans | 139 | ||
| Archaezoa | 140 | ||
| Microspora | 140 | ||
| Ciliophora | 140 | ||
| Euglenozoa | 140 | ||
| Amoebozoa | 140 | ||
| Apicomplexa | 141 | ||
| Slime molds | 143 | ||
| Cellular slime molds | 143 | ||
| Plasmodial slime molds | 143 | ||
| Helminths | 144 | ||
| Characteristics of helminths | 144 | ||
| Life cycle of helminths | 144 | ||
| Classification of helminths | 144 | ||
| Platyhelminths | 145 | ||
| Nematodes | 145 | ||
| Summary | 146 | ||
| Review questions | 147 | ||
| 2 Tools for Study and Control of Microorganisms | 149 | ||
| 7 Physical and chemical methods of control | 149 | ||
| Outline | 149 | ||
| Learning objectives | 149 | ||
| Key terms | 150 | ||
| Introduction | 151 | ||
| Microbial control | 151 | ||
| General considerations in microbial control | 151 | ||
| Resistance of microbes | 151 | ||
| Endospores | 152 | ||
| Terminology for microbial control | 152 | ||
| Sterilization | 152 | ||
| Commercial sterilization | 152 | ||
| Disinfection | 152 | ||
| Degermination | 152 | ||
| Sanitization | 152 | ||
| Pasteurization | 153 | ||
| Microbicidal agents | 153 | ||
| Microbiostatic agents | 153 | ||
| Microbial death | 153 | ||
| Physical control | 153 | ||
| Temperature | 154 | ||
| Dry heat | 155 | ||
| Moist heat | 156 | ||
| Steam under pressure | 156 | ||
| Flowing steam | 157 | ||
| Boiling water | 157 | ||
| Refrigeration and freezing | 157 | ||
| Desiccation and lyophilization | 157 | ||
| Osmotic pressure | 157 | ||
| Radiation | 157 | ||
| Ionizing radiation | 157 | ||
| Nonionizing radiation | 158 | ||
| Filtration | 158 | ||
| Chemical control | 159 | ||
| Disinfectants and antiseptics | 159 | ||
| Factors influencing antimicrobial effectiveness | 159 | ||
| Evaluating disinfectants | 159 | ||
| Use-dilution test | 160 | ||
| Disk-diffusion method | 160 | ||
| Antimicrobial agents | 160 | ||
| Phenols and phenolics | 160 | ||
| Halogens | 160 | ||
| Chlorine | 161 | ||
| Iodine | 161 | ||
| Alcohols | 161 | ||
| Surfactants | 162 | ||
| Quaternary compounds | 162 | ||
| Heavy metals | 162 | ||
| Alkylating agents | 162 | ||
| Food preservation | 163 | ||
| Pasteurization | 163 | ||
| Pressure canning | 164 | ||
| Food irradiation | 164 | ||
| Other methods | 164 | ||
| Summary | 165 | ||
| Review questions | 165 | ||
| 8 Microbiological laboratory techniques | 167 | ||
| Outline | 167 | ||
| Learning objectives | 167 | ||
| Key terms | 168 | ||
| Aseptic technique in laboratory preparation and analysis | 168 | ||
| Sterilization | 169 | ||
| Disinfection | 170 | ||
| Sanitization | 170 | ||
| Culture techniques | 170 | ||
| Types of culture media | 170 | ||
| Physical state of media | 171 | ||
| Chemical classification of media | 171 | ||
| Functional types of media | 172 | ||
| Live media | 173 | ||
| Incubation and isolation | 173 | ||
| Fixation and staining | 174 | ||
| Negative and simple stains | 174 | ||
| Negative stain | 175 | ||
| Simple stain | 175 | ||
| Differential stains | 175 | ||
| Gram stain | 175 | ||
| Acid-fast stain | 176 | ||
| Other differential stains | 176 | ||
| Special stains | 176 | ||
| Fixation and staining for electron microscopy | 177 | ||
| Transmission electron microscopy | 177 | ||
| Scanning electron microscopy | 177 | ||
| Identification techniques | 178 | ||
| Morphology | 178 | ||
| Cultural characteristics | 178 | ||
| Culture plates | 178 | ||
| Slants | 178 | ||
| Gelatin stabs | 179 | ||
| Broths | 179 | ||
| Physiological/biochemical characteristics | 180 | ||
| Hydrogen sulfide production | 180 | ||
| Citrate use | 180 | ||
| Phenylalanine deamination | 180 | ||
| IMViC tests | 180 | ||
| Litmus milk reactions | 180 | ||
| Rapid identification tests | 180 | ||
| Molecular analysis | 181 | ||
| Serologic analysis/diagnosis | 181 | ||
| Genetic analysis | 181 | ||
| Summary | 182 | ||
| Review questions | 183 | ||
| 9 Microbiological laboratory safety issues | 184 | ||
| Outline | 184 | ||
| Learning objectives | 184 | ||
| Key terms | 185 | ||
| Laboratory safety | 186 | ||
| Biosafety | 186 | ||
| Biosafety level 1 | 188 | ||
| Biosafety level 2 | 188 | ||
| Biosafety level 3 | 189 | ||
| Biosafety level 4 | 189 | ||
| Chemicals | 191 | ||
| Radiation | 191 | ||
| Noise | 192 | ||
| Thermal | 192 | ||
| Equipment | 193 | ||
| Fire extinguishers | 193 | ||
| Fume hoods | 193 | ||
| Autoclave | 194 | ||
| Eyewashes and safety showers | 194 | ||
| Refrigerators/freezers | 194 | ||
| Disposal of hazardous waste | 195 | ||
| Protective gear | 195 | ||
| Respiratory Protection | 196 | ||
| Clothing | 196 | ||
| Eye Protection | 196 | ||
| Safety in healthcare facilities | 196 | ||
| Physicians’ offices and clinics | 197 | ||
| Hospital | 197 | ||
| Nursing homes and personal care facilities | 197 | ||
| Emergency response | 198 | ||
| Safety in homes | 198 | ||
| Summary | 198 | ||
| Review questions | 198 | ||
| 10 Pharmacology | 200 | ||
| Outline | 200 | ||
| Learning objectives | 200 | ||
| Key terms | 201 | ||
| Overview | 202 | ||
| Branches of pharmacology | 202 | ||
| Drug nomenclature | 202 | ||
| Sources of drug information | 203 | ||
| Principles of drug action | 204 | ||
| Administration | 204 | ||
| Absorption | 204 | ||
| Distribution | 205 | ||
| Biotransformation | 205 | ||
| Clearance (elimination) | 207 | ||
| Responses | 207 | ||
| Dose effects | 207 | ||
| Therapeutic index | 207 | ||
| Time effects | 208 | ||
| Variability | 208 | ||
| Toxicity | 209 | ||
| New drugs | 210 | ||
| Development | 210 | ||
| Public safety | 211 | ||
| Summary | 212 | ||
| Review questions | 212 | ||
| 11 Antimicrobial drugs | 214 | ||
| Outline | 214 | ||
| Learning objectives | 214 | ||
| Key terms | 215 | ||
| Mechanisms of antimicrobial action | 215 | ||
| Inhibition of cell wall synthesis | 216 | ||
| Inhibition of protein synthesis | 216 | ||
| Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis | 216 | ||
| Disruption of plasma membrane | 217 | ||
| Inhibition of metabolic pathways | 217 | ||
| Characteristics of antimicrobial agents | 217 | ||
| Spectrum of action | 218 | ||
| Selective toxicity | 218 | ||
| Microbicidal versus microbiostatic | 218 | ||
| Delivery to the site of infection | 218 | ||
| Time of activity | 219 | ||
| Not subject to antimicrobial resistance | 219 | ||
| Complements/Aids in host’s own defenses | 219 | ||
| Nonallergenic | 219 | ||
| Stability and shelf life | 219 | ||
| Affordability and availability | 219 | ||
| Determination of antibiotic effectiveness: Efficacy | 219 | ||
| Disk diffusion or kirby-bauer method | 219 | ||
| Dilution/minimal inhibitory concentration method | 220 | ||
| Serum killing power | 220 | ||
| Side effects | 220 | ||
| Resistance to antimicrobial drugs | 221 | ||
| Development/acquisition of drug resistance | 221 | ||
| Mechanisms of resistance | 222 | ||
| Multiple resistances | 222 | ||
| Preventing drug resistance | 223 | ||
| Specific antimicrobial drugs | 223 | ||
| Antibacterial agents | 224 | ||
| Synthetic drugs | 224 | ||
| Antibiotic (nonsynthetic) and semisynthetic antibacterials | 224 | ||
| Bacillus antibiotics | 226 | ||
| Antiviral agents | 227 | ||
| Synthetic antiviral agents | 227 | ||
| Antifungal agents | 227 | ||
| Synthetic azoles | 227 | ||
| Flucytosine (fluorocytosine) | 227 | ||
| Macrolide polyene antibiotics | 228 | ||
| Griseofulvin | 228 | ||
| Echinocandins | 228 | ||
| Antiprotozoan agents | 228 | ||
| Chloroquine and primaquine | 228 | ||
| Metronidazole | 228 | ||
| Pyrimethamine | 229 | ||
| Quinine | 229 | ||
| Antihelminthic agents | 229 | ||
| Niclosamide | 229 | ||
| Mebendazole | 229 | ||
| Piperazine | 229 | ||
| Ivermectin | 229 | ||
| Summary | 230 | ||
| Review questions | 230 | ||
| 3 Infection, Disease, and Defense | 233 | ||
| 12 Infection and disease | 233 | ||
| Outline | 233 | ||
| Learning objectives | 233 | ||
| Key terms | 234 | ||
| Host-microbe relationship | 235 | ||
| Symbiosis | 235 | ||
| Normal flora (microbiota) | 235 | ||
| Opportunistic pathogens | 237 | ||
| Stages of infection | 237 | ||
| Portal of entry | 238 | ||
| Skin | 238 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 238 | ||
| Placenta | 239 | ||
| Parenteral route | 239 | ||
| Virulence and pathogenicity | 239 | ||
| Toxins | 241 | ||
| Exotoxins | 241 | ||
| Endotoxins | 242 | ||
| Portal of exit | 242 | ||
| Etiology of infectious diseases | 243 | ||
| Patterns of infection | 243 | ||
| Koch’s postulates | 243 | ||
| Exceptions to Koch’s postulates | 244 | ||
| Epidemiology and public health | 244 | ||
| Diseases in the population | 244 | ||
| Reservoirs | 246 | ||
| Animal reservoirs | 246 | ||
| Human carriers | 247 | ||
| Nonliving reservoirs | 247 | ||
| Modes of transmission | 247 | ||
| Contact transmission | 247 | ||
| Vehicle transmission | 247 | ||
| Vector transmission | 248 | ||
| Healthcare-associated (Nosocomial) infections | 248 | ||
| Types of nosocomial infections | 249 | ||
| Transmission | 250 | ||
| Antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings | 250 | ||
| Control and prevention | 250 | ||
| Summary | 250 | ||
| Review questions | 251 | ||
| 13 The immune response and lymphatic system | 252 | ||
| Outline | 252 | ||
| Learning objectives | 252 | ||
| Key terms | 253 | ||
| Fundamentals of the immune system | 254 | ||
| Immunology | 254 | ||
| Immunity | 254 | ||
| Antigens | 255 | ||
| Antibodies | 257 | ||
| Components of the immune system | 258 | ||
| Tissues and organs of the immune system | 258 | ||
| Lymphatic vessels | 258 | ||
| Lymphoid (lymphatic) tissue | 259 | ||
| Lymphatic nodules | 260 | ||
| Tonsils | 260 | ||
| Lymph nodes | 260 | ||
| Spleen | 261 | ||
| Thymus gland | 262 | ||
| Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) | 262 | ||
| Cells of the immune system | 263 | ||
| Leukocytes: White blood cells | 263 | ||
| Granulocytes | 263 | ||
| Agranulocytes | 264 | ||
| Host defense | 266 | ||
| First line of defense | 266 | ||
| Physical barriers | 267 | ||
| Chemical barriers | 267 | ||
| Second line of defense | 268 | ||
| Phagocytosis and phagocytes | 268 | ||
| Inflammatory response | 269 | ||
| Fever | 270 | ||
| Interferons | 270 | ||
| Cytokines | 270 | ||
| Complement system | 270 | ||
| Third line of defense | 271 | ||
| Cell-mediated immunity | 271 | ||
| Antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity) | 271 | ||
| Active immunity | 272 | ||
| Passive immunity | 273 | ||
| Diseases caused by the immune system | 274 | ||
| Allergy/hypersensitivity reactions | 274 | ||
| Immediate hypersensitivity (type I) | 274 | ||
| Cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions (type II) | 276 | ||
| Immune complex hypersensitivity reactions (type III) | 276 | ||
| Delayed hypersensitivity (type IV) | 276 | ||
| Autoimmune diseases | 276 | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | 276 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 276 | ||
| Graves’ hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease) | 277 | ||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 277 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 277 | ||
| Immune deficiency diseases | 277 | ||
| Primary immune deficiencies | 277 | ||
| Severe combined immunodeficiency | 278 | ||
| Secondary immune deficiencies | 278 | ||
| Aging and the immune system | 278 | ||
| Summary | 278 | ||
| Review questions | 279 | ||
| 4 Effects on Specific Body Systems | 281 | ||
| 14 Infections of the integumentary system, soft tissue, and musculoskeletal system | 281 | ||
| Outline | 281 | ||
| Learning objectives | 281 | ||
| Key terms | 282 | ||
| Overview | 283 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 284 | ||
| Staphylococcal infections | 284 | ||
| Furuncles (boils) | 284 | ||
| Cellulitis | 285 | ||
| Impetigo (pyoderma) | 285 | ||
| Streptococcal infections | 285 | ||
| Erysipelas | 285 | ||
| Acute necrotizing fasciitis | 286 | ||
| Acne | 286 | ||
| Leprosy | 286 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 288 | ||
| Viral infections | 289 | ||
| Warts | 290 | ||
| Herpes simplex infections | 290 | ||
| Varicella-zoster infections | 291 | ||
| Molluscum contagiosum | 292 | ||
| Roseola infantum | 292 | ||
| Smallpox | 292 | ||
| Fungal infections (mycoses) | 293 | ||
| Tineas | 293 | ||
| Tinea capitis | 294 | ||
| Tinea corporis | 294 | ||
| Tinea versicolor | 294 | ||
| Tinea cruris | 295 | ||
| Tinea unguium | 295 | ||
| Tinea pedis | 295 | ||
| Cutaneous candidiasis | 295 | ||
| Subcutaneous mycoses | 296 | ||
| Chromoblastomycoses | 296 | ||
| Mycetomas | 296 | ||
| Sporotrichosis | 296 | ||
| Summary | 296 | ||
| Review questions | 297 | ||
| 15 Infections of the respiratory system | 298 | ||
| Outline | 298 | ||
| Learning objectives | 298 | ||
| Key terms | 299 | ||
| Overview | 300 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 301 | ||
| Streptococcal infections | 301 | ||
| Strep throat (Streptococcal pharyngitis) | 302 | ||
| Scarlet fever | 302 | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 303 | ||
| Drug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae disease | 303 | ||
| Other common infections | 304 | ||
| Mycoplasmal pneumonia | 304 | ||
| Chlamydial pneumonia | 305 | ||
| Pertussis (whooping cough) | 305 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 306 | ||
| Rare and opportunistic infections | 307 | ||
| Staphylococcal pneumonia | 307 | ||
| Haemophilus infections | 307 | ||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 308 | ||
| Diphtheria | 308 | ||
| Legionellosis | 308 | ||
| Psittacosis | 308 | ||
| Inhalation anthrax | 308 | ||
| Q fever | 309 | ||
| Viral infections | 310 | ||
| Common cold | 311 | ||
| Influenza | 311 | ||
| Viral pneumonia | 312 | ||
| Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | 313 | ||
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome | 313 | ||
| Fungal infections | 313 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 313 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 313 | ||
| Blastomycosis | 315 | ||
| Pulmonary aspergillosis | 315 | ||
| Summary | 316 | ||
| Review questions | 316 | ||
| 16 Infections of the gastrointestinal system | 318 | ||
| Outline | 318 | ||
| Learning objectives | 318 | ||
| Key terms | 319 | ||
| Overview | 320 | ||
| Resident microbial flora | 322 | ||
| Oral cavity | 324 | ||
| Stomach | 324 | ||
| Small intestine | 324 | ||
| Large intestine | 324 | ||
| Dental caries | 324 | ||
| Periodontal disease | 325 | ||
| Gastroenteritis | 326 | ||
| Bacterial infections/illnesses | 326 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 327 | ||
| Helicobacter peptic ulcer | 327 | ||
| Salmonellosis | 327 | ||
| Typhoid fever | 328 | ||
| Shigellosis | 328 | ||
| Campylobacteriosis | 329 | ||
| Escherichia species gastroenteritis | 329 | ||
| Yersiniosis | 330 | ||
| Listeriosis | 330 | ||
| Bacterial intoxications | 330 | ||
| Botulism | 330 | ||
| Staphylococcal intoxication | 330 | ||
| Bacillus intoxication | 331 | ||
| Cholera | 332 | ||
| Viral infections | 332 | ||
| Rotaviruses | 332 | ||
| Astroviruses and caliciviruses | 332 | ||
| Noroviruses | 333 | ||
| Adenoviruses | 333 | ||
| Hepatitis | 333 | ||
| Fungal infections | 333 | ||
| Candidiasis | 333 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 334 | ||
| Ergotism | 334 | ||
| Parasitic infections | 334 | ||
| Protozoans | 334 | ||
| Giardia intestinalis (giardiasis) | 334 | ||
| Balantidium coli | 334 | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis) | 334 | ||
| Cryptosporidiosis | 334 | ||
| Helminths | 335 | ||
| Trichinosis | 335 | ||
| Taeniasis | 335 | ||
| Pinworm infection | 335 | ||
| Ascariasis | 336 | ||
| Hookworm infections (necatoriasis) | 336 | ||
| Summary | 336 | ||
| Review questions | 337 | ||
| 17 Infections of the nervous system and sensory structures | 338 | ||
| Outline | 338 | ||
| Learning objectives | 338 | ||
| Key terms | 339 | ||
| Overview | 340 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 341 | ||
| Bacterial meningitis | 341 | ||
| Meningococcal meningitis | 342 | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae meningitis | 344 | ||
| Pneumococcal meningitis | 344 | ||
| Listeria meningitis | 345 | ||
| Tetanus | 346 | ||
| Botulism | 347 | ||
| Leprosy | 348 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 349 | ||
| Viral infections | 350 | ||
| Viral meningitis | 350 | ||
| Poliomyelitis | 350 | ||
| Rabies | 351 | ||
| Arboviral encephalitis | 351 | ||
| Fungal infections | 353 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 353 | ||
| Protozoan infections | 353 | ||
| Cerebral toxoplasmosis | 353 | ||
| Trypanosomiasis | 353 | ||
| African trypanosomiasis | 353 | ||
| Chagas’ disease | 354 | ||
| Prion-associated diseases | 354 | ||
| Human prion diseases | 354 | ||
| Animal prion diseases | 354 | ||
| Summary | 354 | ||
| Review questions | 355 | ||
| 18 Infections of the cardiovascular and circulatory systems | 356 | ||
| Outline | 356 | ||
| Learning objectives | 356 | ||
| Key terms | 357 | ||
| Overview | 358 | ||
| Endocarditis | 358 | ||
| Myocarditis | 359 | ||
| Pericarditis | 361 | ||
| Bloodborne infectious diseases | 361 | ||
| Microbemia | 361 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 361 | ||
| Bacteremia | 361 | ||
| Septicemia | 361 | ||
| Rheumatic fever | 361 | ||
| Gangrene | 362 | ||
| Zoonotic diseases | 363 | ||
| Brucellosis (undulant fever) | 364 | ||
| Tularemia | 364 | ||
| Cat scratch disease | 364 | ||
| Rat-bite fever | 364 | ||
| Vector-transmitted diseases | 365 | ||
| Plague | 365 | ||
| Rocky mountain spotted fever | 366 | ||
| Lyme disease | 367 | ||
| Ehrlichiosis | 367 | ||
| Typhus | 368 | ||
| Relapsing fever | 368 | ||
| Viral infections | 369 | ||
| Infectious mononucleosis | 369 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus infections | 369 | ||
| Viral hemorrhagic fevers | 370 | ||
| Fungal infections | 370 | ||
| Systemic mycoses | 370 | ||
| Protozoan infections | 371 | ||
| Malaria | 371 | ||
| Uncomplicated malaria | 372 | ||
| Severe malaria | 372 | ||
| Babesiosis | 372 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 373 | ||
| Chagas’ disease | 374 | ||
| Leishmaniasis | 374 | ||
| Summary | 374 | ||
| Review questions | 375 | ||
| 19 Infections of the urinary system | 376 | ||
| Outline | 376 | ||
| Learning objectives | 376 | ||
| Key terms | 377 | ||
| Overview | 377 | ||
| Urinary tract infections | 377 | ||
| Urethritis | 378 | ||
| Cystitis | 378 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 378 | ||
| Leptospirosis | 379 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 379 | ||
| Diagnosis of urinary tract infections | 379 | ||
| Risk factors for urinary tract infections | 379 | ||
| Prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections | 381 | ||
| Prevention | 381 | ||
| Treatment | 381 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 382 | ||
| Viral infections | 383 | ||
| Polyomaviruses JC and BK | 383 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 383 | ||
| Adenovirus | 383 | ||
| Fungal infections | 384 | ||
| Parasitic infections | 384 | ||
| Summary | 384 | ||
| Review questions | 384 | ||
| 20 Infections of the reproductive system | 386 | ||
| Outline | 386 | ||
| Learning objectives | 386 | ||
| Key terms | 387 | ||
| Overview | 387 | ||
| Types of infections | 388 | ||
| Global burden | 388 | ||
| Infections of the female reproductive system | 388 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 388 | ||
| Vaginosis | 388 | ||
| Toxic shock syndrome | 389 | ||
| Group B streptococcal infection | 389 | ||
| Endometritis | 390 | ||
| Mastitis | 390 | ||
| Pelvic inflammatory disease | 390 | ||
| Fungal infections | 390 | ||
| Candidiasis | 390 | ||
| Protozoan infections | 391 | ||
| Trichomoniasis | 391 | ||
| Infections of the male reproductive system | 392 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 392 | ||
| Prostatitis | 392 | ||
| Epididymitis | 393 | ||
| Balanitis | 394 | ||
| Fungal infections | 394 | ||
| Male yeast infections | 394 | ||
| Protozoan infections | 394 | ||
| Trichomoniasis | 394 | ||
| Summary | 395 | ||
| Review questions | 395 | ||
| 5 Factors Contributing to the | 397 | ||
| 21 Sexually transmitted infections/diseases | 397 | ||
| Outline | 397 | ||
| Learning objectives | 397 | ||
| Key terms | 398 | ||
| Overview | 399 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 399 | ||
| Gonorrhea | 399 | ||
| Syphilis | 400 | ||
| Chlamydia | 401 | ||
| Mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal nongonococcal urethritis | 402 | ||
| Chancroid | 402 | ||
| Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) | 403 | ||
| Viral infections | 404 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 404 | ||
| Hepatitis B, C, and D | 406 | ||
| Genital herpes | 407 | ||
| Human papillomavirus | 407 | ||
| Molluscum contagiosum | 407 | ||
| Fungal infections | 407 | ||
| Vulvovaginal candidiasis | 408 | ||
| Balanitis | 408 | ||
| Jock itch | 408 | ||
| Protozoan infections | 408 | ||
| Trichomoniasis | 408 | ||
| Summary | 408 | ||
| Review questions | 409 | ||
| 22 Human age and microorganisms | 410 | ||
| Outline | 410 | ||
| Learning objectives | 410 | ||
| Key terms | 411 | ||
| Perinatal | 411 | ||
| Overview | 411 | ||
| Infections during pregnancy | 411 | ||
| Congenital infections | 413 | ||
| Congenital cytomegalovirus infection | 413 | ||
| Congenital rubella | 413 | ||
| Congenital syphilis | 413 | ||
| Congenital toxoplasmosis | 414 | ||
| Congenital human immunodeficiency virus infection | 415 | ||
| Vaginal infections | 415 | ||
| Infants and children | 415 | ||
| Immune system in infants and children | 415 | ||
| Common microbial infections in infants and children | 416 | ||
| Skin infections | 416 | ||
| Other neonatal infections | 416 | ||
| Infections in children | 416 | ||
| Young adults | 416 | ||
| Immune system in young adults | 416 | ||
| Common microbial infections in young adults | 417 | ||
| Infectious mononucleosis | 417 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | 417 | ||
| Influenza | 417 | ||
| Meningococcal disease | 417 | ||
| Environmental exposures typical for young adults | 417 | ||
| Older adults | 418 | ||
| Immune system in older adults | 418 | ||
| Common microbial infections in older adults | 418 | ||
| Pneumonia | 418 | ||
| Influenza | 418 | ||
| Urinary tract infections | 419 | ||
| Skin infections | 419 | ||
| Factors influencing susceptibility to microbial disease | 419 | ||
| Summary | 419 | ||
| Review questions | 420 | ||
| 23 Microorganisms in the environment and effects on human health | 421 | ||
| Outline | 421 | ||
| Learning objectives | 421 | ||
| Key terms | 422 | ||
| Normal environmental conditions | 423 | ||
| Microbial ecology | 423 | ||
| Biogeochemical cycles and microbes | 424 | ||
| The carbon cycle | 424 | ||
| The nitrogen cycle | 424 | ||
| The sulfur cycle | 426 | ||
| The phosphorus cycle | 426 | ||
| Soil microbiology | 428 | ||
| Microbial populations in soil | 428 | ||
| Aquatic microbiology | 429 | ||
| Freshwater ecosystems | 429 | ||
| Marine ecosystems | 429 | ||
| Natural disasters | 431 | ||
| Floods | 431 | ||
| Waterborne diseases | 432 | ||
| Vector-borne diseases | 432 | ||
| Dead humans and animals | 433 | ||
| Other health risks | 433 | ||
| Tsunamis | 433 | ||
| Earthquakes | 434 | ||
| Hurricanes | 434 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 434 | ||
| Category A agents | 435 | ||
| Bacterial agents | 435 | ||
| Viral agents | 439 | ||
| Filoviridae | 440 | ||
| Arenaviruses | 440 | ||
| Bunyaviridae | 440 | ||
| Flaviviridae | 440 | ||
| Category B agents | 441 | ||
| Category C agents | 442 | ||
| Hantavirus | 442 | ||
| Nipah virus | 443 | ||
| Role of first responders in bioterrorism | 443 | ||
| Summary | 444 | ||
| Review questions | 444 | ||
| 24 Emerging infectious diseases | 446 | ||
| Outline | 446 | ||
| Learning objectives | 446 | ||
| Key terms | 447 | ||
| Overview | 448 | ||
| Emerging/reemerging infectious diseases | 448 | ||
| Factors of emergence/reemergence | 448 | ||
| Human demographics and behavior | 448 | ||
| Ecological changes and agricultural development | 449 | ||
| International travel and commerce | 449 | ||
| Technology and industry | 450 | ||
| Microbial adaptation and change | 450 | ||
| Breakdown of public health measures | 450 | ||
| Other factors in disease emergence and reemergence | 451 | ||
| Types of emerging and reemerging diseases | 451 | ||
| Addressing and preventing emerging and reemerging diseases | 452 | ||
| Surveillance | 454 | ||
| Investigation | 454 | ||
| Response | 454 | ||
| Global concerns | 455 | ||
| U.S. global public health | 455 | ||
| Global surveillance | 455 | ||
| Summary | 456 | ||
| Review questions | 456 | ||
| 25 Biotechnology | 458 | ||
| Outline | 458 | ||
| Learning objectives | 458 | ||
| Key terms | 459 | ||
| Overview | 460 | ||
| Tools of genetic engineering | 460 | ||
| Restriction enzymes | 461 | ||
| Gene libraries | 462 | ||
| Creating a gene library | 462 | ||
| Screening the gene library | 462 | ||
| cDNA libraries | 464 | ||
| Synthetic DNA | 464 | ||
| Plasmids | 464 | ||
| Polymerase chain reaction | 465 | ||
| Vectors in biotechnology | 466 | ||
| Plasmid vectors | 466 | ||
| Lambda (λ) phage vectors | 466 | ||
| Cosmid vectors | 466 | ||
| Biotechnology in human medicine | 467 | ||
| Rapid identification tests | 467 | ||
| Human protein replacements | 468 | ||
| Insulin | 468 | ||
| Human growth hormone | 469 | ||
| Factor VIII | 469 | ||
| Human disease therapies | 469 | ||
| Tissue plasminogen activator | 469 | ||
| Interferon | 469 | ||
| Antisense molecules | 470 | ||
| Erythropoietin | 470 | ||
| Phage therapies | 471 | ||
| Vaccines | 471 | ||
| Subunit vaccines | 471 | ||
| DNA vaccines | 471 | ||
| Biotechnology in agriculture | 471 | ||
| Transgenic plants | 471 | ||
| Herbicide tolerance/resistance | 472 | ||
| Insect tolerance/resistance | 472 | ||
| Virus tolerance/resistance | 472 | ||
| Fungus tolerance/resistance | 472 | ||
| Transgenic animals | 472 | ||
| Summary | 472 | ||
| Review questions | 473 | ||
| APPENDIX A Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology | 475 | ||
| First edition | 475 | ||
| Second edition | 476 | ||
| APPENDIX B Medically significant microorganisms by body system | 477 | ||
| APPENDIX C Bibliography | 490 | ||
| Bibliography | 490 | ||
| Internet resources | 491 | ||
| Glossary | 493 | ||
| Index | 509 | ||
| A | 509 | ||
| B | 511 | ||
| C | 512 | ||
| D | 515 | ||
| E | 516 | ||
| F | 517 | ||
| G | 518 | ||
| H | 519 | ||
| I | 520 | ||
| J | 521 | ||
| K | 521 | ||
| L | 521 | ||
| M | 522 | ||
| N | 523 | ||
| O | 524 | ||
| P | 524 | ||
| Q | 526 | ||
| R | 526 | ||
| S | 527 | ||
| T | 529 | ||
| U | 530 | ||
| V | 530 | ||
| W | 531 | ||
| X | 532 | ||
| Y | 532 | ||
| Z | 532 |