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Equine Neonatology, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, E-Book

Equine Neonatology, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, E-Book

Pamela A. Wilkins

(2016)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

This issue on Equine Neonatology is guest edited by Pam Wilkins and covers topics such as: Imaging the Equine Neonatal Respiratory Tract: CT and Radiographs; Defining the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in the Equine Neonate;Ultrasonographic Examination of the Equine Neonate: Thorax and Abdomen;The Equine Neonatal Cardiovascular System in Health and Disease;The Transition From Fetus to Neonate: The Renal System;Sepsis and Septic Shock in the Equine Neonate;The Equine Neonatal Acute Abdomen;Anesthesia of the Equine Neonate in Health and Disease;The Normal and Abnormal Equine Neonatal Musculoskeletal System, and more!

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Equine \rNeonatology i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITOR iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents v
Preface\r v
Defining the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Equine Neonates\r v
Sepsis and Septic Shock in the Equine Neonate\r v
Diagnostic Imaging of the Lower Respiratory Tract in Neonatal Foals: Radiography and Computed Tomography\r v
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Equine Neonate: Thorax and Abdomen\r v
The Equine Neonatal Cardiovascular System in Health and Disease\r vi
Anesthesia of the Equine Neonate in Health and Disease\r vi
The Equine Neonatal Central Nervous System: Development and Diseases\r vi
The Normal and Abnormal Equine Neonatal Musculoskeletal System\r vii
Prognostic Indicators for Survival and Athletic Outcome in Critically Ill Neonatal Foals\r vii
VETERINARY CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA: EQUINE PRACTICE\r viii
FORTHCOMING ISSUES viii
April 2016 viii
August 2016 viii
December 2016 viii
RECENT ISSUES viii
August 2015 viii
April 2015 viii
December 2014 viii
Preface \r ix
Defining the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Equine Neonates 463
Key points 463
HISTORY OF THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME 464
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME 468
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME, AND THE EQUINE NEONATE 471
SUMMARY 477
REFERENCES 477
Sepsis and Septic Shock in the Equine Neonate 483
Key points 483
INTRODUCTION 483
PATIENT EVALUATION 484
SEPSIS TREATMENT 487
Anti-infective Therapy 487
Hemodynamic Support 489
Supportive Therapies 492
Plasma transfusions 492
Glucose control 492
Corticosteroid therapy 492
Sodium bicarbonate therapy 492
Gastric ulcer prophylaxis 492
Diuretics 493
Nutrition 493
Low-molecular-weight heparin 493
Management of recumbency 493
SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS 493
SUMMARY/DISCUSSION 493
REFERENCES 494
Diagnostic Imaging of the Lower Respiratory Tract in Neonatal Foals 497
Key points 497
INTRODUCTION 497
RADIOGRAPHY 498
Radiographic Imaging Protocol 498
Radiographic Findings: Normal Foals and Artifacts 500
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 501
Computed Tomography Imaging Protocol 502
Computed Tomography Findings: Normal Neonatal Foals and Artifacts 503
Quantitative Computed Tomography Analysis 504
SUMMARY OF RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN NEONATAL FOALS WITH LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASE 505
Pneumothorax 509
SUMMARY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN NEONATAL FOALS WITH LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASE 510
REFERENCES 511
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Equine Neonate 515
Key points 515
IMAGING IS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION 515
REVIEW OF ACOUSTIC-WAVE BEHAVIOR 517
EQUIPMENT USED FOR IMAGING FOALS 518
PREPARING TO ULTRASOUND 519
SONOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF THE THORACIC CAVITY 519
SONOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF THE ABDOMEN 521
DISEASES OF THE THORAX 522
Pulmonary Abnormalities 522
Pleural Space Abnormalities 526
The Cranial Mediastinum 529
DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN 529
Gastrointestinal Tract Disease 529
Urinary Tract Abnormalities 536
SUMMARY 540
REFERENCES 540
The Equine Neonatal Cardiovascular System in Health and Disease 545
Key points 545
PRENATAL TO POSTNATAL ADAPTATION 545
CLINICAL FINDINGS IN THE HEALTHY FOAL 546
CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS IN THE NEONATE 546
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING 548
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION AND ESTIMATION OF PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE 549
CARDIAC DISEASES IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD 549
CARDIAC TRAUMA 552
CARDIAC INFECTION 554
FIBRINOUS PERICARDITIS 555
CONGENITAL CARDIAC DISEASE 555
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT 556
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT 557
CRITICAL PULMONIC STENOSIS AND PULMONIC ATRESIA 557
OTHER CONGENITAL CARDIAC DISEASES 557
Step 1: Atrial Arrangement 558
Step 2: Ventricular Arrangement 558
Step 3: Atrioventricular Connections 558
Step 4: Atrioventricular Valves 558
Step 5: Ventriculo-Arterial Connections 558
Step 6: Arterial Valves 558
Step 7: Associated Malformations 558
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 560
REFERENCES 560
Anesthesia of the Equine Neonate in Health and Disease 567
Key points 567
INTRODUCTION 567
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEONATE 568
COMMON REASONS FOR ANESTHESIA 568
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION 569
PHARMACOLOGY 569
Sedatives and Tranquilizers 569
Analgesics 570
Induction Agents 572
Maintenance Agents 572
PREPARATION FOR ANESTHESIA 573
Premedication 573
Induction 574
Intubation 574
Maintenance 574
Positioning 576
ANESTHETIC MONITORS AND MONITORING 576
Assessing Anesthetic Depth 576
Oxygenation and Ventilation 576
Circulation and Arterial Blood Pressure 576
Temperature 577
Advanced Monitoring Techniques 577
ADJUNCT ANESTHETIC AND ANALGESIC TECHNIQUES 577
COMMON COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR TREATMENT 578
Hypothermia (See Temperature) 578
Hypoventilation 578
Hypotension 578
SPECIFIC CONDITIONS OF THE NEONATE 579
Ruptured Bladder and Uroperiotoneum 579
Septicemia 580
Pulmonary Disease 580
RECOVERY 581
SUMMARY 581
REFERENCES 581
The Equine Neonatal Central Nervous System 587
Key points 587
INTRODUCTION 587
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN THE FETUS 588
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and the Transition from Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life 588
Neurosteroids in Central Nervous System Development and Function 588
The Role of Neurosteroids in Neonatal Neurologic Disease 589
The Neuroprotective Role of Allopregnanolone and the Other Neurosteroids 590
Progestagen Concentrations in Neonatal Foals 590
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NEONATAL CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 591
NEONATAL ENCEPHALOPATHY 591
Clinical Signs of Neonatal Encephalopathy 592
Diagnosis 592
Treatment and Management 593
Prognosis 595
OTHER DISEASES AFFECTING THE NEONATAL EQUINE BRAIN 595
SUMMARY 596
REFERENCES 596
The Normal and Abnormal Equine Neonatal Musculoskeletal System 601
Key points 601
NORMAL OSSIFICATION 601
FLEXURAL LIMB DEFORMITIES 605
Laxity 608
Treatment 608
ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITY 609
ORTHOPEDIC SEPSIS 610
Diagnosis 610
Treatment 611
Prognosis 611
SUMMARY 612
REFERENCES 612
Prognostic Indicators for Survival and Athletic Outcome in Critically Ill Neonatal Foals 615
Key points 615
MATERNAL BODY WALL TEARS (PREPUBIC TENDON RUPTURES) 615
DYSTOCIA 617
L-LACTATE 618
GLUCOSE 620
MUSCULOSKELETAL 620
RESPIRATORY 623
THE FUTURE 624
Coagulation Testing 624
SUMMARY 625
REFERENCES 625