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Joint Disease in the Horse - E-Book

Joint Disease in the Horse - E-Book

C. Wayne McIlwraith | David D Frisbie | Christopher E Kawcak | René van Weeren

(2015)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Dr. McIlwraith’s Joint Disease in the Horse, 2nd Edition is the only book to give you a full account of equine joint disease, combining a thorough, up-to-date survey of scientific advances with a practical guide to both medical and surgical treatments. With contributions from nationally and internationally recognized pioneers in the field, this groundbreaking text offers an overview of joint structure and function and translates the latest information on basic joint pathobiology into practical application for the clinician. Step-by-step guidance on injection techniques and medications, along with a survey of practical arthroscopic surgery and developments, make it a truly indispensable reference for all equine veterinarians treating sports and racing horses.

  • UNIQUE! Unprecedented, state-of-the-art coverage of the pathology, pathogenesis, and clinical diagnosis of traumatic and degenerative joint disease, so you stay in the know.
  • Section on general principles of joint pathobiology provides the background to evaluate and interpret the diagnostic and surgical aspects of disease.
  • Explores treatments for traumatic arthritis and osteoarthritis and other joint entities, offering a broad range of options and up-to-date recommendations for problematic decisions.
  • Addresses recent advances and results in arthroscopic surgery for the acute injury and results including fragment removal, fragment fixation, and synovectomy.
  • Discussion of current research provides insight for difficult cases and calls out the directions in which future arthritis research is headed.
  • More than 325 photographs and line drawings help engage and guide you through procedures and treatments.
  • NEW! Full color throughout with new artwork and a range of new images including radiographs showing both the normal and the disease progression.
  • NEW! Practical step-by-step approach demonstrates the authors’ preferred injections methods and shows underlying anatomic correlations.
  • NEW and UPDATED! Restructured and substantially revised to emphasize treatment options, making it a practical, concise, and accessible reference and text.
  • NEW! All-new chapters on drugs and new biological therapies, including stem cells, IRAP, and PRP and thoroughly updated coverage of HA and corticosteroids.
  • NEW! Covers advanced imaging, giving you the latest information available.
  • NEW! Expert advice from Dr. McIlwraith, three new co-editors, and new contributors — all distinguished specialists in the field of joint disease in the horse.
    • Lameness and surgical clinicians describe how to approach the various, specific disease conditions.
    • Equine specific radiologists provide their opinions on the best imaging techniques for defining the disease and making interpretations.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
JOINT DISEASE IN THE HORSE iii
Copyright iv
Dedication v
CONTRIBUTORS vii
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ix
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
CONTENTS xiii
SECTION I - General Principles of Joint Pathobiology 1
1 - General Anatomy and Physiology of Joints 1
JOINT FUNCTIONS 2
TYPES OF JOINTS 2
EMBRYONIC JOINT DEVELOPMENT 2
PRINCIPLES OF JOINT ANATOMY 3
PRINCIPLES OF JOINT PHYSIOLOGY 12
CONCLUSIONS 20
2 - Biomechanics in Joints 25
BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS THAT INFLUENCE JOINT DISEASE 25
3 - Traumatic Arthritis and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in the Horse 33
TRAUMATIC ARTHRITIS 33
4 - Pathologic Manifestations of Joint Disease 49
PATHOGENESIS OF JOINT DISEASE 49
BIOMECHANICAL INFLUENCES ON JOINT DISEASE 49
SUMMARY 55
5 - Osteochondritis Dissecans 57
HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY 57
THE PROCESS OF ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION 57
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF OC 59
PREVALENCE AND EVOLUTION OF OSTEOCHONDROSIS 62
THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISM BEHIND OSTEOCHONDROSIS 65
ETIOLOGIC FACTORS 69
TREATMENT 74
PROGNOSIS 75
ECONOMIC AND WELFARE IMPACT OF OSTEOCHONDROSIS 77
CONCLUSION AND POINTERS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 77
6 - Subchondral Cystic Lesions 85
SECTION II - General Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment 119
9 - Principles of Diagnosis 119
CLINICAL EXAMINATION 119
PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING 123
REGION 1: FOOT AND PASTERN 134
REGION 2: FETLOCK 134
REGION 3: CARPUS 134
REGION 4: ELBOW 134
REGION 5: SHOULDER 134
REGION 6: TARSUS 134
REGION 7: STIFLE 134
REGION 8: HIP 134
PROXIMAL PHALANX-A 135
MIDDLE PHALANX-B 135
DISTAL PHALANX-C 135
NAVICULAR BONE-D 135
FETLOCK 141
RADIUS 149
PROXIMAL CARPAL ROW 149
DISTAL CARPAL ROW 149
METACARPALS 149
HUMERUS (A) 158
RADIUS (B)/ULNA (C) 158
HUMERUS (A) 161
SCAPULA (B) 161
TIBIA-A 164
TALUS-C/CALCANEUS-B 164
TARSAL BONES 164
METATARSAL 164
FEMUR (A) 176
PELVIS (B) 176
10 - Synovial Fluid and Serum Biomarkers 179
WHAT IS A BIOMARKER? 179
UNDERSTANDING JOINT STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 180
INDIVIDUAL DIRECT BIOMARKERS OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE METABOLISM IN OSTEOARTHRITIS 180
INDIVIDUAL DIRECT BIOMARKERS OF BONE METABOLISM IN JOINT DISEASE 182
INDIRECT BIOMARKERS OF JOINT HOMEOSTASIS 183
FUTURE OF BIOMARKERS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS 185
SECTION III - Principles of Therapy of Traumatic Arthritis and Osteoarthritis 192
11 - NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS 194
WHAT ARE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS WITH USE OF NSAIDS? 198
POTENTIAL ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF NSAIDS WITH REGARD TO WITHDRAWAL FROM COMPETITION 198
12 - INTRAARTICULAR CORTICOSTEROIDS* 202
EARLY EVALUATIONS OF DIRECT EFFECTS 202
MORE RECENT RESEARCH ON BENEFICIAL AND DELETERIOUS EFFECTS IN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EQUINE MODELS 203
COMBINED USE OF HYALURONAN AND TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE 206
LAMINITIS: A SUGGESTED POTENTIAL COMPLICATION OF INTRAARTICULAR CORTICOSTEROID USE 207
WHAT ARE EQUINE VETERINARIANS USING IN PRACTICE? 207
THE ASSOCIATION OF INTRAARTICULAR CORTICOSTEROIDS AND CATASTROPHIC INJURY 207
PHARMACOLOGY OF CORTICOSTEROIDS AND DURATION OF PHARMACOLOGIC EFFECTS 208
THE INFLUENCE OF REST FROM EXERCISE AFTER INTRAARTICULAR CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION 210
AN EVOLUTION OF STRICTER DRUG RESTRICTIONS 210
SUMMARY 211
13 - Hyaluronan 215
ROLE OF HYALURONAN IN JOINT DISEASE 215
SUMMARY 218
14 - Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan (Adequan®) 220
EARLY STUDIES IN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS 220
CLINICAL USE AND MORE RECENT EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY 220
HYALURONAN, SODIUM CHONDROITIN SULFATE, AND N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE COMBINATION PRODUCTS 222
15 - Pentosan Polysulfate 224
MECHANISMS OF ACTION 224
STUDIES IN HORSES 225
SUMMARY 227
16 - Biologic Therapies 229
AUTOLOGOUS CONDITIONED SERUM 229
PLATELET-RICH PLASMA 230
SUMMARY 234
17 - Stem Cells 236
CHOICE OF SOURCE FOR MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 236
DOSE OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 236
TIMING AND NUMBER OF TREATMENTS WITH MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS 236
CARTILAGE INJURY/FOCAL RESURFACING 236
OSTEOARTHRITIS 239
INTRAARTICULAR SOFT TISSUE INJURIES 239
SUMMARY 241
18 - Physical Rehabilitation 243
REHABILITATION ISSUES IN JOINT DISEASE 243
PAIN AND INFLAMMATION 243
PROPRIOCEPTION AND JOINT INSTABILITY 249
JOINT STIFFNESS 254
NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL 255
ENDURANCE AND STRENGTH 257
USE OF AQUATIC THERAPIES IN MANAGING JOINT DISEASE 258
SUMMARY 263
19 - USE OF ORAL JOINT SUPPLEMENTS IN EQUINE JOINT DISEASE* 270
TERMINOLOGY AND REGULATORY ISSUES IN THE USE OF ORAL JOINT SUPPLEMENTS (A U.S. PERSPECTIVE) 270
TYPES OF ORAL JOINT SUPPLEMENTS 272
SUMMARY 277
SECTION IV - Specifics of Anatomy, Clinical Diagnosis,Imaging Diagnosis, and Treatment by Region 281
20 - Distal Limb 281
DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT 281
PATHOLOGIC CHANGE IN THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT 286
PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT 295
21 - Fetlock 302
ANATOMY 302
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF THE EQUINE FETLOCK 305
22 - Carpus 318
IMAGING PARAMETERS 318
CLINICAL SIGNS 321
SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 321
23 - The Elbow and Shoulder 332
ELBOW 332
SHOULDER 334
24 - Tarsus 340
IMAGING PARAMETERS 343
CLINICAL SIGNS 344
SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 345
25 - Stifle 354
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF THE STIFLE 354
SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 356
26 - The Hip 372
RADIOGRAPHY 372
ULTRASOUND 372
NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY 372
OSTEOARTHRITIS 372
OSTEOCHONDROSIS/HIP DYSPLASIA 374
FRACTURES/LUXATION 374
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS 374
SECTION V - New Frontiers 376
27 - Equine Joint Disease: Present and Future Directions in Research 376
(EARLY) DIAGNOSIS OF JOINT DISEASE 376
THERAPIES (BOTH SYMPTOM-MODIFYING AND DISEASE-MODIFYING) 380
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE HEALING (REPAIR) 384
IMPROVEMENT IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOGENESIS OF EXERCISE-INDUCED TRAUMATIC DISEASE 392
REHABILITATION AND PHYSICAL THERAPY 393
INDEX 399