BOOK
Neurobehavioral Manifestations of Neurological Diseases: Diagnosis & Treatment, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics, E-Book
Alireza Minagar | Glen Finney | Kenneth M. Heilman
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This important subject of Diagnosis of and Treatment for Neurobehavioral manifestations of neurologic disease is directed by three leaders of this field - Dr. Alizeza Minagar, Dr. Glen Finney, and Dr. Kenneth Heilman. Topics include: Neurobehavioral testing for mental status; Behavioral neurology of vascular neurology; Alzheimer's disease; Frontotemporal dementia; Traumatic brain injury; Parkinsonian Syndromes (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal disease, multisystem atrophy); Behavioral neurology of multiple sclerosis and autoimmune encephalopathies; Infectious Diseases (Neuro-AIDS, Neurosyphilis, HSV); Neurobehavioral aspects of systemic disease; Neurobehavioral aspects of epilepsy; Behavioral neurology aspects of nutritional deficiencies; Neurobehavioral aspects of mitochondrial disease; and Medicinal-induced behavioral disorders.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| NeurobehavioralManifestations of Neurological Diseases:Diagnosis and Treatment\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Neurobehavioral Manifestations of Neurological Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment\r | vii | ||
| Assessment of Mental Status\r | vii | ||
| Behavioral Neurology of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalopathies\r | vii | ||
| Neurobehavioral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS: Diagnosis and Treatment\r | viii | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury and Behavior: A Practical Approach\r | viii | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease: Prototype of Cognitive Deterioration, Valuable Lessons to Understand Human Cognition\r | viii | ||
| Medicinal-Induced Behavior Disorders\r | ix | ||
| Frontotemporal Dementia\r | ix | ||
| Treatment of Cognitive Deficits in Epilepsy\r | ix | ||
| Stroke and Behavior\r | ix | ||
| Cognitive and Psychiatric Disturbances in Parkinsonian Syndromes\r | x | ||
| Neuropsychiatric Features in Primary Mitochondrial Disease \r | x | ||
| NEUROLOGIC CLINICS\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| May 2016 | xi | ||
| August 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| November 2015 | xi | ||
| August 2015 | xi | ||
| May 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface: Neurobehavioral Manifestations of Neurological Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment \r | xiii | ||
| Assessment of Mental Status | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| HISTORY AND PHYSICAL | 2 | ||
| HISTORY | 2 | ||
| GENERAL PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 3 | ||
| NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION | 3 | ||
| MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION | 3 | ||
| OMNIBUS-SCREENING TESTS | 5 | ||
| SPECIAL TESTS | 8 | ||
| EPISODIC MEMORY | 8 | ||
| PROPOSITIONAL LANGUAGE | 8 | ||
| ATTENTION AND VIGILANCE | 9 | ||
| VISUOSPATIAL SKILLS | 9 | ||
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS | 9 | ||
| PERFORMANCE OF PURPOSEFUL SKILLED MOVEMENTS-PRAXIS | 10 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT | 11 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT | 12 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT | 12 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC WORK UP | 13 | ||
| SUMMARY | 14 | ||
| REFERENCES | 14 | ||
| Behavioral Neurology of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalopathies | 17 | ||
| Key points | 17 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 17 | ||
| COGNITIVE PROBLEMS | 18 | ||
| Information Processing | 18 | ||
| Memory | 18 | ||
| Executive Function | 19 | ||
| Emotional Intelligence | 19 | ||
| Decision-Making | 19 | ||
| PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS | 19 | ||
| Depression | 20 | ||
| Anxiety | 20 | ||
| Personality Disorders | 20 | ||
| Psychotic Disorders | 20 | ||
| Substance Abuse | 20 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 21 | ||
| SYMPTOMATIC PHARMACOTHERAPY | 21 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC COGNITIVE-ENHANCEMENT STRATEGIES | 21 | ||
| DEPRESSION | 22 | ||
| PHARMACOTHERAPY | 22 | ||
| PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS | 22 | ||
| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy | 22 | ||
| Problem-Solving Therapy | 23 | ||
| Electroconvulsive Therapy | 23 | ||
| Others | 23 | ||
| Psychosis | 23 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY OF AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOPATHIES | 23 | ||
| REFERENCES | 24 | ||
| Neurobehavioral Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS | 33 | ||
| Key points | 33 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 33 | ||
| BEHAVIOR DISORDERS CAUSED BY PREEXISTING PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS | 34 | ||
| SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS | 34 | ||
| MOOD DISORDERS AND DEPRESSION | 35 | ||
| MANIA | 35 | ||
| APATHY | 36 | ||
| DELIRIUM | 37 | ||
| ANXIETY | 37 | ||
| HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS–ASSOCIATED NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER | 38 | ||
| CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS | 39 | ||
| TOXOPLASMOSIS ENCEPHALITIS | 40 | ||
| NEUROSYPHILIS | 41 | ||
| HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1 ENCEPHALITIS | 42 | ||
| PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY | 43 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS USED TO TREAT HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS | 44 | ||
| Antiretroviral Therapy Toxicity | 44 | ||
| Drugs Used to Treat Opportunistic Infections | 45 | ||
| Antipsychotic and Dopamine-blocking Drugs | 45 | ||
| SUMMARY | 45 | ||
| REFERENCES | 45 | ||
| Traumatic Brain Injury and Behavior | 55 | ||
| Key points | 55 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 55 | ||
| COGNITIVE DECLINE FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY | 56 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND DEMENTIA | 57 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND EPILEPSY | 58 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND MOOD DISORDERS | 59 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND PSYCHOSIS | 59 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE | 60 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND SUICIDE | 61 | ||
| TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND SLEEP-WAKE DISORDERS | 61 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 61 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT | 62 | ||
| Posttraumatic Hypersomnia | 62 | ||
| Posttraumatic Narcolepsy | 63 | ||
| SUMMARY | 64 | ||
| REFERENCES | 64 | ||
| Alzheimer's Disease | 69 | ||
| Key points | 69 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 69 | ||
| The Spectrum of Alzheimer's disease as a Prototype of Cognitive Disorder | 70 | ||
| The Structure and Function of the Brain Change with Age | 71 | ||
| LEARNING AND MEMORY | 73 | ||
| MEMORY TYPES AND TIME COURSE OF STORAGE: SHORT-TERM VERSUS LONG-TERM MEMORY | 73 | ||
| Immediate Memory | 74 | ||
| Recent Memory | 74 | ||
| Long-term Memory | 75 | ||
| NEURAL BASIS OF MEMORY: HISTORICAL EVIDENCE | 75 | ||
| LONG-TERM MEMORY: EXPLICIT VERSUS IMPLICIT MEMORY | 76 | ||
| Implicit Memory | 76 | ||
| Explicit Memory | 76 | ||
| DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) VERSUS NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) MEMORY | 76 | ||
| EXPLICIT MEMORY: EPISODIC VERSUS SEMANTIC MEMORY | 78 | ||
| Episodic Memory | 78 | ||
| Semantic Memory | 78 | ||
| EXPLICIT MEMORY PROCESSING INVOLVES AT LEAST 4 DISTINCT OPERATIONS | 78 | ||
| Encoding | 78 | ||
| Storage | 79 | ||
| Consolidation | 79 | ||
| Retrieval | 79 | ||
| EPISODIC MEMORY | 79 | ||
| SEMANTIC MEMORY | 81 | ||
| EPISODIC VERSUS SEMANTIC MEMORY IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE BIOMARKER RESEARCH | 86 | ||
| IMPLICIT (NONDECLARATIVE) MEMORY | 86 | ||
| WORKING MEMORY | 86 | ||
| The Central Executive | 87 | ||
| The Phonological Loop | 87 | ||
| Visuospatial Sketchpad | 87 | ||
| The Episodic Buffer | 88 | ||
| MEMORY IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE | 89 | ||
| PRECLINICAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE | 91 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT | 91 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL STATUS | 92 | ||
| THE NEUROPATHOLOGIC BASIS OF ALZHEIMER'S CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 94 | ||
| Orientation | 94 | ||
| Attention | 95 | ||
| Selective attention | 95 | ||
| Divided attention | 95 | ||
| Sustained attention | 96 | ||
| DUAL-TASK DEFICIT IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE | 96 | ||
| VISUOSPATIAL FUNCTION | 97 | ||
| VISUAL GNOSIS | 99 | ||
| Posterior Cortical Atrophy: Occipital Variant of Alzheimer's Disease | 100 | ||
| ARITHMETICAL ABILITY | 100 | ||
| Praxis | 101 | ||
| Limb-kinetic apraxia | 101 | ||
| Ideomotor apraxia | 102 | ||
| Ideational (conceptual) apraxia | 102 | ||
| Dressing apraxia | 103 | ||
| Constructional apraxia | 103 | ||
| LANGUAGE DISORDERS | 103 | ||
| Language Evaluation | 104 | ||
| Spontaneous Speech | 104 | ||
| Fluency | 104 | ||
| Semantic fluency | 104 | ||
| Verbal fluency | 104 | ||
| Prosody | 105 | ||
| Paraphasia | 105 | ||
| Paragrammatic | 105 | ||
| Speech Comprehension | 105 | ||
| Naming | 106 | ||
| Repetition | 106 | ||
| Writing | 106 | ||
| Reading | 107 | ||
| Dysgraphia | 107 | ||
| Alzheimer's Disease: Involvement of Language or Working Memory? | 108 | ||
| Language and Semantic Knowledge | 108 | ||
| VISUAL FUNCTION | 109 | ||
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTION | 109 | ||
| MENTAL FLEXIBILITY | 111 | ||
| INHIBITION RESPONSE | 112 | ||
| SUMMARY | 113 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 114 | ||
| REFERENCES | 114 | ||
| Medicinal-Induced Behavior Disorders | 133 | ||
| Key points | 133 | ||
| MEDICATION-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS | 133 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TOXICITY | 134 | ||
| Depressed Level of Consciousness Owing to Pharmacologic Agents | 134 | ||
| Agitation Owing to Pharmacologic Agents | 136 | ||
| Serotonin Syndrome | 136 | ||
| Seizures | 136 | ||
| Workup of the Patient with Central Nervous System Toxicity | 137 | ||
| Patient Management | 137 | ||
| ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT–INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS | 139 | ||
| Other Antihypertensive Medications | 140 | ||
| OPIOID-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS | 140 | ||
| Opioid Tolerance and Physical Dependence | 140 | ||
| Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia | 140 | ||
| Opioid-Induced Sedation | 141 | ||
| Opioid-Induced Sleep Disturbances | 141 | ||
| Psychomotor Performance in Opioid Therapy | 141 | ||
| ANTIBIOTIC-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS | 141 | ||
| Penicillins | 141 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 142 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 142 | ||
| Carbapenems | 142 | ||
| Trimethoprim–Sulfonamindes | 142 | ||
| Quinolones | 143 | ||
| ANTIEPILEPTIC MEDICATION–INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS | 143 | ||
| Forced Normalization | 143 | ||
| CLASSIC ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS | 144 | ||
| Phenytoin | 144 | ||
| Valproic Acid | 144 | ||
| Other Older Antiepileptic Drugs | 145 | ||
| Newer Antiepileptic Drugs | 145 | ||
| Vigabatrin | 145 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 145 | ||
| Gabapentin | 145 | ||
| Tiagabine | 146 | ||
| Topiramate | 146 | ||
| Levetiracetam | 146 | ||
| Zonisamide | 146 | ||
| Mechanisms of Side Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs | 146 | ||
| STEROID-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS | 147 | ||
| Potential Mechanisms Underlying Adverse Psychological Side Effects | 148 | ||
| Management | 148 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS TO TREAT PARKINSON’S DISEASE | 148 | ||
| Neurobiology | 149 | ||
| Diagnosis | 150 | ||
| Management | 150 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS OF PSYCHIATRIC MEDICATIONS | 150 | ||
| Antidepressants | 150 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 151 | ||
| Tardive Dyskinesia | 152 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | 152 | ||
| Antiretroviral Agents | 153 | ||
| Treatment of Psychiatric Complications Associated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy | 153 | ||
| CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS | 154 | ||
| Fatigue | 155 | ||
| Cognitive Dysfunction | 155 | ||
| IMMUNOTHERAPY-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS | 156 | ||
| Interferon-α | 156 | ||
| Etiology of Interferon-α–Induced Depression | 157 | ||
| Interferon-β | 157 | ||
| Treatment of Interferon-Induced Depression | 157 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 157 | ||
| REFERENCES | 158 | ||
| Frontotemporal Dementia | 171 | ||
| Key points | 171 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 171 | ||
| Case Presentation 1 | 171 | ||
| Case Presentation 2 | 172 | ||
| Case Presentation 3 | 173 | ||
| CASE DISCUSSION | 173 | ||
| MANIFESTATION KEY POINTS | 174 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS | 174 | ||
| GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC FACTORS | 174 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH KEY POINTS | 174 | ||
| MONITORING OF DISEASE ACTIVITY | 176 | ||
| TREATMENT APPROACH | 179 | ||
| REFERENCES | 179 | ||
| Treatment of Cognitive Deficits in Epilepsy | 183 | ||
| Key points | 183 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 183 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 184 | ||
| TREATMENT OF COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN EPILEPSY | 185 | ||
| Optimizing Seizure Control | 185 | ||
| Minimizing Antiepileptic Drug Adverse Effects | 186 | ||
| Preventing Postoperative Deficits | 187 | ||
| Interictal Discharge Suppression | 187 | ||
| Treatment of Depression | 188 | ||
| Cognitive Rehabilitation | 189 | ||
| INVESTIGATIONAL TREATMENTS | 193 | ||
| Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors | 193 | ||
| Methylphenidate | 193 | ||
| N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Antagonists | 193 | ||
| Vinpocetine | 194 | ||
| Brain Stimulation for Cognitive Enhancement | 194 | ||
| SUMMARY | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 195 | ||
| Stroke and Behavior | 205 | ||
| Key points | 205 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 206 | ||
| GENERAL FEATURES OF STROKE | 206 | ||
| CAVEATS ABOUT THE EVIDENCE FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGES THAT FOLLOW STROKE | 207 | ||
| BEHAVIORAL CHANGES AFTER PEDIATRIC STROKE | 208 | ||
| POST-STROKE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES IN ADULTS: GENERAL COMMENTS | 208 | ||
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS | 209 | ||
| LANGUAGE | 210 | ||
| ATTENTION | 212 | ||
| MEMORY | 215 | ||
| EMOTION | 215 | ||
| MOVEMENT | 218 | ||
| SENSATION | 222 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 224 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 224 | ||
| REFERENCES | 225 | ||
| Cognitive and Psychiatric Disturbances in Parkinsonian Syndromes | 235 | ||
| Key points | 235 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 235 | ||
| COGNITIVE AND PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES IN PATIENTS WITH MILD/EARLY PARKINSON DISEASE WITHOUT DEMENTIA | 237 | ||
| DEMENTIA IN PARKINSON DISEASE AND DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES | 239 | ||
| NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS IN MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY, PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, AND CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION | 241 | ||
| REFERENCES | 242 | ||
| Neuropsychiatric Features in Primary Mitochondrial Disease | 247 | ||
| Key points | 247 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 247 | ||
| NEUROPSYCHIATRIC FEATURES IN PRIMARY MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN | 251 | ||
| Autism | 251 | ||
| Biochemical alterations in patients with autism | 251 | ||
| The clinical phenotype in patients with “mitochondrial autism” | 254 | ||
| In patients with autism spectrum disorder, special attention has been paid to patients with an autistic regression. | 255 | ||
| Genetics in mitochondrial autism | 256 | ||
| NEUROPSYCHIATRIC FEATURES IN PRIMARY MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE IN ADULTS | 258 | ||
| MOOD DISORDERS | 259 | ||
| Depression | 259 | ||
| Mitochondrial genetics in patients with depression | 259 | ||
| Bipolar Disorder | 262 | ||
| Mitochondrial structural and functional abnormalities in bipolar disorder | 263 | ||
| Altered markers of oxidative stress in bipolar disorder | 263 | ||
| Parent-of-origin effects in bipolar disorder | 264 | ||
| Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in bipolar disorder | 264 | ||
| Mitochondrial DNA deletions and copy number variations in bipolar disorder | 266 | ||
| Mitochondrial DNA mutations in bipolar disorder | 266 | ||
| Nuclear DNA mutations in bipolar disorder | 267 | ||
| Summary of mitochondrial dysfunction and affective disorders | 267 | ||
| SCHIZOPHRENIA | 268 | ||
| Mitochondrial Structural and Functional Abnormalities in Schizophrenia | 268 | ||
| Parent-of-Origin Effects in Schizophrenia | 269 | ||
| Mitochondrial DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Synonymous Base Pair Substitutions, Haplogroups, and Mitochondrial DNA G ... | 269 | ||
| Mitochondrial DNA deletions in schizophrenia | 271 | ||
| Mitochondrial DNA mutations in psychosis and schizophrenia | 271 | ||
| ANXIETY DISORDERS | 272 | ||
| OBSESSIVE–COMPULSIVE DISORDER | 272 | ||
| PERSONALITY DISORDERS | 273 | ||
| TREATMENT IMPLICATIONS OF COMORBID NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS IN PATIENTS WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE | 273 | ||
| Amitriptyline and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | 274 | ||
| Lithium | 274 | ||
| Valproic Acid | 274 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 275 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 275 | ||
| REFERENCES | 276 | ||
| Index | 295 |