BOOK
Sleep Disorders and Mental Health, An Issue of Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The strong association between mental health and sleep is examined here in topics that include: Epidemiology of sleep disorders, co-morbidity with mental health disorders and impact on health and quality of life; Neurobiology of sleep; Neurobiology of circadian rhythms; Genetics of sleep disorders; Sleep disturbances in anxiety disorders; Sleep disturbances in mood disorders; Sleep disturbances in schizophrenia; Sleep disturbances in substance abuse disorders; Sleep disturbances and behavioral disturbances in children and adolescents; Sleep disturbances and behavioral disturbances in the elderly; Sleep disturbances and behavioral symptoms in medical patients; Effects of psychotropic medications on sleep continuity and sleep architecture; Circadian rhythm sleep disorders; New developments in sleep medications of relevance to mental health disorders; and Primary sleep disorders: identification and treatment by psychiatrists.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Sleep Disorders and Mental Health\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Sleep Disorders and Mental Health\r | vii | ||
| The Relationship Between Sleep Disturbances and Psychiatric Disorders: Introduction and Overview\r | vii | ||
| The Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness\r | vii | ||
| The Neurobiology of Circadian Rhythms\r | vii | ||
| Genetics of Sleep Disorders\r | viii | ||
| Primary Sleep Disorders\r | viii | ||
| Sleep Disturbances and Behavioral Disturbances in Children and Adolescents\r | viii | ||
| Sleep Disturbances in the Elderly\r | viii | ||
| Sleep Disturbances in Mood Disorders\r | ix | ||
| Recent Advances in the Study of Sleep in the Anxiety Disorders,\rObsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder\r | ix | ||
| Sleep Disturbances in Schizophrenia\r | ix | ||
| Sleep Disturbance in Substance Use Disorders\r | ix | ||
| Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders\r | ix | ||
| Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Medical Conditions\r | x | ||
| New Developments in Insomnia Medications of Relevance to Mental Health Disorders\r | x | ||
| PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS OF\rNORTH AMERICA\\\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| March 2016 | xi | ||
| June 2016 | xi | ||
| September 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| September 2015 | xi | ||
| June 2015 | xi | ||
| March 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface: Sleep Disorders and Mental Health \r | xiii | ||
| The Relationship Between Sleep Disturbances and Psychiatric Disorders | 603 | ||
| Key points | 603 | ||
| CHANGES IN THE APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF SLEEP DISORDERS WITH DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, FIF ... | 604 | ||
| THE PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS | 605 | ||
| The Bidirectional Nature of the Interrelationship Between Sleep Disturbances and Psychiatric Disorders | 608 | ||
| THE RELEVANCE OF SLEEP DISTURBANCE TO THE CLINICAL PRACTICE OF PSYCHIATRY | 610 | ||
| SUMMARY | 611 | ||
| REFERENCES | 611 | ||
| The Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness | 615 | ||
| Key points | 615 | ||
| CORTICAL ACTIVITY DURING SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS | 617 | ||
| HISTORICAL OVERVIEW | 617 | ||
| Classic Brainstem Transection Studies | 617 | ||
| Encephalitis Lethargica: Insights into Sleep/Wake Control from Neuropathology | 618 | ||
| Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: the Role of the Pons and Acetylcholine | 619 | ||
| Narcolepsy/Cataplexy | 620 | ||
| THE HYPOCRETIN/OREXIN SYSTEM | 620 | ||
| Discovery of the Hypocretins and the Orexins | 620 | ||
| The Hypocretin System and the Sleep Disorder Narcolepsy | 621 | ||
| Models for the Role of the Hypocretin System in Arousal State Regulation | 621 | ||
| SLEEP HOMEOSTASIS AND THE TIMING OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS | 622 | ||
| ANATOMIC SUBSTRATES OF THE 2-PROCESS MODEL | 623 | ||
| The Suprachiasmatic Nuclei as the Basis for Process C | 623 | ||
| In Search of Substrates for Process S | 623 | ||
| OTHER NEUROCHEMICALS INVOLVED IN SLEEP/WAKE CONTROL | 624 | ||
| Cytokines and Sleep | 624 | ||
| Peptides and Sleep | 624 | ||
| Extracellular Adenosine as an Indicator of Sleep Loss | 625 | ||
| Melatonin | 625 | ||
| Prostaglandin D2 and Sleep/Wake Regulation | 626 | ||
| Gonadal Steroids and Sleep | 626 | ||
| SUMMARY | 626 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 627 | ||
| REFERENCES | 627 | ||
| The Neurobiology of Circadian Rhythms | 645 | ||
| Key points | 645 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 645 | ||
| THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS IS A CIRCADIAN OSCILLATOR | 646 | ||
| THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS MOLECULAR CIRCADIAN OSCILLATOR IS LINKED TO THE NEURAL ACTIVITY RHYTHM | 647 | ||
| THE RETINOHYPOTHALAMIC TRACT ENTRAINS THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS CIRCADIAN CLOCK TO THE DAY/NIGHT CYCLE | 649 | ||
| SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS–PROJECTING RETINAL GANGLION CELLS EXPRESS MELANOPSIN AND ARE INTRINSICALLY PHOTOSENSITIVE | 651 | ||
| MULTIPLE INTRINSICALLY PHOTOSENSITIVE RETINAL GANGLION CELL SUBTYPES WITH WIDESPREAD AXONAL PROJECTIONS | 651 | ||
| SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS CIRCADIAN GATING OF RESPONSES TO LIGHT STIMULATION | 651 | ||
| SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION | 653 | ||
| SEROTONERGIC MODULATION OF PHOTIC INPUT TO THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS | 654 | ||
| OUTPUTS FROM THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS | 654 | ||
| THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS REGULATES PERIPHERAL CIRCADIAN OSCILLATORS | 655 | ||
| REFERENCES | 656 | ||
| Genetics of Sleep Disorders | 667 | ||
| Key points | 667 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 667 | ||
| METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING GENETIC VARIANTS | 668 | ||
| GENETICS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDERS | 671 | ||
| GENETICS OF INSOMNIA | 672 | ||
| NARCOLEPSY | 673 | ||
| RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME | 673 | ||
| GENETICS OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA | 674 | ||
| SUMMARY | 675 | ||
| REFERENCES | 676 | ||
| Primary Sleep Disorders | 683 | ||
| Key points | 683 | ||
| THE CLINICAL APPROACH TO SLEEP-RELATED COMPLAINTS | 683 | ||
| Insufficient Sleep Syndrome | 685 | ||
| INADEQUATE SLEEP HYGIENE | 687 | ||
| INSOMNIA DISORDER | 687 | ||
| CONDITIONED (PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC) INSOMNIA | 688 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENTS OF INSOMNIA | 689 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY FOR INSOMNIA | 690 | ||
| OBSTRUCTIVE AND CENTRAL SLEEP APNEA | 692 | ||
| Treatment Options for Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 693 | ||
| NARCOLEPSY | 694 | ||
| HYPERSOMNIA DISORDER | 697 | ||
| RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME AND PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER | 698 | ||
| PARASOMNIAS | 699 | ||
| SUMMARY | 700 | ||
| REFERENCES | 700 | ||
| Sleep Disturbances and Behavioral Disturbances in Children and Adolescents | 705 | ||
| Key points | 705 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 705 | ||
| THE NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SLEEP | 706 | ||
| SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS | 707 | ||
| Causes of Sleep Deprivation | 707 | ||
| Prevention of Sleep Deprivation | 707 | ||
| Child Sleep Prescription | 707 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF PEDIATRIC SLEEP DISORDERS | 707 | ||
| Sleep History | 708 | ||
| Rating Scales | 709 | ||
| Physical Examination | 709 | ||
| Sleep Laboratory Investigations | 710 | ||
| Polysomnography | 710 | ||
| Actigraphy | 710 | ||
| COMMON PEDIATRIC SLEEP DISORDERS | 710 | ||
| Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders | 710 | ||
| Primary snoring | 711 | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 711 | ||
| Diagnosis of childhood obstructive sleep apnea | 711 | ||
| Treatment of childhood obstructive sleep apnea | 711 | ||
| Central hypoventilation syndromes | 711 | ||
| Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome | 711 | ||
| Central sleep apnea | 712 | ||
| Apnea of prematurity | 712 | ||
| Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | 712 | ||
| Hypersomnia | 712 | ||
| Narcolepsy | 712 | ||
| Treatment of narcolepsy | 713 | ||
| Idiopathic Hypersomnia | 713 | ||
| Periodic Hypersomnia (Kleine–Levin Syndrome) | 713 | ||
| Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders | 713 | ||
| Parasomnias | 714 | ||
| Non–Rapid Eye Movement Parasomnias | 714 | ||
| Rapid Eye Movement Parasomnias | 714 | ||
| Nocturnal Enuresis | 714 | ||
| Sleep-related Movement Disorders | 714 | ||
| Periodic limb movements disorder | 715 | ||
| Restless leg syndrome | 715 | ||
| THE RELATIONSHIP OF SLEEP DISTURBANCES TO BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS | 715 | ||
| Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder | 715 | ||
| Affective Disorders | 716 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 716 | ||
| Behavioral Insomnia of Childhood | 716 | ||
| Off-Label Use of Prescription Hypnotics | 717 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 717 | ||
| Off-Label Use of Antipsychotic Drugs | 717 | ||
| SUMMARY | 717 | ||
| REFERENCES | 717 | ||
| Sleep Disturbances in the Elderly | 723 | ||
| Key points | 723 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 723 | ||
| SLEEP CHANGES WITH AGING | 724 | ||
| SLEEP DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY | 724 | ||
| Insomnia | 724 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 724 | ||
| Restless Legs Syndrome | 726 | ||
| BEHAVIORS INFLUENCING SLEEP | 726 | ||
| Alcohol | 726 | ||
| Exercise | 726 | ||
| Naps | 727 | ||
| Caffeine | 727 | ||
| Nicotine | 727 | ||
| SLEEP, MOOD, AND ANXIETY | 727 | ||
| Mood | 727 | ||
| Anxiety | 728 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 728 | ||
| SLEEP AND NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS | 728 | ||
| Alzheimer Disease | 729 | ||
| Lewy Body Dementia | 729 | ||
| SLEEP AND MEDICAL DISORDERS | 729 | ||
| Delirium | 729 | ||
| Parkinson Disease | 729 | ||
| Nocturia | 730 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 730 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 730 | ||
| MEDICATIONS AFFECTING SLEEP | 731 | ||
| NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT APPROACHES | 731 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | 731 | ||
| Sleep Hygiene | 732 | ||
| Stimulus Control | 732 | ||
| Sleep Restriction | 732 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT APPROACHES | 732 | ||
| Melatonin | 732 | ||
| Trazodone | 732 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 732 | ||
| Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics | 732 | ||
| Sedating Antidepressants | 733 | ||
| FUTURE TARGETS | 733 | ||
| Amyloid Beta and Circadian Rhythm | 733 | ||
| Melatonin and Delirium | 733 | ||
| SUMMARY | 733 | ||
| REFERENCES | 734 | ||
| Sleep Disturbances in Mood Disorders | 743 | ||
| Key points | 743 | ||
| MOOD DISORDERS OVERVIEW | 743 | ||
| COMMON SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN MOOD DISORDERS | 745 | ||
| Self-reported Sleep, Fatigue, and Sleepiness in Mood Disorders | 745 | ||
| Polysomnography Findings in Mood Disorders | 745 | ||
| Rest-Activity Disturbances in Mood Disorders | 747 | ||
| SLEEP DISTURBANCE AS A RISK FACTOR AND INTEREPISODE PERSISTENCE OF SLEEP DISTURBANCE | 748 | ||
| MECHANISMS FOR SLEEP CHANGES IN MOOD DISORDERS | 749 | ||
| SLEEP DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH MOOD DISORDERS | 751 | ||
| EFFECTS OF PSYCHIATRIC DRUGS ON SLEEP | 751 | ||
| Effects of Treating Sleep on Mood Disorders | 752 | ||
| SUMMARY | 753 | ||
| REFERENCES | 754 | ||
| Recent Advances in the Study of Sleep in the Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Dis ... | 761 | ||
| Key points | 762 | ||
| GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER | 763 | ||
| Sleep Architecture in Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 763 | ||
| Dimensions of Psychological Contributions to Sleep Disturbance in Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 763 | ||
| Circadian Rhythms in Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 764 | ||
| Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Sleep Disturbances: Psychotherapy | 764 | ||
| Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Sleep Disturbances: Pharmacotherapy | 764 | ||
| PANIC DISORDER | 765 | ||
| Correlates of Sleep Disturbance in Panic Disorder | 765 | ||
| Treatment of Panic Disorder Sleep Disturbances | 765 | ||
| OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER | 766 | ||
| The Specific Effect of Obsessional Thinking on Sleep | 766 | ||
| Circadian Rhythms in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 766 | ||
| Sleep Architecture in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 766 | ||
| Treatment of Sleep Disturbances in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 767 | ||
| POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER | 767 | ||
| Tonic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Alterations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: the Importance of Time Posttrauma | 767 | ||
| Phasic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Alterations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Basic and Clinical Studies | 767 | ||
| Neurocircuitry of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Alterations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 768 | ||
| Circadian Rhythm Abnormalities in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 768 | ||
| Sleep Movement Disturbances in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 769 | ||
| Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Sleep Disturbances: Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 769 | ||
| Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Sleep Disturbances: Psychotherapy for Insomnia | 769 | ||
| Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Sleep Disturbances: Psychotherapy for Recurrent Nightmares | 770 | ||
| Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Sleep Disturbances: Pharmacotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 770 | ||
| Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Sleep Disturbances: Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia | 771 | ||
| Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Sleep Disturbances: Pharmacotherapy for Recurrent Nightmares | 771 | ||
| SUMMARY: DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH | 771 | ||
| REFERENCES | 772 | ||
| Sleep Disturbances in Schizophrenia | 777 | ||
| Key points | 777 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 777 | ||
| OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS | 778 | ||
| Polysomnography Findings According to the Phase of Clinical Course | 779 | ||
| CLINICAL CORRELATES | 780 | ||
| Positive Symptoms | 780 | ||
| Negative Symptoms | 780 | ||
| Suicide Risk | 780 | ||
| Neurocognitive Impairment | 780 | ||
| Severity of Illness | 781 | ||
| Outcomes | 781 | ||
| UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 781 | ||
| EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS ON SLEEP | 783 | ||
| SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING AND SLEEP-RELATED MOVEMENT DISORDERS | 785 | ||
| Sleep-Disordered Breathing | 785 | ||
| Sleep-related Movement Disorders | 786 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 786 | ||
| Evaluation and Management of Primary Sleep Disorders | 786 | ||
| Application of Behavioral and Sleep Hygiene Approaches to Manage Sleep Disturbances in Schizophrenic Patients | 786 | ||
| Pharmacologic Approaches for the Management of Insomnia and Other Sleep Disturbances in Schizophrenic Patients | 787 | ||
| SUMMARY | 787 | ||
| REFERENCES | 788 | ||
| Sleep Disturbance in Substance Use Disorders | 793 | ||
| Key points | 793 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 793 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ISSUES | 794 | ||
| Sleep Disturbances | 794 | ||
| Substance Use Disorders | 794 | ||
| ASSESSING SLEEP AND DAYTIME ALERTNESS DISTURBANCES | 795 | ||
| DISTINGUISHING THERAPY SEEKING AND DRUG SEEKING | 796 | ||
| ALERTNESS/SLEEP DISTURBANCE AND INITIATION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE | 797 | ||
| ALERTNESS/SLEEP DISTURBANCE AND MAINTENANCE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE | 798 | ||
| ALERTNESS/SLEEP DISTURBANCE AND RELAPSE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE | 799 | ||
| TREATMENT OF SLEEP/ALERTNESS IN SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS | 799 | ||
| COMMON NEUROBIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES | 800 | ||
| SUMMARY | 801 | ||
| REFERENCES | 801 | ||
| Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders | 805 | ||
| Key points | 805 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 805 | ||
| DELAYED SLEEP PHASE TYPE | 806 | ||
| ADVANCED SLEEP PHASE TYPE | 810 | ||
| IRREGULAR SLEEP-WAKE TYPE | 811 | ||
| NON-24-HOUR SLEEP-WAKE TYPE | 813 | ||
| SHIFT WORK TYPE | 815 | ||
| SUMMARY | 818 | ||
| REFERENCES | 818 | ||
| Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Medical Conditions | 825 | ||
| Key points | 825 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 825 | ||
| SLEEP–WAKE CYCLE DISTURBANCES IN PATIENTS WITH MAJOR MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 826 | ||
| Sleep–Wake Cycle Disturbances in Patients with Cancer | 826 | ||
| Sleep–Wake Cycle Disturbances in Medical Conditions Other than Cancer | 827 | ||
| Sleep–wake cycle disturbances in patients with neurologic disorders | 827 | ||
| Sleep–wake cycle disturbances in patients with disorders associated with pain syndromes | 827 | ||
| Sleep–Wake Cycle Disturbances in Patients with Other Medical Conditions | 828 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN PATIENTS WITH MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 828 | ||
| UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN PATIENTS WITH MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 829 | ||
| SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN PATIENTS WITH MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 830 | ||
| Screening | 830 | ||
| Assessment | 830 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN PATIENTS WITH MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 832 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Management | 833 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management | 833 | ||
| Combined Treatment | 834 | ||
| SPECIAL ISSUES | 834 | ||
| Multidirectional Interactions Between Sleep Disturbances, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and Cardiometabolic and Respiratory Diso ... | 834 | ||
| Sleep-Related Movement Disorders | 835 | ||
| SUMMARY | 836 | ||
| REFERENCES | 837 | ||
| New Developments in Insomnia Medications of Relevance to Mental Health Disorders | 843 | ||
| Key points | 843 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 843 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF INSOMNIA THERAPIES | 845 | ||
| INSOMNIA MEDICATIONS WITH RELATIVELY LOW SPECIFICITY OF EFFECTS | 845 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 845 | ||
| Distinguishing characteristics | 845 | ||
| Agents used to treat insomnia | 845 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 845 | ||
| Pharmacologic specificity | 846 | ||
| Specificity of effects on brain functions (effects other than sleep–wake systems) | 847 | ||
| Clinical implications for personalization of therapy | 847 | ||
| Nonbenzodiazepines | 847 | ||
| Distinguishing characteristics | 847 | ||
| Agents used to treat insomnia | 847 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 847 | ||
| Pharmacologic specificity | 847 | ||
| Specificity of effects on brain functions (effects on systems other than sleep–wake systems) | 848 | ||
| Clinical implications for personalization of therapy | 848 | ||
| Antidepressants | 848 | ||
| Distinguishing characteristics | 848 | ||
| Agents used to treat insomnia | 848 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 849 | ||
| Pharmacologic specificity | 849 | ||
| Specificity of effects on brain functions (effects on systems other than sleep–wake systems) | 849 | ||
| Clinical implications for personalization of therapy | 849 | ||
| Antipsychotics | 849 | ||
| Distinguishing characteristics | 849 | ||
| Agents used to treat insomnia | 849 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 850 | ||
| Pharmacologic specificity | 850 | ||
| Specificity of effects on brain functions (effects on systems other than sleep–wake systems) | 850 | ||
| Clinical implications for personalization of therapy | 850 | ||
| Nonselective Antihistamines | 850 | ||
| Distinguishing characteristics | 850 | ||
| Agents used to treat insomnia | 850 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 851 | ||
| Pharmacologic specificity | 851 | ||
| Specificity of effects on brain functions (effects on systems other than sleep–wake systems) | 851 | ||
| Clinical implications for personalization of therapy | 851 | ||
| INSOMNIA MEDICATIONS WITH HIGHLY SPECIFIC EFFECTS | 851 | ||
| Selective H1 Histamine Receptor Antagonists | 851 | ||
| Distinguishing characteristics | 851 | ||
| Agents used to treat insomnia | 852 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 852 | ||
| Pharmacologic specificity | 852 | ||
| Specificity of effects on brain functions (effects on systems other than sleep–wake systems) | 852 | ||
| Clinical implications for personalization of therapy | 852 | ||
| Selective Hypocretin/Orexin Antagonists | 853 | ||
| Distinguishing characteristics | 853 | ||
| Agents used to treat insomnia | 853 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 854 | ||
| Pharmacologic specificity | 854 | ||
| Specificity of effects on brain functions (effects on systems other than sleep–wake systems) | 854 | ||
| Clinical implications for personalization of therapy | 854 | ||
| Selective α1 Adrenergic Antagonists | 855 | ||
| Distinguishing characteristics | 855 | ||
| Agents used to treat insomnia | 855 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 855 | ||
| Pharmacologic specificity | 855 | ||
| Index | 861 |