BOOK
Facial Nerve Rehabilitation, An Issue of Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Repair and restoration of the facial nerve takes exceptional skill in facial anatomy and surgery. In this issue of Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics, surgeon and academician Daniel Alam leads discussion by expert surgeons of topics such as Bell's Palsy, Botox in the treatment of facial paralysis; Management of the eye in facial paralysis; Static slings; Temporalis tendon transfer; Nerve transfer; Gracilis flaps; Sternohyoid flaps, New technologies in facial paralysis; and Physical therapy for facial rehabilitation. Each discussion includes diagnosis and procedural steps for best outcomes for function and cosmesis.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Facial Nerve Rehabilitation\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Preface: Facial Paralysis: State of the Artix | v | ||
| Bell’s Palsy\r | v | ||
| Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Facial Paralysis\r | v | ||
| Management of the Eye in Facial Paralysis\r | v | ||
| Static Facial Slings: Approaches to Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed Face\r | v | ||
| Temporalis Muscle Tendon Unit Transfer for Smile Restoration After Facial Paralysis\r | vi | ||
| The Gracilis Free Flap\r | vi | ||
| The Sternohyoid Flap for Facial Reanimation\r | vi | ||
| Neural Reanimation Advances and New Technologies\r | vi | ||
| FACIAL PLASTIC SURGERY CLINICS\rOF NORTH AMERICA\r | vii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | vii | ||
| May 2016 | vii | ||
| August 2016 | vii | ||
| November 2016 | vii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | vii | ||
| November 2015 | vii | ||
| August 2015 | vii | ||
| May 2015 | vii | ||
| Preface: Facial Paralysis: State of the Artix\r | ix | ||
| Bell’s Palsy | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| FACIAL NERVE ANATOMY | 1 | ||
| INCIDENCE | 2 | ||
| ETIOLOGY | 2 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS | 2 | ||
| FACIAL ASSESSMENT | 3 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC TEST | 3 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 6 | ||
| SURGICAL DECOMPRESSION | 6 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY | 6 | ||
| ANTIVIRAL THERAPY | 7 | ||
| PHYSICAL THERAPY | 7 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 7 | ||
| SYNKINESIS | 8 | ||
| LONG-TERM TREATMENT | 8 | ||
| SUMMARY | 8 | ||
| REFERENCES | 9 | ||
| Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Facial Paralysis | 11 | ||
| Key points | 11 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 11 | ||
| EVALUATION | 12 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS | 13 | ||
| Neuromuscular Retraining | 13 | ||
| Neuromodulator Injection | 15 | ||
| Periocular | 15 | ||
| Midface | 15 | ||
| Perioral | 15 | ||
| Neck | 16 | ||
| Contralateral Normal Side: Addressing Asymmetries | 17 | ||
| Risks | 17 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS | 17 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 18 | ||
| REFERENCES | 19 | ||
| Management of the Eye in Facial Paralysis | 21 | ||
| Key points | 21 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 21 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE EYE IN FACIAL PARALYSIS | 22 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL INTERVENTION | 23 | ||
| RELEVANT ANATOMY | 23 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: UPPER EYELID LOADING | 25 | ||
| PEARLS: UPPER EYELID LOADING | 25 | ||
| Avoid Upper Eyelid Ptosis | 25 | ||
| Avoid Upper Eyelid Vertical Lid Shortening | 25 | ||
| Avoid Implant Visibility | 26 | ||
| Use the Existing Fibrous Capsule in Revision Procedures | 26 | ||
| MODIFIED UPPER EYELID APPROACHES | 26 | ||
| OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: LOWER EYELID TIGHTENING | 26 | ||
| PEARLS: LOWER EYELID TIGHTENING | 27 | ||
| Avoid Blunting (Fish Mouth) at the Lateral Canthal Angle | 27 | ||
| Avoid Malposition of the Lateral Canthus | 27 | ||
| Avoid Overtightening the Lower Eyelid | 27 | ||
| Avoid Postoperative Corneal Abrasions | 28 | ||
| SUMMARY | 28 | ||
| REFERENCES | 28 | ||
| Static Facial Slings | 29 | ||
| Key points | 29 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: SURGICAL APPROACHES TO FACIAL PARALYSIS | 29 | ||
| STATIC REHABILITATION OF THE PARALYZED MIDFACE | 30 | ||
| Autologous Tissue Grafts | 30 | ||
| Synthetic Slings | 30 | ||
| Allografts | 31 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUES | 31 | ||
| Rhytidectomy | 31 | ||
| Static Suspension Sling | 31 | ||
| Percutaneous Suture–Based Slings | 32 | ||
| SUMMARY | 34 | ||
| REFERENCES | 34 | ||
| Temporalis Muscle Tendon Unit Transfer for Smile Restoration After Facial Paralysis | 37 | ||
| Key points | 37 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 37 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR TEMPORALIS TENDON TRANSFER | 38 | ||
| SURGICAL ANATOMY | 38 | ||
| Muscle Tendon Unit | 38 | ||
| Innervation | 38 | ||
| Vascular Supply | 38 | ||
| PRINCIPLES AND BIOMECHANICS OF TEMPORALIS MUSCLE TENDON UNIT | 38 | ||
| The Selected Donor Muscle Must Be Expendable and Functioning | 39 | ||
| Muscles Selected for Transfer Should Have Adequate Strength and Excursion | 39 | ||
| Suitable Soft Tissue Bed for Transfer | 39 | ||
| There Should Be Full Passive Range of Motion of the Involved Lip | 40 | ||
| Suitable Insertion Technique and Firm Fixation | 40 | ||
| Tension-Excursion Relationship of the Temporalis Muscle Tendon Unit | 40 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 41 | ||
| Access Incision | 41 | ||
| Buccal Space Dissection | 41 | ||
| Tendon Mobilization and Coronoidectomy | 41 | ||
| Generating a Tension-Excursion Relationship for the Temporalis Muscle Tendon Unit | 41 | ||
| Gaining Tendon Length | 42 | ||
| Managing the Temporalis Tendon: to Lengthen or Not to Lengthen | 42 | ||
| Insertion Site | 44 | ||
| Revision Temporalis Tendon Transfer | 44 | ||
| PHYSIOTHERAPY | 44 | ||
| SUMMARY | 44 | ||
| REFERENCES | 45 | ||
| The Gracilis Free Flap | 47 | ||
| Key points | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| HISTORY | 48 | ||
| ALTERNATE DONOR SITES | 48 | ||
| ANATOMY | 48 | ||
| NERVE SELECTION FOR NEUROTIZATION | 49 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 51 | ||
| Severe/Complete Paralysis Less Than 2 Years | 51 | ||
| Severe/Complete Paralysis Greater Than 2 Years | 52 | ||
| Partial Paralysis with Synkinesis | 52 | ||
| Bilateral Paralysis | 52 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 52 | ||
| Stage I: Cross-Face Nerve Grafting | 52 | ||
| Stage II: Gracilis Free Muscle Transfer | 53 | ||
| Postoperative Care/Rehabilitation | 54 | ||
| OUTCOMES/COMPLICATIONS | 55 | ||
| SUMMARY | 58 | ||
| REFERENCES | 58 | ||
| The Sternohyoid Flap for Facial Reanimation | 61 | ||
| Key points | 61 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 61 | ||
| SURGICAL TECHNIQUE | 64 | ||
| FLAP CHARACTERISTICS | 67 | ||
| REFERENCES | 68 | ||
| Neural Reanimation Advances and New Technologies | 71 | ||
| Key points | 71 | ||
| NERVE INJURY | 71 | ||
| NERVE ANATOMY | 72 | ||
| NERVE REPAIR | 72 | ||
| Primary Suture Repair | 72 | ||
| Tissue adhesive | 73 | ||
| Nerve grafts | 74 | ||
| Does Nerve Graft Polarity Matter? | 74 | ||
| Is There a Difference Between Motor Versus Sensory Donor Nerve Graft? | 74 | ||
| Nonbiologic Conduits | 74 | ||
| Nerve Substitution | 75 | ||
| Hypoglossal–Facial Nerve | 75 | ||
| Masseteric to Facial | 76 | ||
| Babysitter and Cross-Facial Nerve Grafting | 77 | ||
| Variations in Nerve Substitution Procedures | 78 | ||
| EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES | 81 | ||
| SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 82 | ||
| REFERENCES | 82 | ||
| Index | 85 |