Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Prepare for a successful career as a dental assistant with Modern Dental Assisting, 11th Edition! Using an easy-to-understand approach, this book provides a complete foundation in the basic and advanced skills you must master to achieve clinical competence. Full-color photographs and clear, step-by-step instructions make it easy to learn dental assisting procedures. This edition includes content on the electronic health record, impact of the new health care law, and the new hazard communication standard. And as a complete learning package, it also includes an Evolve companion website with new videos demonstrating key procedures, practice quizzes, interactive games and exercises, and flashcards. Written by the expert dental assisting team of Doni Bird and Debbie Robinson, this is the leading text in dental assisting — the most trusted, the most comprehensive, and the most current.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2 | IFC2 | ||
| Endsheet 3 | IFC3 | ||
| Endsheet 4 | IFC4 | ||
| Modern Dental Assisting, 11/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Reviewers* | iii | ||
| Acknowledgments | v | ||
| About the Founding Authors | vi | ||
| About the Authors | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Who Will Benefit from This Book? | viii | ||
| Organization | viii | ||
| The Learning Package | viii | ||
| The Student Package Includes: | viii | ||
| The Faculty Package Includes All Student Resources, Plus: | viii | ||
| New to This Edition | viii | ||
| Textbook | viii | ||
| Evolve Web Site | viii | ||
| For Instructors | viii | ||
| For Students | ix | ||
| Student Workbook | ix | ||
| Dental Assisting Online | ix | ||
| Support | ix | ||
| The Learning Package | x | ||
| Textbook | x | ||
| Evolve Web Site | x | ||
| Student Site | x | ||
| Plus The Interactive Dental Office Online! | x | ||
| Faculty Site | x | ||
| Plus TEACH Instructor Resources | xi | ||
| Student Workbook | xi | ||
| Dental Assisting Online for Modern Dental Assisting | xi | ||
| How To Use Modern Dental Assisting | xii | ||
| Icon Key | xv | ||
| Dedication | xvi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xvii | ||
| One The Dental Assisting Profession | 1 | ||
| Part 1 text | 1 | ||
| Interactive Review – Modern Dental Assisting | e1 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 1 text | e2 | ||
| 1 History of Dentistry | 2 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 3 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 2 | ||
| Key Terms | 2 | ||
| Early Times | 3 | ||
| The Egyptians | 3 | ||
| The Greeks | 3 | ||
| The Chinese | 4 | ||
| The Romans | 4 | ||
| The Renaissance | 5 | ||
| Early America | 5 | ||
| Educational and Professional Development in the United States | 6 | ||
| Women in Dental History | 7 | ||
| African Americans in Dental History | 8 | ||
| History of Dental Assisting | 9 | ||
| History of Dental Hygiene | 10 | ||
| Dental Accreditation | 11 | ||
| National Museum of Dentistry | 11 | ||
| 2 The Professional Dental Assistant | 13 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 13 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 13 | ||
| Key Terms | 13 | ||
| Characteristics of a Professional Dental Assistant | 14 | ||
| Professional Appearance | 14 | ||
| Knowledge and Skills | 14 | ||
| Teamwork | 15 | ||
| Attitude | 15 | ||
| Dedication | 15 | ||
| Responsibility and Initiative | 15 | ||
| Confidentiality | 15 | ||
| Personal Qualities | 15 | ||
| Educational Requirements | 15 | ||
| Types of Programs | 15 | ||
| Career Opportunities | 15 | ||
| Employment Settings | 15 | ||
| Other Career Opportunities | 16 | ||
| Salaries | 16 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 16 | ||
| American Dental Assistants Association | 16 | ||
| Benefits of Membership | 16 | ||
| Dental Assisting National Board | 17 | ||
| Certified Dental Assistant | 18 | ||
| Certified Dental Assistant (CDA) Examination. | 18 | ||
| Certified Orthodontic Assistant (COA) Examination. | 18 | ||
| Certified Preventive Functions Dental Assistant (CPFDA). | 18 | ||
| 3 The Dental Healthcare Team | 20 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 21 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 20 | ||
| Key Terms | 20 | ||
| Dentist | 21 | ||
| Dental Specialist | 22 | ||
| Registered Dental Hygienist | 22 | ||
| Dental Assistant | 23 | ||
| Clinical Dental Assistant | 23 | ||
| Chairside Assistant | 23 | ||
| Circulating Assistant | 23 | ||
| Community Work | 24 | ||
| Mobile Dental Facilities | 24 | ||
| Sterilization Assistant | 24 | ||
| Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant | 24 | ||
| Business Assistant | 25 | ||
| Dental Laboratory Technician | 25 | ||
| Supporting Services | 26 | ||
| 4 Dental Ethics | 28 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 28 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 28 | ||
| Key Terms | 28 | ||
| Sources for Ethics | 29 | ||
| Basic Principles of Ethics | 29 | ||
| Regard for Self-Determination (Autonomy) | 29 | ||
| To “Do No Harm” (Nonmaleficence) | 29 | ||
| Promotion of Well-Being (Beneficence) | 29 | ||
| Regard for Justice | 29 | ||
| Veracity | 29 | ||
| Confidentiality | 29 | ||
| Privacy | 30 | ||
| Continuing Education | 30 | ||
| Professional Code of Ethics | 30 | ||
| Applying Ethical Principles | 30 | ||
| Ethical Dilemmas | 31 | ||
| Case Example | 31 | ||
| Steps for Solving Ethical Dilemmas | 32 | ||
| 5 Dentistry and the Law | 33 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 34 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 34 | ||
| Key Terms | 33 | ||
| Statutory Law | 34 | ||
| Criminal Law | 34 | ||
| Civil Law | 35 | ||
| Contract Law | 35 | ||
| Tort Law | 35 | ||
| State Dental Practice Act | 35 | ||
| Board of Dentistry | 36 | ||
| Expanded Functions and Supervision | 36 | ||
| Unlicensed Practice of Dentistry | 37 | ||
| Dentist-Patient Relationship | 37 | ||
| Duty of Care/Standard of Care | 37 | ||
| Abandonment | 38 | ||
| Patient Responsibilities | 38 | ||
| Due Care | 38 | ||
| Malpractice | 38 | ||
| Acts of Omission and Commission | 38 | ||
| Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitur | 38 | ||
| Risk Management | 39 | ||
| Avoiding Malpractice Lawsuits | 39 | ||
| “Silence Is Golden” | 39 | ||
| Guidelines for Informed Consent | 39 | ||
| Informed Patient Consent | 39 | ||
| Informed Refusal | 39 | ||
| Exceptions to Disclosure | 40 | ||
| Informed Consent for Minors | 40 | ||
| Documenting Informed Consent | 40 | ||
| Content of Informed Consent Forms | 40 | ||
| Patient Referral | 40 | ||
| Failure to Refer | 41 | ||
| Guarantees | 41 | ||
| Contributory Negligence | 41 | ||
| Patient Records | 41 | ||
| Ownership of Dental Records and Radiographs | 41 | ||
| Reporting Abuse and Neglect | 42 | ||
| Child Abuse | 42 | ||
| Domestic Violence | 42 | ||
| Elder Abuse | 42 | ||
| Dental Neglect | 43 | ||
| Immunity | 43 | ||
| HIPAA | 43 | ||
| Two Sciences in Dentistry | 47 | ||
| Part 2 text | 47 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 2 text | e3 | ||
| 6 General Anatomy | 48 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 49 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 48 | ||
| Key Terms | 48 | ||
| Planes and Body Directions | 49 | ||
| Structural Units | 51 | ||
| Cells | 51 | ||
| Stem Cells | 51 | ||
| Cell Membrane | 52 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 52 | ||
| Nucleus | 52 | ||
| Tissues | 53 | ||
| Organs | 56 | ||
| Body Systems | 56 | ||
| Body Cavities | 56 | ||
| Body Regions | 56 | ||
| 7 General Physiology | 58 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 59 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 58 | ||
| Key Terms | 58 | ||
| Physiology and Dental Assisting | 59 | ||
| Body Systems | 59 | ||
| Skeletal System | 59 | ||
| Bone | 59 | ||
| Cartilage | 61 | ||
| Joints | 62 | ||
| Muscular System | 62 | ||
| Striated Muscle | 62 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 64 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 64 | ||
| Muscle Function | 65 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 66 | ||
| Circulatory System | 66 | ||
| Heart | 66 | ||
| Heart Chambers | 66 | ||
| Heart Valves | 66 | ||
| Blood Flow Through the Heart | 67 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 68 | ||
| Blood and Blood Cells | 68 | ||
| Blood Typing and Rh Factor | 69 | ||
| Lymphatic System | 69 | ||
| Lymph Vessels | 69 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 69 | ||
| Lymph Fluid | 69 | ||
| Lymphoid Organs | 69 | ||
| Tonsils. | 69 | ||
| Spleen. | 69 | ||
| Nervous System | 69 | ||
| Neurons | 70 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 71 | ||
| Brain | 71 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 72 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System | 72 | ||
| Respiratory System | 72 | ||
| Structures | 72 | ||
| Nose | 72 | ||
| Pharynx | 72 | ||
| Epiglottis | 73 | ||
| Larynx | 73 | ||
| Trachea | 73 | ||
| Lungs | 73 | ||
| Digestive System | 74 | ||
| Digestive Process | 75 | ||
| Structures | 75 | ||
| Mouth | 75 | ||
| Pharynx | 75 | ||
| Esophagus | 75 | ||
| Stomach | 76 | ||
| Small Intestine | 76 | ||
| Large Intestine | 76 | ||
| Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas | 76 | ||
| Endocrine System | 76 | ||
| Urinary System | 77 | ||
| Integumentary System | 77 | ||
| Skin Structures | 78 | ||
| Epidermis | 78 | ||
| Dermis | 78 | ||
| Subcutaneous Fat | 78 | ||
| Skin Appendages | 79 | ||
| Hair | 79 | ||
| Nails | 79 | ||
| Glands | 79 | ||
| Reproductive System | 79 | ||
| Female | 79 | ||
| Male | 79 | ||
| Interaction Among the Ten Body Systems | 79 | ||
| 8 Oral Embryology and Histology | 81 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 82 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 82 | ||
| Key Terms | 81 | ||
| Oral Embryology | 82 | ||
| Prenatal Development | 83 | ||
| Embryonic Development of the Face and Oral Cavity | 84 | ||
| Primary Embryonic Layers | 84 | ||
| Early Development of the Mouth | 86 | ||
| Branchial Arches | 86 | ||
| Hard and Soft Palates | 87 | ||
| Facial Development | 87 | ||
| Tooth Development | 88 | ||
| Developmental Disturbances | 88 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 88 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 88 | ||
| Facial Development After Birth | 88 | ||
| Tooth Movement | 90 | ||
| Life Cycle of a Tooth | 90 | ||
| Growth Periods | 90 | ||
| Bud Stage. | 91 | ||
| Cap Stage. | 91 | ||
| Bell Stage. | 91 | ||
| Calcification | 92 | ||
| Pits and Fissures. | 92 | ||
| Eruption of Primary Teeth | 92 | ||
| Shedding of Primary Teeth | 92 | ||
| Eruption of Permanent Teeth | 92 | ||
| Oral Histology | 92 | ||
| Crown | 92 | ||
| Root | 94 | ||
| Enamel | 95 | ||
| Dentin | 98 | ||
| Cementum | 99 | ||
| Pulp | 99 | ||
| Periodontium | 99 | ||
| Attachment Apparatus | 100 | ||
| Alveolar Process. | 100 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament. | 100 | ||
| Supportive and Protective Functions. | 100 | ||
| Sensory Function. | 100 | ||
| Nutritive Function. | 100 | ||
| Formative and Resorptive Functions. | 100 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament Fiber Groups. | 102 | ||
| Periodontal Fiber Groups. | 102 | ||
| Transseptal Fiber Groups. | 102 | ||
| Gingival Fiber Groups. | 102 | ||
| Gingival Unit | 103 | ||
| Lining Mucosa. | 103 | ||
| Masticatory Mucosa. | 103 | ||
| Specialized Mucosa. | 103 | ||
| 9 Head and Neck Anatomy | 105 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 106 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 106 | ||
| Key Terms | 105 | ||
| Regions of the Head | 106 | ||
| Bones of the Skull | 106 | ||
| Bones of the Cranium | 106 | ||
| Parietal Bones | 106 | ||
| Frontal Bone | 107 | ||
| Occipital Bone | 107 | ||
| Temporal Bones | 107 | ||
| Sphenoid Bone | 108 | ||
| Ethmoid Bone | 110 | ||
| Auditory Ossicles | 110 | ||
| Bones of the Face | 112 | ||
| Zygomatic Bones | 112 | ||
| Maxillary Bones | 112 | ||
| Palatine Bones | 112 | ||
| Nasal Bones | 112 | ||
| Lacrimal Bones | 112 | ||
| Vomer | 112 | ||
| Nasal Conchae | 112 | ||
| Mandible | 113 | ||
| Hyoid Bone | 114 | ||
| Postnatal Development | 114 | ||
| Fusion of Bones | 114 | ||
| Development of the Facial Bones | 114 | ||
| Mandible. | 114 | ||
| Maxilla. | 114 | ||
| Differences Between Male and Female Skulls | 114 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joints | 114 | ||
| Capsular Ligament | 114 | ||
| Articular Space | 114 | ||
| Jaw Movement | 115 | ||
| Hinge Action | 115 | ||
| Gliding Movement | 117 | ||
| Temporomandibular Disorders | 117 | ||
| Symptoms | 118 | ||
| Pain. | 118 | ||
| Joint Sounds. | 118 | ||
| Limitations in Movement. | 118 | ||
| Causes | 118 | ||
| Muscles of the Head and Neck | 118 | ||
| Major Muscles of the Neck | 118 | ||
| Major Muscles of Facial Expression | 119 | ||
| Major Muscles of Mastication | 119 | ||
| Muscles of the Floor of the Mouth | 119 | ||
| Muscles of the Tongue | 119 | ||
| Muscles of the Soft Palate | 119 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 120 | ||
| Minor Salivary Glands | 121 | ||
| Major Salivary Glands | 121 | ||
| Blood Supply to the Head and Neck | 123 | ||
| Major Arteries of the Face and Oral Cavity | 123 | ||
| External Carotid Artery | 123 | ||
| Facial Artery | 123 | ||
| Lingual Artery | 123 | ||
| Maxillary Artery | 123 | ||
| Major Veins of the Face and Oral Cavity | 124 | ||
| Nerves of the Head and Neck | 124 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 125 | ||
| Innervation of the Oral Cavity | 125 | ||
| Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve | 125 | ||
| Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve | 125 | ||
| Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck | 125 | ||
| Structure and Function | 125 | ||
| Superficial Lymph Nodes of the Head | 125 | ||
| Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes | 125 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 125 | ||
| Paranasal Sinuses | 129 | ||
| 10 Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity | 130 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 131 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 131 | ||
| Key Terms | 130 | ||
| Landmarks of the Face | 131 | ||
| Regions of the Face | 131 | ||
| Features of the Face | 131 | ||
| Skin | 131 | ||
| Lips | 132 | ||
| The Oral Cavity | 133 | ||
| The Vestibule | 133 | ||
| Labial and Other Frenula | 133 | ||
| Gingiva | 135 | ||
| Unattached Gingiva | 135 | ||
| Interdental Gingiva | 135 | ||
| Gingival Groove | 135 | ||
| Attached Gingiva | 135 | ||
| The Oral Cavity Proper | 135 | ||
| Hard Palate | 136 | ||
| Soft Palate | 136 | ||
| Tongue | 136 | ||
| Taste Buds | 138 | ||
| Teeth | 138 | ||
| 11 Overview of the Dentitions | 139 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 140 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 140 | ||
| Key Terms | 139 | ||
| Dentition Periods | 140 | ||
| Primary Dentition | 140 | ||
| Mixed Dentition | 140 | ||
| Permanent Dentition | 141 | ||
| Dental Arches | 142 | ||
| Quadrants | 142 | ||
| Sextants | 142 | ||
| Anterior and Posterior Teeth | 142 | ||
| Types and Functions of Teeth | 144 | ||
| Incisors | 144 | ||
| Canines | 144 | ||
| Premolars | 145 | ||
| Molars | 145 | ||
| Tooth Surfaces | 145 | ||
| Anatomic Features of Teeth | 146 | ||
| Contours | 146 | ||
| Facial and Lingual Contours | 146 | ||
| Mesial and Distal Contours | 146 | ||
| Contacts | 146 | ||
| Height of Contour | 146 | ||
| Embrasures | 147 | ||
| Angles and Divisions of Teeth | 147 | ||
| Line and Point Angles | 147 | ||
| Divisions Into Thirds | 148 | ||
| Occlusion and Malocclusion | 148 | ||
| Angle’s Classification | 149 | ||
| Class I | 149 | ||
| Class II | 150 | ||
| Division 1. | 150 | ||
| Division 2. | 150 | ||
| Class III | 150 | ||
| Stabilization of the Arches | 150 | ||
| Closure | 150 | ||
| Curve of Spee | 150 | ||
| Curve of Wilson | 150 | ||
| Tooth-Numbering Systems | 151 | ||
| Universal/National System | 151 | ||
| International Standards Organization System | 151 | ||
| Palmer Notation System | 151 | ||
| 12 Tooth Morphology | 154 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 155 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 154 | ||
| Key Terms | 154 | ||
| Anterior Permanent Dentition | 155 | ||
| Permanent Incisors | 156 | ||
| Maxillary Central Incisors | 156 | ||
| Maxillary Lateral Incisors | 156 | ||
| Mandibular Incisors | 157 | ||
| Mandibular Central Incisors. | 157 | ||
| Mandibular Lateral Incisors. | 157 | ||
| Permanent Canines | 158 | ||
| Maxillary Canines | 158 | ||
| Mandibular Canines | 158 | ||
| Posterior Permanent Dentition | 160 | ||
| Permanent Premolars | 160 | ||
| Maxillary First Premolars | 160 | ||
| Maxillary Second Premolars | 161 | ||
| Mandibular First Premolars | 161 | ||
| Mandibular Second Premolars | 162 | ||
| Permanent Molars | 163 | ||
| Maxillary Molars | 163 | ||
| Maxillary First Molars. | 163 | ||
| Maxillary Second Molars. | 164 | ||
| Maxillary Third Molars. | 164 | ||
| Mandibular Molars | 164 | ||
| Mandibular First Molars. | 165 | ||
| Mandibular Second Molars. | 165 | ||
| Mandibular Third Molars. | 165 | ||
| Primary Dentition | 166 | ||
| Primary Incisors | 167 | ||
| Maxillary Central Incisors | 167 | ||
| Maxillary Lateral Incisors | 167 | ||
| Mandibular Central Incisors | 168 | ||
| Mandibular Lateral Incisors | 168 | ||
| Primary Canines | 168 | ||
| Maxillary Canines | 168 | ||
| Mandibular Canines | 168 | ||
| Primary Molars | 169 | ||
| Maxillary First Molars | 169 | ||
| Maxillary Second Molars | 170 | ||
| Mandibular First Molars | 170 | ||
| Mandibular Second Molars | 170 | ||
| Three Oral Health and Prevention of Dental Disease | 173 | ||
| Part 3 text | 173 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 3 text | e4 | ||
| 13 Dental Caries | 174 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 175 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 174 | ||
| Key Terms | 174 | ||
| Bacterial Infection | 175 | ||
| Dental Plaque | 175 | ||
| Enamel Structure | 176 | ||
| The Caries Process | 176 | ||
| Stages of Caries Development | 176 | ||
| Secondary (Recurrent) Caries | 177 | ||
| Root Caries | 178 | ||
| Early Childhood Caries | 179 | ||
| Risk Factors | 179 | ||
| How Children Get Early Childhood Caries | 179 | ||
| The Importance of Saliva | 179 | ||
| Caries Diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Dental Explorer | 181 | ||
| Radiographs | 181 | ||
| Visual Appearance | 181 | ||
| Indicator Dyes | 181 | ||
| Caries Detection Devices | 181 | ||
| Laser Caries Detector | 181 | ||
| Calibration of the Tip | 182 | ||
| CAMBRA | 182 | ||
| Methods of Caries Intervention | 183 | ||
| Caries Risk Assessment Tests | 183 | ||
| 14 Periodontal Diseases | 189 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 189 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 189 | ||
| Key Terms | 189 | ||
| Definition and Prevalence of Periodontal Disease | 190 | ||
| Periodontal Disease and Systemic Health | 191 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 191 | ||
| Preterm/Low Birth Weight | 191 | ||
| Respiratory Disease | 191 | ||
| Causes of Periodontal Disease | 191 | ||
| Dental Plaque | 191 | ||
| Calculus | 191 | ||
| Supragingival Calculus | 192 | ||
| Subgingival Calculus | 192 | ||
| Other Risk Factors | 192 | ||
| Types of Periodontal Disease | 192 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 193 | ||
| Gingivitis | 193 | ||
| Periodontitis | 195 | ||
| Description of Periodontal Disease | 195 | ||
| 15 Preventive Dentistry | 199 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 200 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 199 | ||
| Key Terms | 199 | ||
| Partners in Prevention | 200 | ||
| Early Dental Care | 200 | ||
| Pregnancy and Dental Care | 200 | ||
| Dental Care for 0 to 5 Years | 201 | ||
| Dental Sealants | 201 | ||
| Oral Health and Aging | 201 | ||
| Age-Related Dental Changes | 202 | ||
| Age-Related Pathology-Related Conditions | 202 | ||
| Fluoride | 202 | ||
| How Fluoride Works | 203 | ||
| Preeruptive Development | 203 | ||
| Posteruptive Development | 203 | ||
| Safe and Toxic Levels | 203 | ||
| Precautions | 204 | ||
| Fluoride Needs Assessment | 204 | ||
| Sources of Fluoride | 204 | ||
| Fluoridated Water | 204 | ||
| Bottled Water | 205 | ||
| Sources of Systemic Fluoride | 205 | ||
| Foods and Beverages | 205 | ||
| Prescribed Dietary Supplements | 205 | ||
| Sources of Topical Fluoride | 205 | ||
| Toothpastes | 205 | ||
| Mouth Rinses | 205 | ||
| Gels | 206 | ||
| Varnish | 206 | ||
| Professional Applications | 208 | ||
| Nutrition and Dental Caries | 208 | ||
| Sugar Substitutes | 208 | ||
| Xylitol | 208 | ||
| Dietary Analysis | 208 | ||
| Steps for Analyzing a Food Diary | 208 | ||
| Plaque Control Program | 209 | ||
| Toothbrushes and Toothbrushing | 209 | ||
| Baby Toothbrushes | 209 | ||
| Manual Toothbrushes | 210 | ||
| Automatic Toothbrushes | 210 | ||
| Toothbrushing | 210 | ||
| Toothbrushing Precautions | 211 | ||
| Toothbrushing for Unusual Conditions | 211 | ||
| Dental Floss or Tape | 212 | ||
| When to Floss | 212 | ||
| Interdental Aids | 214 | ||
| End-Tuft Brushes | 214 | ||
| Bridge Threaders | 215 | ||
| Automatic Flossers | 215 | ||
| Perio-Aid | 215 | ||
| Dentures | 216 | ||
| Toothpaste | 216 | ||
| Mouth Rinses | 216 | ||
| Oral Irrigation Devices | 217 | ||
| General Guidelines for Home Care Products | 218 | ||
| 16 Nutrition | 224 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 224 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 224 | ||
| Key Terms | 224 | ||
| Nutrition and the Dental Assistant | 225 | ||
| Healthy People 2020 Report | 225 | ||
| Nutrient Recommendations | 225 | ||
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) | 226 | ||
| Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) | 226 | ||
| Dietary Guidelines for Americans | 226 | ||
| MyPlate | 226 | ||
| Canada’s Food Guide | 227 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 227 | ||
| Foods That Cause Tooth Decay | 227 | ||
| Proteins | 230 | ||
| Fats (Lipids) | 231 | ||
| Cholesterol | 231 | ||
| Antioxidants | 231 | ||
| Vitamins | 232 | ||
| Minerals | 232 | ||
| Water | 234 | ||
| Diet Modification | 235 | ||
| Dietary Analysis | 235 | ||
| Reading Food Labels | 235 | ||
| Product Label Information | 236 | ||
| Labeling Ingredients | 236 | ||
| Label Claims | 237 | ||
| Organic Foods | 237 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 238 | ||
| Bulimia | 239 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 239 | ||
| Female Athlete Triad | 239 | ||
| Management of Eating Disorders | 239 | ||
| Healthy Habits | 240 | ||
| 17 Oral Pathology | 241 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 242 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 241 | ||
| Key Terms | 241 | ||
| Making a Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| Historical Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis | 242 | ||
| Radiographic Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Microscopic Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Therapeutic Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Surgical Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 243 | ||
| Acute/Chronic Inflammation | 245 | ||
| Oral Lesions | 245 | ||
| Lesions Extending Below Mucosal Surface | 245 | ||
| Lesions Extending Above Mucosal Surface | 246 | ||
| Lesions Even With Mucosal Surface | 246 | ||
| Raised or Flat Lesions | 246 | ||
| Diseases of the Oral Soft Tissues | 246 | ||
| Leukoplakia | 246 | ||
| Lichen Planus | 246 | ||
| Candidiasis | 247 | ||
| Pseudomembranous Candidiasis | 247 | ||
| Hyperplastic Candidiasis | 247 | ||
| Atrophic Candidiasis | 248 | ||
| Aphthous Ulcers | 248 | ||
| Cellulitis | 248 | ||
| Conditions of the Tongue | 249 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 250 | ||
| Leukemia | 250 | ||
| Smokeless Tobacco | 251 | ||
| Therapy for Oral Cancer | 251 | ||
| Dental Implications of Radiation Therapy | 251 | ||
| Xerostomia | 252 | ||
| Radiation Caries | 252 | ||
| Osteoradionecrosis | 252 | ||
| Dental Implications of Chemotherapy | 252 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 252 | ||
| Oral Manifestations | 252 | ||
| HIV Gingivitis | 252 | ||
| HIV Periodontitis | 252 | ||
| Cervical Lymphadenopathy | 253 | ||
| Candidiasis | 253 | ||
| Lymphoma | 253 | ||
| Hairy Leukoplakia | 254 | ||
| Kaposi’s Sarcoma | 254 | ||
| Herpes Simplex | 255 | ||
| Herpes Zoster | 255 | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | 255 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 255 | ||
| Genetic Factors | 255 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 256 | ||
| Disturbances in Jaw Development | 257 | ||
| Disturbances in Lip, Palate, and Tongue Development | 257 | ||
| Disturbances in Tooth Development and Eruption | 258 | ||
| Disturbances in Enamel Formation | 259 | ||
| Disturbances in Dentin Formation | 259 | ||
| Abnormal Eruption of the Teeth | 259 | ||
| Premature Eruption | 259 | ||
| Ankylosis | 259 | ||
| Impaction | 259 | ||
| Miscellaneous Disorders | 260 | ||
| Abrasion | 260 | ||
| Attrition | 260 | ||
| Bruxism | 260 | ||
| Bulimia | 261 | ||
| Orofacial Piercings | 261 | ||
| Meth Mouth | 261 | ||
| Four Infection Prevention in Dentistry | 265 | ||
| Part 4 text | 265 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 4 text | e5 | ||
| 18 Microbiology | 266 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 267 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 266 | ||
| Key Terms | 266 | ||
| Pioneers in Microbiology | 267 | ||
| Koch’s Postulates | 268 | ||
| Major Groups of Microorganisms | 268 | ||
| Bacteria | 269 | ||
| Shape | 269 | ||
| Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria | 269 | ||
| Need for Oxygen | 269 | ||
| Capsules | 269 | ||
| Spores | 269 | ||
| Rickettsiae | 271 | ||
| Algae | 271 | ||
| Protozoa | 271 | ||
| Fungi | 271 | ||
| Prions | 271 | ||
| Prion Diseases | 272 | ||
| Future Research | 272 | ||
| Viruses | 272 | ||
| Specificity | 272 | ||
| Latency | 272 | ||
| Treatment of Viral Diseases | 273 | ||
| Transmission of Viral Diseases | 273 | ||
| Viruses in the Environment | 273 | ||
| Viral Diseases | 273 | ||
| Viral Hepatitis | 273 | ||
| Hepatitis A | 273 | ||
| Hepatitis B | 273 | ||
| Hepatitis B Immunization. | 273 | ||
| Hepatitis C | 274 | ||
| Hepatitis D | 274 | ||
| Hepatitis E | 274 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 274 | ||
| Herpesviruses | 275 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 | 275 | ||
| Primary Herpes. | 275 | ||
| Recurrent Herpes Labialis. | 275 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 | 275 | ||
| Herpes Zoster Virus | 276 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 276 | ||
| Epstein-Barr Virus | 276 | ||
| Herpes Transmission | 276 | ||
| West Nile Virus | 276 | ||
| H1N1 Flu Virus (Swine Flu) | 276 | ||
| Bacterial Diseases | 277 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 277 | ||
| Legionnaires’ Disease | 277 | ||
| Tetanus | 277 | ||
| Syphilis | 278 | ||
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) | 278 | ||
| Pandemic Diseases | 278 | ||
| 19 Disease Transmission and Infection Prevention | 280 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 281 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 281 | ||
| Key Terms | 280 | ||
| The Chain of Infection | 281 | ||
| Infectious Agent | 282 | ||
| Reservoir | 282 | ||
| Portal of Entry | 282 | ||
| Susceptible Host | 282 | ||
| Types of Infections | 282 | ||
| Acute Infection | 282 | ||
| Chronic Infection | 282 | ||
| Latent Infection | 283 | ||
| Opportunistic Infection | 283 | ||
| Modes of Disease Transmission | 283 | ||
| Direct Transmission | 283 | ||
| Indirect Transmission | 283 | ||
| Airborne Transmission | 283 | ||
| Aerosol, Spray, or Spatter | 284 | ||
| Parenteral Transmission | 284 | ||
| Blood-Borne Transmission | 284 | ||
| Food and Water Transmission | 284 | ||
| Fecal-Oral Transmission | 284 | ||
| The Immune System | 284 | ||
| Naturally Acquired Immunity | 285 | ||
| Artificially Acquired Immunity | 285 | ||
| Disease Transmission in the Dental Office | 285 | ||
| Patient to Dental Team | 285 | ||
| Dental Team to Patient | 286 | ||
| Patient to Patient | 286 | ||
| Dental Office to Community | 286 | ||
| Community to Dental Office to Patient | 287 | ||
| Roles and Responsibilities of the CDC and OSHA in Infection Control | 287 | ||
| Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Healthcare Settings (CDC) | 287 | ||
| OSHA Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard | 287 | ||
| Exposure Control Plan | 288 | ||
| Standard and Universal Precautions | 288 | ||
| Categories of Employees | 289 | ||
| Postexposure Management | 289 | ||
| Employee Training | 290 | ||
| Hepatitis B Immunization | 290 | ||
| Employee Medical Records | 290 | ||
| Managing Contaminated Sharps | 290 | ||
| Preventing Needle Sticks | 291 | ||
| Infection Control Practices | 291 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 291 | ||
| Handwashing Guidelines | 291 | ||
| Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs | 292 | ||
| Hand Care Recommendations | 292 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 292 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 294 | ||
| Protective Clothing Requirements | 294 | ||
| Handling Contaminated Laundry | 295 | ||
| Protective Masks | 295 | ||
| Protective Eyewear | 295 | ||
| Face Shields | 296 | ||
| Patient Eyewear | 297 | ||
| Gloves | 297 | ||
| Gloves Damaged During Treatment | 298 | ||
| Gloves Damaged by Dental Materials | 298 | ||
| Examination Gloves | 298 | ||
| Overgloves | 298 | ||
| Sterile Surgical Gloves | 299 | ||
| Utility Gloves | 299 | ||
| Non–Latex-Containing Gloves | 299 | ||
| Maintaining Infection Control While Gloved | 299 | ||
| Opening Drawers and Cabinets | 300 | ||
| Opening Containers | 300 | ||
| High-Tech Equipment | 300 | ||
| Latex Allergies | 300 | ||
| Irritant Dermatitis | 301 | ||
| Type IV Allergic Reaction | 301 | ||
| Type I Allergic Reaction | 301 | ||
| Treatment | 302 | ||
| Latex-Sensitive Patients | 302 | ||
| Waste Management in the Dental Office | 302 | ||
| Classification of Waste | 302 | ||
| General Waste | 303 | ||
| Contaminated Waste | 303 | ||
| Hazardous Waste | 303 | ||
| Infectious or Regulated Waste (Biohazard) | 303 | ||
| Handling Extracted Teeth | 303 | ||
| Handling Contaminated Waste | 303 | ||
| Handling Medical Waste | 303 | ||
| Infectious Waste | 303 | ||
| Disposal of Medical Waste | 304 | ||
| Additional Infection Control Practices | 304 | ||
| OSHA Blood-Borne Pathogens Standard | 304 | ||
| CDC Guidelines: Special Considerations | 304 | ||
| Saliva Ejectors | 304 | ||
| Dental Laboratory | 304 | ||
| Preprocedural Mouth Rinses | 305 | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 305 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Other Prion Diseases | 306 | ||
| Laser/Electrosurgery Plumes or Surgical Smoke | 306 | ||
| 20 Principles and Techniques of Disinfection | 314 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 315 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 315 | ||
| Key Terms | 314 | ||
| Environmental Infection Control | 315 | ||
| Clinical Contact Surfaces | 316 | ||
| Surface Contamination | 317 | ||
| Surface Barriers | 317 | ||
| Single-Use (Disposable) Items | 319 | ||
| Precleaning and Disinfection | 319 | ||
| Precleaning. | 319 | ||
| Disinfection. | 320 | ||
| Disinfectants | 320 | ||
| Ideal Surface Disinfectant. | 320 | ||
| Disinfectant Precautions | 320 | ||
| Iodophors. | 323 | ||
| Synthetic Phenol Compounds. | 323 | ||
| Sodium Hypochlorite. | 324 | ||
| Alcohol. | 324 | ||
| Immersion Disinfectants. | 324 | ||
| Glutaraldehyde | 324 | ||
| Chlorine Dioxide | 324 | ||
| Ortho-Phthalaldehyde | 324 | ||
| Evacuator System | 325 | ||
| Traps | 325 | ||
| Housekeeping Surfaces | 325 | ||
| Carpeting and Cloth Furnishings | 326 | ||
| Spills of Blood and Body Substances | 326 | ||
| Greener Infection Control | 326 | ||
| Paper | 327 | ||
| Radiology | 327 | ||
| Personal Protective Attire | 327 | ||
| Surface Barriers and Precleaning/Disinfection | 327 | ||
| 21 Principles and Techniques of Instrument Processing and Sterilization | 330 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 331 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 330 | ||
| Key Terms | 330 | ||
| Classification of Patient Care Items | 331 | ||
| Critical Instruments | 332 | ||
| Semicritical Instruments | 332 | ||
| Noncritical Instruments | 332 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 333 | ||
| Transporting and Processing Contaminated Patient Care Items | 333 | ||
| Instrument-Processing Area | 333 | ||
| Workflow Pattern | 334 | ||
| Contaminated Area | 334 | ||
| Preparation and Packaging Area | 334 | ||
| Precleaning and Packaging Instruments | 334 | ||
| Holding Solution | 334 | ||
| Hand Scrubbing | 335 | ||
| Ultrasonic Cleaning | 336 | ||
| Ultrasonic Cleaning Solutions | 337 | ||
| Care of the Ultrasonic Cleaner | 337 | ||
| Testing the Ultrasonic Cleaner | 337 | ||
| Automated Washers/Disinfectors | 338 | ||
| Drying, Lubrication, and Corrosion Control | 338 | ||
| Packaging Instruments | 338 | ||
| Packaging Materials | 338 | ||
| Sterilization of Unwrapped Instruments | 339 | ||
| Methods of Sterilization | 339 | ||
| Steam Autoclave | 339 | ||
| Packaging Instruments | 342 | ||
| Flash Sterilization | 342 | ||
| Unsaturated Chemical Vapor Sterilization | 342 | ||
| Advantages | 343 | ||
| Disadvantages | 343 | ||
| Filtration and Monitoring of Chemical Vapors | 343 | ||
| Packaging | 343 | ||
| Pressure, Temperature, and Time | 343 | ||
| Dry Heat Sterilization | 343 | ||
| Static Air Sterilizers | 343 | ||
| Forced Air Sterilizers | 343 | ||
| Ethylene Oxide Sterilization | 343 | ||
| Liquid Chemical Sterilants | 344 | ||
| Sterilization Failures | 344 | ||
| Sterilization Monitoring | 344 | ||
| Physical Monitoring | 345 | ||
| Chemical Monitoring | 345 | ||
| Process Indicators | 345 | ||
| Process Integrators | 345 | ||
| Limitations | 346 | ||
| Biologic Monitoring | 346 | ||
| Handpiece Sterilization | 347 | ||
| Flushing Techniques | 347 | ||
| Sterilizing Techniques | 347 | ||
| Five Occupational Health and Safety | 355 | ||
| Part 5 text | 355 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 5 text | e6 | ||
| 22 Regulatory and Advisory Agencies | 356 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 357 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 356 | ||
| Key Terms | 356 | ||
| Associations and Organizations | 357 | ||
| American Dental Association | 357 | ||
| American Dental Assistants Association | 357 | ||
| American Dental Hygienists’ Association | 359 | ||
| Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention | 359 | ||
| State and Local Dental Societies | 359 | ||
| Government Agencies | 359 | ||
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | 359 | ||
| Food and Drug Administration | 359 | ||
| Environmental Protection Agency | 361 | ||
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration | 361 | ||
| National Institutes of Health | 362 | ||
| National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research | 362 | ||
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | 362 | ||
| Public Health Agency of Canada | 362 | ||
| 23 Chemical and Waste Management | 364 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 365 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 364 | ||
| Key Terms | 364 | ||
| Hazardous Chemicals | 365 | ||
| Exposure to Chemicals | 365 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Chemical Toxicity | 366 | ||
| Hand Protection | 366 | ||
| Eye Protection | 366 | ||
| Protective Clothing | 366 | ||
| Inhalation Protection | 366 | ||
| Control of Chemical Spills | 367 | ||
| Eyewash Units | 367 | ||
| Ventilation | 368 | ||
| General Precautions for Storing Chemicals | 368 | ||
| Follow Instructions | 368 | ||
| Avoid Exposure to Light | 368 | ||
| Check Expiration Date | 368 | ||
| Rotate Inventory | 368 | ||
| Disposal of Empty Containers | 369 | ||
| Hazardous Waste Disposal | 369 | ||
| Hazard Communication Program | 369 | ||
| Revision of the HCS Standard | 369 | ||
| Major Changes to the Hazard Communication Standard | 370 | ||
| Hazard Classification | 370 | ||
| Labels | 370 | ||
| Safety Data Sheets | 370 | ||
| Information and Training | 370 | ||
| Phase-In Period | 370 | ||
| Written Program | 370 | ||
| Chemical Inventory | 370 | ||
| Safety Data Sheets | 372 | ||
| Employee Training | 372 | ||
| Labeling of Chemical Containers | 374 | ||
| National Fire Protection Association Labels | 374 | ||
| Exemptions to Labeling Requirements | 375 | ||
| Dental Office Waste Management | 375 | ||
| Classification of Waste | 375 | ||
| Extracted Teeth | 376 | ||
| Sharps | 376 | ||
| Scrap Amalgam | 376 | ||
| Photochemical Waste | 376 | ||
| Radiographic Fixer | 376 | ||
| Radiographic Developer | 377 | ||
| Lead Contamination | 377 | ||
| Lead Foil | 377 | ||
| Disinfectants | 377 | ||
| Nonhazardous Waste Management | 377 | ||
| Waste Disposal | 377 | ||
| 24 Dental Unit Waterlines | 379 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 379 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 379 | ||
| Key Terms | 379 | ||
| Microorganisms in Dental Unit Waterlines | 380 | ||
| Background | 380 | ||
| Sources of Microorganisms | 380 | ||
| Biofilm | 381 | ||
| Biofilm in Dental Waterlines | 381 | ||
| Growth-Promoting Factors | 381 | ||
| Bacterial Characteristics | 382 | ||
| Methods for Reducing Bacterial Contamination | 382 | ||
| Self-Contained Water Reservoirs | 382 | ||
| Microfiltration Cartridges | 382 | ||
| Chemical Agents | 383 | ||
| Infection Control and Dental Unit Water | 383 | ||
| Using the Proper Water | 383 | ||
| Flushing Waterlines | 384 | ||
| Minimizing Aerosol | 384 | ||
| Using Protective Barriers | 384 | ||
| Monitoring Water Quality | 384 | ||
| Use of Saliva Ejectors | 385 | ||
| 25 Ergonomics | 387 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 387 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 387 | ||
| Key Terms | 387 | ||
| Ergonomics in the Dental Office | 388 | ||
| Posture | 389 | ||
| Neutral Position | 389 | ||
| Deviations and Problems | 389 | ||
| Reaching Movements | 390 | ||
| Repetition and Force | 390 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 390 | ||
| Gloves | 390 | ||
| Properly Fitting Gloves | 390 | ||
| Muscle-Strengthening Exercises | 392 | ||
| Six Patient Information and Assessment | 395 | ||
| Part 6 text | 395 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 6 text | e7 | ||
| 26 The Patient Record | 396 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 396 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 396 | ||
| Key Terms | 396 | ||
| Patient Compliance | 397 | ||
| Permanent Record | 397 | ||
| Privacy | 397 | ||
| Quality Assurance | 397 | ||
| Risk Management | 400 | ||
| Research | 400 | ||
| Patient Record Forms | 400 | ||
| Patient Registration | 401 | ||
| Medical-Dental Health History | 401 | ||
| Medical History | 401 | ||
| Dental History | 401 | ||
| Medical Alert | 401 | ||
| Medical-Dental Health History Update | 401 | ||
| Clinical Examination | 405 | ||
| Treatment Plan | 408 | ||
| Informed Consent | 408 | ||
| Progress Notes | 408 | ||
| Entering Data in a Patient Record | 408 | ||
| 27 Vital Signs | 415 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 416 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 415 | ||
| Key Terms | 415 | ||
| Factors That Affect Vital Signs | 416 | ||
| Temperature | 416 | ||
| Temperature Readings | 417 | ||
| Types of Thermometers | 417 | ||
| Digital | 417 | ||
| Tympanic | 417 | ||
| Glass | 417 | ||
| Pulse | 418 | ||
| Radial Artery | 418 | ||
| Brachial Artery | 418 | ||
| Carotid Artery | 418 | ||
| Pulse Characteristics | 418 | ||
| Pulse Readings | 419 | ||
| Respiration | 419 | ||
| Respiration Characteristics | 419 | ||
| Respiration Readings | 419 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 419 | ||
| Blood Pressure Equipment | 420 | ||
| Blood Pressure Readings | 421 | ||
| Medical Considerations | 421 | ||
| Advanced Monitoring Procedures | 421 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 421 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 422 | ||
| 28 Oral Diagnosis and Treatment Planning | 428 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 429 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 428 | ||
| Key Terms | 428 | ||
| Examination and Diagnostic Techniques | 429 | ||
| Visual Evaluation | 429 | ||
| Palpation | 429 | ||
| Instrumentation | 429 | ||
| Detection | 430 | ||
| Probing | 430 | ||
| Radiography | 430 | ||
| Intraoral Imaging | 430 | ||
| Photography | 430 | ||
| Recording the Dental Examination | 431 | ||
| Tooth Diagrams | 432 | ||
| Tooth-Numbering Systems | 433 | ||
| Universal Numbering System | 433 | ||
| International Standards Organization System/Fédération Dentaire Internationale System | 433 | ||
| Palmer Notation System | 433 | ||
| Color Coding | 433 | ||
| Black’s Classification of Cavities | 433 | ||
| Abbreviations | 434 | ||
| Charting | 436 | ||
| Symbols | 436 | ||
| Clinical Examination of the Patient | 436 | ||
| Soft Tissue Examination | 442 | ||
| Examination and Charting of the Teeth | 442 | ||
| Examination and Charting of the Periodontium | 442 | ||
| The Treatment Plan | 442 | ||
| Types of Treatment Plans | 443 | ||
| Level I: Emergency Care | 443 | ||
| Level II: Standard Care | 443 | ||
| Level III: Optimum Care | 443 | ||
| Treatment Plan Presentation | 443 | ||
| 29 The Special Needs and Medically Compromised Patient | 454 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 455 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 455 | ||
| Key Terms | 454 | ||
| Role of the Dental Assistant | 455 | ||
| The Aging Population | 455 | ||
| Stages of Aging | 455 | ||
| Oral Health of the Aging | 456 | ||
| Oral Health Conditions | 456 | ||
| Xerostomia | 456 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 456 | ||
| Tooth Decay | 456 | ||
| Dark and Brittle Teeth | 456 | ||
| Bone Resorption | 456 | ||
| The Special Needs Patient | 456 | ||
| Assistance From Organizations | 458 | ||
| Specific Disorders of the Medically Compromised Patient | 458 | ||
| Developmental Disorders | 458 | ||
| Intellectual Disability | 458 | ||
| Down Syndrome | 458 | ||
| Autism | 458 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 458 | ||
| Physical Disorders | 458 | ||
| Vision Impairment | 459 | ||
| Hearing Impairment | 459 | ||
| The Patient in a Wheelchair | 459 | ||
| Neurologic Disorders | 460 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 460 | ||
| Seizures | 460 | ||
| Petit Mal Seizures. | 460 | ||
| Grand Mal Seizures. | 460 | ||
| Multiple Sclerosis | 460 | ||
| Stroke | 460 | ||
| Neuromuscular Disorders | 462 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 462 | ||
| Parkinson’s Disease | 462 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | 462 | ||
| Arthritis | 462 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). | 462 | ||
| Osteoarthritis. | 462 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disorders | 463 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 463 | ||
| Hypertension | 463 | ||
| Angina | 463 | ||
| Endocarditis | 463 | ||
| Pulmonary Disorders | 463 | ||
| Allergies | 463 | ||
| Bronchial Asthma | 465 | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 465 | ||
| Blood Disorders | 465 | ||
| Endocrine Disorders | 465 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 465 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 466 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 466 | ||
| Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders | 466 | ||
| 30 Principles of Pharmacology | 469 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 469 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 469 | ||
| Key Terms | 469 | ||
| Overview of Drugs | 470 | ||
| Dispensing of Drugs | 470 | ||
| Controlled Substance Act | 470 | ||
| Schedule I Drugs | 470 | ||
| Schedule II Drugs | 470 | ||
| Schedule III Drugs | 470 | ||
| Schedule IV Drugs | 471 | ||
| Schedule V Drugs | 471 | ||
| Prescriptions | 471 | ||
| Prescription Terminology | 471 | ||
| Recording Prescriptions | 471 | ||
| Telephone Guidelines | 471 | ||
| Drug Reference Materials | 472 | ||
| Package Inserts | 472 | ||
| Drug Dosage | 472 | ||
| Administration of Medications | 473 | ||
| Stages of Drug Action in the Body | 473 | ||
| Drugs Commonly Prescribed in Dentistry | 473 | ||
| Analgesics | 473 | ||
| Antibiotics | 473 | ||
| Antibiotic Prophylaxis | 475 | ||
| Antifungal Agents | 475 | ||
| Antiviral Agents | 475 | ||
| Antianxiety Agents | 475 | ||
| Drugs Commonly Prescribed in Medicine | 475 | ||
| Cardiovascular Drugs | 476 | ||
| Respiratory Drugs | 477 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Drugs | 477 | ||
| Neurologic Drugs | 477 | ||
| Psychoactive Drugs | 477 | ||
| Endocrine/Hormonal Drugs | 477 | ||
| Adverse Drug Effects | 477 | ||
| Common Adverse Effects of Medications | 478 | ||
| Drug Complications | 478 | ||
| 31 Assisting in a Medical Emergency | 479 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 480 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 479 | ||
| Key Terms | 479 | ||
| Preventing a Medical Emergency | 480 | ||
| Emergency Preparedness | 480 | ||
| Assigned Roles | 481 | ||
| Routine Drills | 481 | ||
| Emergency Telephone Numbers | 481 | ||
| Recognizing a Medical Emergency | 482 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 482 | ||
| Emergency Care Standards | 482 | ||
| Basic Life Support | 482 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 482 | ||
| Choking | 483 | ||
| Automated External Defibrillator | 483 | ||
| Emergency Equipment and Supplies | 483 | ||
| Oxygen | 483 | ||
| Emergency Responses | 484 | ||
| Common Medical Emergencies Experienced in the Dental Office | 485 | ||
| Syncope | 485 | ||
| Postural Hypotension | 485 | ||
| The Pregnant Patient | 485 | ||
| Cardiac Emergencies | 485 | ||
| Angina | 485 | ||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 486 | ||
| Cerebrovascular Accident | 486 | ||
| Hyperventilation | 486 | ||
| Asthma Attack | 486 | ||
| Allergic Reaction | 486 | ||
| Epileptic Seizure | 486 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 487 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 487 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 487 | ||
| Documentation of an Emergency | 487 | ||
| Seven Foundation of Clinical Dentistry | 499 | ||
| Part 7 text | 499 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 7 text | e8 | ||
| 32 The Dental Office | 500 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 500 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 500 | ||
| Key Terms | 500 | ||
| Design of the Dental Office | 501 | ||
| Reception Area | 502 | ||
| Administrative Area | 502 | ||
| Treatment Area | 502 | ||
| Central Sterilization | 502 | ||
| Dental Laboratory | 503 | ||
| Dentist’s Private Office | 503 | ||
| Dental Staff Lounge | 503 | ||
| Office Environment | 504 | ||
| Temperature and Air Exchange | 504 | ||
| Lighting | 504 | ||
| Wall and Floor Coverings | 504 | ||
| Traffic Control | 504 | ||
| Sound Control | 504 | ||
| Privacy | 504 | ||
| Clinical Equipment | 505 | ||
| Patient Dental Chair | 505 | ||
| Operator’s Stool | 506 | ||
| Dental Assistant’s Stool | 506 | ||
| Dental Unit | 507 | ||
| Delivery Systems | 507 | ||
| Rheostat | 507 | ||
| Waterlines | 507 | ||
| Air-Water Syringe | 508 | ||
| Operating Light | 508 | ||
| Oral Evacuation System | 509 | ||
| Curing Light | 509 | ||
| Amalgamator | 509 | ||
| Dental Radiography Unit | 509 | ||
| View Box for Radiographs | 510 | ||
| Care of Dental Equipment | 510 | ||
| Central Vacuum Compressor | 510 | ||
| Central Air Compressor | 510 | ||
| Morning and Evening Routines for Dental Assistants | 511 | ||
| 33 Delivering Dental Care | 513 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 514 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 513 | ||
| Key Terms | 513 | ||
| Knowing Your Patients | 514 | ||
| Reviewing the Patient Record | 514 | ||
| Preparing the Treatment Area | 514 | ||
| Greeting and Seating the Patient | 514 | ||
| Team Dentistry | 514 | ||
| Principles of Team Positioning | 515 | ||
| Positioning the Patient | 515 | ||
| Positioning the Operator | 515 | ||
| Positioning the Dental Assistant | 516 | ||
| Motion Economy | 516 | ||
| Classification of Motions | 516 | ||
| Operating Zones | 516 | ||
| Operator’s Zone | 516 | ||
| Transfer Zone | 516 | ||
| Assistant’s Zone | 517 | ||
| Static Zone | 517 | ||
| Instrument Transfer | 517 | ||
| Objectives of Efficient Instrument Transfer | 518 | ||
| Grasping an Instrument | 518 | ||
| Transfer Technique | 518 | ||
| Variations in Instrument Exchange | 518 | ||
| Mirror and Explorer | 518 | ||
| Cotton Pliers | 518 | ||
| Handpiece | 519 | ||
| Instruments with Hinges | 519 | ||
| Expanded Functions | 519 | ||
| Dental Supervision | 520 | ||
| Working as the Operator | 520 | ||
| Operator Positioning | 520 | ||
| Developing Mirror Skills | 520 | ||
| Establish a Working Position. | 521 | ||
| Establish Preferred Mirror-to-Tooth Position. | 521 | ||
| Using a Fulcrum | 521 | ||
| Understanding Dental Anatomy | 521 | ||
| Understanding Cavity Preparations | 521 | ||
| Adapting Instrumentation | 522 | ||
| Applying Dental Materials | 522 | ||
| Evaluation of Expanded Functions | 522 | ||
| 34 Dental Hand Instruments | 528 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 528 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 528 | ||
| Key Terms | 528 | ||
| Identifying Hand Instruments | 529 | ||
| Instrument Number | 529 | ||
| Instrument Design | 529 | ||
| Handle | 529 | ||
| Shank | 529 | ||
| Working End | 529 | ||
| Black’s Instrument Formula | 529 | ||
| Instrument Classification | 530 | ||
| Instrument Sequence | 530 | ||
| Examination Instruments | 530 | ||
| Basic Setup | 530 | ||
| Hand Cutting Instruments | 532 | ||
| Restorative Instruments | 533 | ||
| Accessory Instruments and Items | 533 | ||
| Preset Cassettes (Trays) | 538 | ||
| Storage Tubs | 538 | ||
| Color-Coding Systems | 539 | ||
| 35 Dental Handpieces and Accessories | 542 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 543 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 542 | ||
| Key Terms | 542 | ||
| Evolution of Rotary Equipment | 543 | ||
| Dental Handpieces | 543 | ||
| Low-Speed Handpiece | 543 | ||
| Uses of the Low-Speed Handpiece | 544 | ||
| Clinical | 544 | ||
| Laboratory | 544 | ||
| Straight Attachment | 544 | ||
| Contra-Angle Attachment | 544 | ||
| Prophylaxis Angle | 544 | ||
| High-Speed Handpiece | 545 | ||
| Uses of the High-Speed Handpiece | 545 | ||
| Water Coolant System | 545 | ||
| Bur Adaptation | 545 | ||
| Fiber Optic Lighting | 545 | ||
| Ultrasonic Handpiece | 545 | ||
| Laser Handpiece | 546 | ||
| Precautions in the Care and Handling of Laser Handpieces | 546 | ||
| Air Abrasion Handpiece | 546 | ||
| Laboratory Handpiece | 547 | ||
| Handpiece Maintenance | 547 | ||
| Handpiece Sterilization | 547 | ||
| General Considerations for Handpiece Sterilization | 547 | ||
| Sterilization Procedure Sheets. | 548 | ||
| Rotary Cutting Instruments | 548 | ||
| Shank Types | 548 | ||
| Neck | 548 | ||
| Head | 548 | ||
| Dental Burs | 548 | ||
| Bur Shapes | 548 | ||
| Diamond Rotary Instruments | 549 | ||
| Finishing Rotary Instruments | 551 | ||
| Abrasive Rotary Instruments | 551 | ||
| Accessories | 553 | ||
| Laboratory Rotary Instruments | 553 | ||
| 36 Moisture Control | 556 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 556 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 556 | ||
| Key Terms | 556 | ||
| Oral Evacuation Systems | 557 | ||
| Saliva Ejector | 557 | ||
| High-Volume Evacuator | 557 | ||
| Suction Tips | 557 | ||
| Grasping the Evacuator | 558 | ||
| Positioning the Evacuator | 558 | ||
| Daily Maintenance of the Evacuation System | 558 | ||
| Rinsing the Oral Cavity | 559 | ||
| Limited-Area Rinsing | 559 | ||
| Full-Mouth Rinsing | 559 | ||
| Air-Water Syringe | 559 | ||
| Isolation of Teeth | 559 | ||
| Cotton Roll Isolation | 560 | ||
| Advantages | 560 | ||
| Disadvantages | 560 | ||
| Cotton Roll Holders | 560 | ||
| Dry-Angle Isolation | 560 | ||
| The Dental Dam | 561 | ||
| Dental Dam Equipment | 561 | ||
| Dental Dam Material | 561 | ||
| Size | 561 | ||
| Color | 561 | ||
| Thickness | 561 | ||
| Dental Dam Frame | 561 | ||
| Dental Dam Napkin | 562 | ||
| Lubricants | 562 | ||
| Dental Dam Punch | 562 | ||
| Size of Holes on the Punch Plate. | 562 | ||
| Dental Dam Stamp and Template | 562 | ||
| Dental Dam Forceps | 562 | ||
| Dental Dam Clamps | 563 | ||
| Parts of the Dental Dam Clamp. | 563 | ||
| Fitting the Dental Dam Clamp. | 564 | ||
| Ligatures on Clamps. | 564 | ||
| Dental Dam Stabilizing Cord | 564 | ||
| Dental Dam Preparation | 565 | ||
| Maxillary Arch Application | 565 | ||
| Mandibular Arch Application | 565 | ||
| Curve of the Arch | 566 | ||
| Malaligned Teeth | 566 | ||
| Teeth to Be Isolated | 566 | ||
| Keypunch Hole | 566 | ||
| Hole Sizing and Spacing | 566 | ||
| Troubleshooting Hole Sizing and Spacing. | 566 | ||
| Dental Dam Placement and Removal | 566 | ||
| Special Applications for the Dental Dam | 567 | ||
| Anterior Teeth | 567 | ||
| Stabilizing the Cervical Clamp. | 567 | ||
| Fixed Bridge | 567 | ||
| 37 Anesthesia and Pain Control | 575 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 576 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 575 | ||
| Key Terms | 575 | ||
| Topical Anesthesia | 576 | ||
| Local Anesthesia | 576 | ||
| Characteristics of Local Anesthetics | 576 | ||
| Method of Action | 577 | ||
| Chemical Composition of Anesthetics | 577 | ||
| Time Span of Anesthetics | 577 | ||
| Vasoconstrictors in Anesthetics | 577 | ||
| Contraindications to Vasoconstrictors | 578 | ||
| Injection Techniques | 578 | ||
| Maxillary Anesthesia | 578 | ||
| Palatal Anesthesia | 578 | ||
| Mandibular Anesthesia | 578 | ||
| Periodontal Ligament Injection | 579 | ||
| Local Anesthesia Setup | 579 | ||
| Anesthetic Syringe | 579 | ||
| Anesthetic Cartridges | 581 | ||
| Color-Coding of Local Anesthetic Cartridges. | 581 | ||
| Guidelines for Handling Anesthetic Cartridges | 581 | ||
| Disposable Needle | 581 | ||
| Complications and Precautions | 582 | ||
| Injection Into a Blood Vessel | 582 | ||
| Infected Areas | 582 | ||
| Toxic Reactions | 582 | ||
| Localized Reactions. | 582 | ||
| Systemic Reactions. | 582 | ||
| Temporary Numbness | 583 | ||
| Paresthesia | 583 | ||
| Electronic Anesthesia | 583 | ||
| Inhalation Sedation | 583 | ||
| Advantages of N2O Use | 583 | ||
| Disadvantages of N2O Use | 583 | ||
| Contraindications to N2O Use | 584 | ||
| Pregnancy | 584 | ||
| Nasal Obstruction | 584 | ||
| Emphysema and Multiple Sclerosis | 584 | ||
| Emotional Instability | 584 | ||
| Chemical Makeup | 584 | ||
| Equipment | 584 | ||
| Scavenger System | 585 | ||
| Reducing Exposure to N2O | 585 | ||
| Patient Assessment and Monitoring | 585 | ||
| Patient Education | 586 | ||
| Administration | 586 | ||
| Antianxiety Agents | 586 | ||
| Intravenous Sedation | 586 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 587 | ||
| Four Stages of Anesthesia | 587 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 587 | ||
| Patient Education | 587 | ||
| Patient Recovery | 587 | ||
| Documentation of Anesthesia and Pain Control | 587 | ||
| Eight Radiographic Imaging | 595 | ||
| Part 8 text | 595 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 8 text | e9 | ||
| 38 Foundations of Radiography, Radiographic Equipment, and Radiation Safety | 596 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 597 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 597 | ||
| Key Terms | 596 | ||
| Discovery of X-Radiation | 598 | ||
| Pioneers in Dental Radiography | 598 | ||
| Radiation Physics | 599 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 599 | ||
| Nucleus | 600 | ||
| Electrons | 600 | ||
| Bremsstrahlung Radiation | 600 | ||
| Ionization | 600 | ||
| Properties of X-Rays | 600 | ||
| The Dental X-Ray Machine | 602 | ||
| Tubehead | 602 | ||
| X-Ray Tube | 602 | ||
| Cathode | 602 | ||
| Anode | 603 | ||
| Position Indicator Device | 604 | ||
| Extension Arm | 604 | ||
| Control Panel | 604 | ||
| Master Switch and Indicator Lights | 604 | ||
| Exposure Button | 605 | ||
| Milliamperage Selector | 605 | ||
| Kilovoltage Selector | 605 | ||
| X-Ray Production | 605 | ||
| Types of Radiation | 606 | ||
| Radiolucent and Radiopaque Characteristics | 606 | ||
| Characteristics of X-Ray Beam | 607 | ||
| Quality | 607 | ||
| Quantity | 607 | ||
| Intensity | 607 | ||
| Contrast | 607 | ||
| Density | 608 | ||
| Geometric Characteristics | 609 | ||
| Radiation Effects | 609 | ||
| Tissue Damage | 609 | ||
| Ionization | 610 | ||
| Biologic Effects | 610 | ||
| Cumulative Effects | 610 | ||
| Acute and Chronic Radiation Exposure | 610 | ||
| Genetic and Somatic Effects | 610 | ||
| Critical Organs | 610 | ||
| Radiation Measurement | 611 | ||
| Maximum Permissible Dose | 611 | ||
| Radiation Safety | 611 | ||
| Protective Devices | 612 | ||
| Aluminum Filtration | 612 | ||
| Collimator | 612 | ||
| Position Indicator Device | 613 | ||
| Patient Protection | 613 | ||
| Lead Apron and Thyroid Collar | 613 | ||
| Fast-Speed Film | 613 | ||
| Image Receptor-Holding Devices | 614 | ||
| Exposure Factor | 614 | ||
| Proper Technique | 614 | ||
| Pregnancy | 614 | ||
| Operator Protection and Monitoring | 614 | ||
| Radiation Monitoring | 614 | ||
| Equipment Monitoring | 615 | ||
| Pediatric Patients | 615 | ||
| ALARA Concept | 615 | ||
| 39 Digital Imaging, Dental Film, and Processing Radiographs | 617 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 618 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 617 | ||
| Key Terms | 617 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 618 | ||
| Types of Digital Imaging Systems | 619 | ||
| Direct Digital Imaging | 619 | ||
| Indirect Digital Imaging | 619 | ||
| Phosphor Storage Imaging | 619 | ||
| Digitizing Images | 619 | ||
| Digital Imaging Software Programs | 621 | ||
| X-Ray Film and Film Processing | 621 | ||
| Positioning Instruments | 621 | ||
| Beam Alignment Devices | 623 | ||
| Dental Film | 624 | ||
| Film Composition | 624 | ||
| Latent Image | 624 | ||
| Film Speed | 624 | ||
| Types of Film | 626 | ||
| Intraoral Film | 626 | ||
| Film Packet | 626 | ||
| Packet Information. | 626 | ||
| Wrapper and Lead Sheet. | 626 | ||
| Package Positioning. | 627 | ||
| Package Disposal. | 627 | ||
| Outer Packet | 627 | ||
| Tube Side. | 627 | ||
| Label Side. | 627 | ||
| Film Sizes | 627 | ||
| Extraoral Film | 628 | ||
| Film Packaging | 628 | ||
| Film Cassette | 628 | ||
| Intensifying Screen | 629 | ||
| Film Types | 629 | ||
| Duplicating Film | 629 | ||
| Film Storage | 630 | ||
| Film Processing | 630 | ||
| Five Steps in Processing | 630 | ||
| Processing Solutions | 631 | ||
| The Darkroom | 631 | ||
| Lighting | 631 | ||
| Room Lighting. | 631 | ||
| Safelighting. | 631 | ||
| Processing Tanks | 632 | ||
| Automatic Processor | 632 | ||
| Components | 633 | ||
| Processing Solutions | 634 | ||
| Processing Errors | 634 | ||
| 40 Legal Issues, Quality Assurance, and Infection Prevention | 640 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 641 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 640 | ||
| Key Terms | 640 | ||
| Legal Considerations | 641 | ||
| Federal and State Regulations | 641 | ||
| Licensure Requirements | 641 | ||
| Risk Management | 642 | ||
| Informed Consent | 642 | ||
| Liability | 642 | ||
| Patient Records | 642 | ||
| Ownership of Dental Radiographs | 642 | ||
| Digital Files Security | 643 | ||
| Patient Refusal | 643 | ||
| Patient Education | 643 | ||
| Quality Assurance in the Dental Office | 643 | ||
| Quality Control Tests | 643 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Machines | 644 | ||
| Dental X-Ray Film | 644 | ||
| Phosphor Storage Plates | 644 | ||
| Screens and Cassettes | 644 | ||
| View Boxes | 644 | ||
| Darkroom Lighting | 645 | ||
| Safelight Test. | 645 | ||
| Film Processing | 645 | ||
| Manual Processing. | 645 | ||
| Automatic Processing. | 645 | ||
| Processing Solutions. | 645 | ||
| Developer Strength. | 646 | ||
| Reference Radiograph. | 646 | ||
| Stepwedge Radiograph. | 646 | ||
| Fixer Strength. | 646 | ||
| Quality Administration Procedures | 646 | ||
| Description | 647 | ||
| Monitoring | 647 | ||
| Maintenance | 647 | ||
| Evaluation | 647 | ||
| Training | 647 | ||
| Infection Control | 647 | ||
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines | 647 | ||
| The Radiography Operatory | 648 | ||
| X-Ray Machine | 648 | ||
| Lead Apron | 648 | ||
| Dental Chair | 648 | ||
| Work Area | 648 | ||
| Equipment and Supplies | 649 | ||
| Film and Phosphor Storage Plates | 649 | ||
| Film. | 649 | ||
| PSPs. | 650 | ||
| Digital Sensors | 650 | ||
| Image Receptor Positioning Instruments | 650 | ||
| Procedures During and After X-Ray Exposure | 650 | ||
| Operator Preparation | 650 | ||
| Drying of Exposed Film or PSP | 651 | ||
| Collection of Contaminated Films and PSPs | 651 | ||
| Positioning Instruments | 652 | ||
| Disposal of Contaminated Items | 652 | ||
| Handwashing | 652 | ||
| Surface Disinfection | 652 | ||
| Procedures During X-Ray Film Processing | 652 | ||
| Transporting Film | 652 | ||
| 41 Intraoral Imaging | 661 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 662 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 661 | ||
| Key Terms | 661 | ||
| Full-Mouth Survey | 662 | ||
| Intraoral Imaging Techniques | 663 | ||
| Paralleling Technique | 663 | ||
| Five Basic Rules | 663 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 665 | ||
| Exposure Sequence for Image Receptor Placement | 665 | ||
| Anterior Exposure Sequence | 665 | ||
| Posterior Exposure Sequence | 666 | ||
| Film Placement | 667 | ||
| Bisecting Technique | 668 | ||
| Image Receptor Holders | 668 | ||
| Angulation of Position Indicator Device | 668 | ||
| Horizontal Angulation | 669 | ||
| Correct Horizontal Angulation. | 669 | ||
| Incorrect Horizontal Angulation. | 669 | ||
| Vertical Angulation | 669 | ||
| Correct Vertical Angulation. | 669 | ||
| Incorrect Vertical Angulation. | 670 | ||
| Foreshortened Images. | 670 | ||
| Elongated Images. | 670 | ||
| Image Receptor Size and Placement | 670 | ||
| Patient Positioning | 671 | ||
| Beam Alignment | 671 | ||
| Bitewing Technique | 671 | ||
| Image Receptor Holder and Bitewing Tab | 671 | ||
| Angulation of Position Indicator Device | 672 | ||
| Exposure for Image Receptor Placement | 672 | ||
| Occlusal Technique | 672 | ||
| Patients with Special Medical Needs | 672 | ||
| Vision Impairment | 673 | ||
| Hearing Impairment | 673 | ||
| Mobility Impairment | 673 | ||
| Developmental Disabilities | 673 | ||
| Patients with Special Dental Needs | 673 | ||
| Edentulous Patient | 673 | ||
| Pediatric Patient | 674 | ||
| Endodontic Patient | 674 | ||
| Gagging Patient | 675 | ||
| Exposure Sequencing | 675 | ||
| Image Receptor Placement | 676 | ||
| Avoid the Palate. | 676 | ||
| Demonstrate Image Receptor Placement. | 676 | ||
| Extreme Cases | 676 | ||
| Dental Imaging Technique Errors | 676 | ||
| Mounting Dental Radiographs | 676 | ||
| Recognizing Anatomic Landmarks | 676 | ||
| Selecting the Mount | 676 | ||
| Methods of Mounting | 676 | ||
| 42 Extraoral Imaging | 706 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 707 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 706 | ||
| Key Terms | 706 | ||
| Panoramic Imaging | 707 | ||
| Types of Panoramic Units | 708 | ||
| Basic Concepts | 708 | ||
| Focal Trough | 709 | ||
| Equipment | 709 | ||
| Tubehead | 710 | ||
| Head Positioner | 710 | ||
| Exposure Controls | 710 | ||
| Film and Intensifying Screens | 710 | ||
| Common Errors | 710 | ||
| Patient Preparation Errors | 710 | ||
| Ghost Images. | 710 | ||
| Nine Dental Materials | 727 | ||
| Part 9 text | 727 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 9 text | e10 | ||
| 43 Restorative and Esthetic Dental Materials | 728 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 729 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 728 | ||
| Key Terms | 728 | ||
| Standardization of Dental Materials | 729 | ||
| Criteria for a New Dental Material | 730 | ||
| Properties of Dental Materials | 730 | ||
| Mechanical Properties | 730 | ||
| Types of Stress and Strain | 730 | ||
| Ductility and Malleability | 730 | ||
| Thermal Change | 730 | ||
| Contraction and Expansion | 730 | ||
| Electrical Properties | 730 | ||
| Corrosive Properties | 731 | ||
| Hardness | 731 | ||
| Solubility | 731 | ||
| Application Properties | 731 | ||
| Flow | 731 | ||
| Adhesion | 731 | ||
| Retention | 732 | ||
| Curing | 732 | ||
| Direct Restorative and Esthetic Materials | 732 | ||
| Amalgam | 732 | ||
| Indications for Using Dental Amalgam | 733 | ||
| Contraindications to the Use of Dental Amalgam | 733 | ||
| Composition of Dental Amalgam | 733 | ||
| High-Copper Alloys | 733 | ||
| Mercury-to-Alloy Ratios | 734 | ||
| Nonmercury Alloys | 734 | ||
| Controversial Issues in Mercury | 734 | ||
| The Application of Dental Amalgam | 734 | ||
| Preparation. | 734 | ||
| Trituration. | 734 | ||
| Condensation. | 736 | ||
| Carving and Finishing. | 736 | ||
| Composite Resins | 736 | ||
| Indications for Using Composite Resins | 737 | ||
| Contraindications for Using Composite Resins | 737 | ||
| Composition of Composite Resins | 737 | ||
| Resin Matrix. | 737 | ||
| Filler. | 737 | ||
| Coupling Agent. | 738 | ||
| Pigments. | 739 | ||
| Application of Composites | 739 | ||
| Shade Selection. | 739 | ||
| Tips When Choosing a Shade | 739 | ||
| Application. | 739 | ||
| Polymerization | 739 | ||
| Finishing and Polishing | 740 | ||
| Steps in Finishing a Composite Resin | 740 | ||
| Glass Ionomers | 740 | ||
| Resin Modified | 741 | ||
| Metal Reinforcement | 741 | ||
| Fabrication and Application | 741 | ||
| Cautions for Placing Glass Ionomers | 741 | ||
| Temporary Restorative Materials | 742 | ||
| Intermediate Restorative Materials | 742 | ||
| Provisional Restorative Materials | 742 | ||
| Tooth-Whitening Materials | 743 | ||
| Composition of Whitening Materials | 743 | ||
| Methods of Tooth Whitening | 743 | ||
| Indirect Restorative Materials | 743 | ||
| Gold–Noble Metal Alloys | 744 | ||
| Ceramic Castings | 744 | ||
| Porcelain | 744 | ||
| 44 Dental Liners, Bases, and Bonding Systems | 750 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 751 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 750 | ||
| Key Terms | 750 | ||
| Prepared Tooth Structures | 751 | ||
| Pulpal Responses | 751 | ||
| Types of Pulpal Stimuli | 751 | ||
| Dental Liners | 752 | ||
| Calcium Hydroxide | 752 | ||
| Ten Assisting in Comprehensive Dental Care | 821 | ||
| Part 10 text | 821 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 10 text | e11 | ||
| 48 General Dentistry | 822 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 822 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 822 | ||
| Key Terms | 822 | ||
| Cavity Preparation | 823 | ||
| Terminology | 823 | ||
| Initial Preparation | 823 | ||
| Final Preparation | 824 | ||
| Standardized Plan for a Restorative Procedure | 824 | ||
| Dental Assistant’s Role in a Restorative Procedure | 825 | ||
| Permanent Restorations | 825 | ||
| Class I Restorations | 825 | ||
| Eleven Dental Administration and Communication Skills | 1047 | ||
| Part 11 text | 1047 | ||
| Online_IR_Part 11 text | e12 | ||
| 61 Communication in the Dental Office | 1048 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 1049 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1048 | ||
| Key Terms | 1048 | ||
| Understanding Human Behavior | 1049 | ||
| Significant People in Psychology | 1049 | ||
| Social Attitudes | 1049 | ||
| Peer Pressure | 1049 | ||
| Cultural Diversity | 1049 | ||
| Communication Pathways | 1050 | ||
| Verbal Communication | 1050 | ||
| Words Are Important | 1050 | ||
| Voice Quality | 1051 | ||
| Asking Questions | 1051 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication | 1051 | ||
| Listening Skills | 1051 | ||
| Communicating with Colleagues | 1052 | ||
| Being a Team Member | 1052 | ||
| Stress in the Dental Office | 1052 | ||
| Causes | 1052 | ||
| Methods of Stress Reduction | 1052 | ||
| Conflict Among Coworkers | 1052 | ||
| Communicating with Patients | 1053 | ||
| Patient Needs | 1053 | ||
| Psychological Needs | 1053 | ||
| Anxiety and Fear of Pain | 1054 | ||
| Dental-Phobic Patients | 1054 | ||
| Patient’s Responses | 1054 | ||
| Physical and Mental Needs | 1054 | ||
| Financial Needs | 1054 | ||
| Meeting Patient Needs | 1054 | ||
| Positive Atmosphere | 1054 | ||
| Sincerity | 1054 | ||
| Showing Respect | 1055 | ||
| Respecting the Patient’s Time | 1055 | ||
| Resolving Complaints and Misunderstandings | 1055 | ||
| Remaining Approachable | 1055 | ||
| Respecting Patient Confidentiality | 1055 | ||
| Phone Skills | 1055 | ||
| Etiquette | 1055 | ||
| Incoming Calls | 1056 | ||
| Working with Difficult Callers | 1056 | ||
| Placing a Caller on Hold | 1056 | ||
| On-Hold Message Systems | 1056 | ||
| Callers Wanting to Speak to the Dentist | 1056 | ||
| Taking Messages | 1056 | ||
| Phone Message Systems | 1057 | ||
| Answering Service | 1057 | ||
| Answering Machine | 1057 | ||
| Voice Mail | 1057 | ||
| Emailing | 1057 | ||
| Automatic Dialing Services | 1058 | ||
| Text Messaging | 1058 | ||
| Patient’s Preferred Method of Communication | 1058 | ||
| Phone Equipment | 1058 | ||
| Headsets | 1058 | ||
| Pager | 1058 | ||
| Facsimile (“Fax”) Machine | 1058 | ||
| Written Communications | 1059 | ||
| Equipment | 1059 | ||
| Business Letters | 1059 | ||
| Types of Business Letters | 1060 | ||
| Letters to Colleagues | 1060 | ||
| Letters to Insurance Carriers | 1060 | ||
| Format of a Business Letter | 1060 | ||
| Anatomy of a Business Letter | 1060 | ||
| Preparing Envelopes for Mailing | 1060 | ||
| Marketing Your Dental Practice | 1064 | ||
| Goals of Practice Marketing | 1064 | ||
| Logistics of Marketing | 1064 | ||
| The Plan | 1064 | ||
| Marketing Budget | 1064 | ||
| Tracking Responses | 1064 | ||
| Types of Practice Marketing | 1064 | ||
| Practice Newsletter | 1064 | ||
| Patient Education Materials | 1065 | ||
| 62 Business Operating Systems | 1068 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 1069 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1068 | ||
| Key Terms | 1068 | ||
| Operating Procedure Manual | 1069 | ||
| HIPAA Compliance | 1069 | ||
| HIPAA Privacy Compliance List | 1069 | ||
| Personnel Manual | 1070 | ||
| Computer Applications in the Dental Office | 1070 | ||
| Characteristics of the Computer | 1070 | ||
| Record Keeping | 1071 | ||
| Types of Records and Files | 1071 | ||
| Patient Dental Records | 1071 | ||
| Patient Financial Records | 1071 | ||
| Practice Business Records | 1071 | ||
| Filing Systems | 1071 | ||
| Basic Filing Methods | 1072 | ||
| Alphabetic | 1072 | ||
| Color Coding | 1072 | ||
| Numeric | 1072 | ||
| Chronologic | 1073 | ||
| Electronic | 1073 | ||
| Guidelines for Efficient Filing | 1073 | ||
| Active and Inactive Files | 1075 | ||
| Purge Tabs | 1075 | ||
| Record Protection and Confidentiality | 1076 | ||
| HIPAA Electronic Safeguards | 1076 | ||
| Protecting Electronic Files | 1076 | ||
| Protecting Paper Files | 1076 | ||
| Appointment Scheduling | 1076 | ||
| Goals of Efficient Appointment Scheduling | 1076 | ||
| Computerized or Manual Scheduling | 1076 | ||
| The Appointment Book | 1076 | ||
| Guidelines for Scheduling | 1077 | ||
| Units of Time | 1077 | ||
| Columns per Day | 1077 | ||
| Outlining the Appointment Schedule | 1077 | ||
| Office Hours | 1077 | ||
| Buffer Time | 1077 | ||
| Meetings | 1077 | ||
| Holidays | 1079 | ||
| Making Appointment Book and Appointment Card Entries | 1079 | ||
| Special Considerations for Scheduling | 1079 | ||
| Daily Scheduling Rules | 1079 | ||
| New Patients | 1081 | ||
| Scheduling for the Dental Hygienist | 1081 | ||
| Recall Patients | 1081 | ||
| Children | 1081 | ||
| Emergency Patients | 1081 | ||
| Scheduling an Appointment Series | 1082 | ||
| Scheduling for the Expanded-Functions Dental Assistant | 1082 | ||
| Confirmation of Appointments | 1082 | ||
| Patient Circumstances | 1082 | ||
| Late Patients | 1082 | ||
| Canceled Appointments | 1082 | ||
| Short-Notice Appointments | 1083 | ||
| Daily Treatment Area Schedule | 1083 | ||
| Appointment Preparations | 1083 | ||
| Daily Meeting | 1083 | ||
| Preventive Recall Programs | 1083 | ||
| Types of Recall Systems | 1084 | ||
| Continuing Appointment System | 1084 | ||
| Written Recall Notification | 1084 | ||
| Recall by Telephone | 1084 | ||
| Inventory Management | 1084 | ||
| Computerized Inventory System | 1084 | ||
| Guidelines for Ordering Dental Supplies | 1086 | ||
| When Ordering Supplies | 1086 | ||
| Reorder Point | 1086 | ||
| Marking the Reorder Point | 1086 | ||
| Automatic Shipments | 1086 | ||
| Quantity Purchase Rate | 1087 | ||
| Reorder Quantity | 1087 | ||
| Backorders | 1088 | ||
| Order Exchange, Return, or Replacement | 1088 | ||
| Requisitions and Purchase Orders | 1090 | ||
| Dental Supply Budget | 1090 | ||
| Consumables and Disposables | 1090 | ||
| Expendables | 1090 | ||
| Nonexpendables | 1090 | ||
| Major Equipment | 1090 | ||
| Equipment Repairs | 1090 | ||
| Equipment Records | 1091 | ||
| Service Contracts | 1091 | ||
| Service Call | 1091 | ||
| 63 Financial Management in the Dental Office | 1092 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 1093 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1092 | ||
| Key Terms | 1092 | ||
| Account Management | 1093 | ||
| Gathering Financial Information | 1093 | ||
| Credit Reports | 1093 | ||
| Fee Presentation | 1093 | ||
| Making Financial Arrangements | 1093 | ||
| Accounting | 1094 | ||
| Accounts Receivable | 1094 | ||
| Types of Accounts Receivable Systems | 1095 | ||
| Pegboard Accounts Receivable Management | 1095 | ||
| Computerized Accounts Receivable Management | 1095 | ||
| Accounts Receivable Management Basics | 1095 | ||
| Charge Slips | 1095 | ||
| Daily Journal Page | 1095 | ||
| Receipts and Walkout Statements | 1095 | ||
| Recording Payments | 1095 | ||
| Patient Account Records | 1097 | ||
| Payment | 1098 | ||
| Payment at the Time of Treatment | 1098 | ||
| Cash | 1098 | ||
| Check | 1098 | ||
| Credit Cards | 1098 | ||
| Professional Courtesy and Discounts | 1098 | ||
| Daily Proof of Posting | 1098 | ||
| Bank Deposits | 1098 | ||
| Monthly Statement | 1099 | ||
| Cycle Billing | 1099 | ||
| Divided Payment Plans | 1100 | ||
| Collections | 1100 | ||
| Accounts Receivable Report | 1100 | ||
| Management of Collection Efforts | 1100 | ||
| Collection Telephone Calls | 1100 | ||
| Collection Letters | 1101 | ||
| Final Collection Options | 1101 | ||
| Collection Agency | 1101 | ||
| Small Claims Court | 1101 | ||
| Accounts Payable Management | 1101 | ||
| Dental Office Overhead | 1101 | ||
| Fixed Overhead | 1101 | ||
| Variable Overhead | 1103 | ||
| Gross versus Net Income | 1103 | ||
| Disbursements | 1103 | ||
| Packing Slips, Invoices, and Statements | 1103 | ||
| Organizing Expenditure Records | 1104 | ||
| Payment of Accounts | 1104 | ||
| Cash on Delivery | 1105 | ||
| Petty Cash | 1105 | ||
| Replenishing Petty Cash Funds. | 1105 | ||
| Writing Checks | 1105 | ||
| Check Terminology | 1105 | ||
| Check Endorsement | 1106 | ||
| Stop Payment Order | 1106 | ||
| Nonsufficient Funds | 1107 | ||
| Business Summaries | 1107 | ||
| Payroll | 1107 | ||
| Payroll Deductions | 1107 | ||
| Income Tax Withholding | 1107 | ||
| Federal Insurance Contributions Act | 1107 | ||
| Other Deductions | 1108 | ||
| Government Remittance | 1108 | ||
| Dental Insurance | 1108 | ||
| Traditional Insurance Plan | 1108 | ||
| Managed Care Dental Insurance Plan | 1109 | ||
| Capitation Plans (Dental HMO’s) | 1109 | ||
| Preferred Provider Organizations (Dental PPO’s) | 1109 | ||
| Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPO’s) | 1109 | ||
| Direct Reimbursement Plan | 1109 | ||
| Individual Practice Associations | 1109 | ||
| Affordable Care Act | 1109 | ||
| Government Programs | 1109 | ||
| Parties Involved in Dental Insurance | 1109 | ||
| How Benefits Are Calculated | 1110 | ||
| Usual, Customary, and Reasonable Fees | 1110 | ||
| Schedule of Benefits | 1112 | ||
| Fixed Fee Schedule | 1112 | ||
| Determining Eligibility | 1112 | ||
| Determining Benefits | 1112 | ||
| Limitations | 1112 | ||
| Least Expensive Alternative Treatment. | 1112 | ||
| Dual Coverage. | 1112 | ||
| Determining Primary and Secondary Carriers. | 1112 | ||
| Birthday Rule. | 1112 | ||
| Coordination of Benefits. | 1113 | ||
| Nonduplication of Benefits | 1113 | ||
| Dental Procedure Codes | 1113 | ||
| Claim Forms | 1115 | ||
| Claim Form Preparation | 1115 | ||
| Paper Claim | 1115 | ||
| Signature on File. | 1115 | ||
| Electronic Claim | 1115 | ||
| HIPAA and Electronic Transactions | 1115 | ||
| Claim Form Processing | 1115 | ||
| Tracking Claims in Process | 1119 | ||
| Payments From Insurance Carriers | 1119 | ||
| Handling Overpayments | 1119 | ||
| Insurance Fraud | 1119 | ||
| 64 Marketing Your Skills | 1121 | ||
| Electronic Resources | 1121 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1121 | ||
| Key Terms | 1121 | ||
| Your Professional Career | 1122 | ||
| Goals and Philosophy | 1122 | ||
| Marketing Yourself | 1122 | ||
| Career Opportunities | 1122 | ||
| Private Practice | 1122 | ||
| Insurance | 1123 | ||
| Sales | 1123 | ||
| Research | 1123 | ||
| Management Consulting | 1123 | ||
| Teaching | 1123 | ||
| Dental Schools | 1123 | ||
| Hospitals | 1123 | ||
| Public Health and Government Programs | 1123 | ||
| Locating Employment Opportunities | 1123 | ||
| Newspaper Advertisements | 1123 | ||
| Campus Placement | 1124 | ||
| Employment Agencies | 1124 | ||
| Temporary Agencies | 1124 | ||
| Dental Supply Companies | 1124 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 1124 | ||
| Internet | 1124 | ||
| Seeking Employment | 1124 | ||
| Telephone Contact | 1124 | ||
| Résumé | 1124 | ||
| Electronic Résumé | 1126 | ||
| Cover Letter | 1126 | ||
| Completing a Job Application Form | 1127 | ||
| The Interview | 1127 | ||
| Promptness | 1127 | ||
| Appearance | 1127 | ||
| Interviewing Professionally | 1127 | ||
| Listen | 1127 | ||
| Don’t Talk Too Much | 1127 | ||
| Don’t Be Too Familiar | 1127 | ||
| Use Appropriate Language | 1127 | ||
| Don’t Be Arrogant | 1127 | ||
| Take Care to Answer the Questions | 1127 | ||
| Ask Questions | 1128 | ||
| Don’t Appear Desperate | 1128 | ||
| Concluding the Interview | 1128 | ||
| Follow-Up Letter | 1128 | ||
| Salary Negotiations | 1128 | ||
| Employment Agreement | 1128 | ||
| Americans with Disabilities Act | 1129 | ||
| Job Termination | 1131 | ||
| Achieving Career Objectives | 1131 | ||
| Positive Attitude | 1131 | ||
| Professional Responsibilities | 1131 | ||
| Physical Well-Being | 1131 | ||
| Bibliography | 1133 | ||
| Glossary | 1134 | ||
| Index | 1155 | ||
| A | 1155 | ||
| B | 1157 | ||
| C | 1158 | ||
| D | 1162 | ||
| E | 1165 | ||
| F | 1167 | ||
| G | 1168 | ||
| H | 1169 | ||
| I | 1170 | ||
| J | 1172 | ||
| K | 1172 | ||
| L | 1172 | ||
| M | 1173 | ||
| N | 1176 | ||
| O | 1176 | ||
| P | 1178 | ||
| Q | 1182 | ||
| R | 1182 | ||
| S | 1183 | ||
| T | 1186 | ||
| U | 1187 | ||
| V | 1187 | ||
| W | 1188 | ||
| X | 1188 | ||
| Y | 1189 | ||
| Z | 1189 | ||
| Endsheet 5 | IBC1 | ||
| Tooth Numbering for the Primary Dentition | IBC2 | ||
| Tooth Numbering for the Permanent Dentition | IBC3 |