BOOK
Corticosteroids, An Issue of Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Corticosteroids represent the most important and frequently used class of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agents in the management of many rheumatological conditions. Included in this issue will be articles on the following topics: Glucocorticoid use in intra-articular and soft tissue injections, corticosteroids and osteoporosis, corticosteroids in lupus, ANCA associated vasculitis, and many more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Corticosteroids\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITOR | iii | ||
| EDITOR | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Corticosteroids \r | vii | ||
| Preface: Corticosteroids: Friends and Foes\r | vii | ||
| The History of Cortisone Discovery and Development\r | vii | ||
| Corticosteroids: Mechanisms of Action in Health and Disease\r | vii | ||
| Glucocorticoids and Rheumatoid Arthritis\r | vii | ||
| Corticosteroids in Lupus\r | viii | ||
| Corticosteroids in Lupus Nephritis and Central Nervous System Lupus\r | viii | ||
| Glucocorticoids for Management of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis\r | viii | ||
| Corticosteroids in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis\r | viii | ||
| Corticosteroids in Myositis and Scleroderma\r | ix | ||
| Corticosteroids in Sarcoidosis\r | ix | ||
| Corticosteroids for Pain of Spinal Origin: Epidural and Intraarticular Administration\r | ix | ||
| Infection Risk and Safety of Corticosteroid Use\r | ix | ||
| Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis\r | x | ||
| RHEUMATIC DISEASE CLINICS\rOF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| May 2016 | xi | ||
| August 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| November 2015 | xi | ||
| August 2015 | xi | ||
| May 2015 | xi | ||
| Foreword: Corticosteroids \r | xiii | ||
| Preface: Corticosteroids: Friends and Foes \r | xv | ||
| The History of Cortisone Discovery and Development | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH | 2 | ||
| EDWARD CHARLES KENDALL | 4 | ||
| WORLD WAR II | 4 | ||
| MRS G | 5 | ||
| THE STORY BREAKS | 5 | ||
| THE NOBEL PRIZE | 7 | ||
| AFTERMATH | 7 | ||
| THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK | 9 | ||
| EPILOGUE | 10 | ||
| THE LEGACY OF CORTICOSTEROIDS | 11 | ||
| REFERENCES | 12 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 15 | ||
| Key points | 15 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 15 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOID SYNTHESIS, SECRETION, AND BIOAVAILABILITY | 16 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR | 18 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF GLUCOCORTICOID ACTION | 18 | ||
| Genomic Actions of Glucocorticoids | 18 | ||
| Nongenomic Actions of Glucocorticoids | 21 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR HETEROGENEITY | 21 | ||
| Glucocorticoid Receptor Splice Variants | 21 | ||
| Glucocorticoid Receptor Translational Isoforms | 23 | ||
| Posttranslational Modifications of Glucocorticoid Receptor | 24 | ||
| Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphisms | 25 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 26 | ||
| REFERENCES | 26 | ||
| Glucocorticoids and Rheumatoid Arthritis | 33 | ||
| Key points | 33 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 33 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS | 34 | ||
| Inflammation Under Control | 34 | ||
| Pain Relief and Structural Progression | 34 | ||
| Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression | 34 | ||
| DOSING IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS | 35 | ||
| Equivalents of Prednisone | 35 | ||
| ADMINISTRATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS | 36 | ||
| Systemic | 36 | ||
| Oral | 36 | ||
| Parenteral | 36 | ||
| Intra-articular | 37 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS | 37 | ||
| Patient Education | 37 | ||
| Minimizing glucocorticoid side effects | 38 | ||
| Osteoporosis and Fractures | 38 | ||
| Other Musculoskeletal Adverse Events | 38 | ||
| Endocrine and Metabolic Adverse Events | 38 | ||
| Glucose metabolism and diabetes | 38 | ||
| Weight gain | 39 | ||
| Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression | 39 | ||
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis | 40 | ||
| Infections | 40 | ||
| Renal Dysfunction | 40 | ||
| Dermatologic Side Effects | 41 | ||
| Ophthalmologic Side Effects | 41 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Side Effects | 41 | ||
| Neuropsychological Side Effects | 42 | ||
| DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS | 42 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 43 | ||
| SUMMARY | 43 | ||
| REFERENCES | 43 | ||
| Corticosteroids in Lupus | 47 | ||
| Key points | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 48 | ||
| General | 48 | ||
| Mucocutaneous | 48 | ||
| Musculoskeletal | 49 | ||
| Hematologic | 49 | ||
| Cardiac | 49 | ||
| Pulmonary | 49 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 49 | ||
| Ophthalmologic | 49 | ||
| Nephritis and Neuropsychiatric | 52 | ||
| Pregnancy and Lactation | 52 | ||
| Corticosteroids in Lupus Nephritis and Central Nervous System Lupus | 63 | ||
| Key points | 63 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 63 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS | 64 | ||
| EVALUATION OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS | 64 | ||
| TREATMENT GOALS FOR LUPUS NEPHRITIS | 64 | ||
| PROLIFERATIVE LUPUS NEPHRITIS INDUCTION THERAPY | 64 | ||
| PROLIFERATIVE LUPUS NEPHRITIS MAINTENANCE THERAPY | 65 | ||
| CHALLENGING CURRENT CORTICOSTEROID PRACTICES | 66 | ||
| TAPERING OF CORTICOSTEROIDS | 66 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LUPUS | 66 | ||
| EVALUATION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LUPUS | 67 | ||
| COMMON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FEATURES IN PATIENTS WITH LUPUS | 67 | ||
| FEATURES OF LESS FREQUENT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LUPUS EVENTS | 68 | ||
| TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LUPUS | 68 | ||
| IMMUNOSUPPRESSION FOR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LUPUS REFRACTORY TO CORTICOSTEROIDS | 69 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS | 69 | ||
| SUMMARY | 70 | ||
| REFERENCES | 70 | ||
| Glucocorticoids for Management of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis | 75 | ||
| Key points | 75 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 76 | ||
| CLINICAL FEATURES | 76 | ||
| MANAGEMENT | 78 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOIDS FOR TREATMENT OF POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA AND GIANT CELL ARTERITIS | 79 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF GLUCOCORTICOID ACTIONS | 79 | ||
| WHY DOES CLINICAL EFFICACY OF GLUCOCORTICOID THERAPY VARY AMONG DIFFERENT PATIENTS? | 81 | ||
| ADVERSE EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS | 81 | ||
| CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THERAPY WITH GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA AND GIANT CELL ARTERITIS | 81 | ||
| Polymyalgia Rheumatica | 82 | ||
| Giant Cell Arteritis | 84 | ||
| NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS AND ANALGESICS IN POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA AND GIANT CELL ARTERITIS | 85 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOID-SPARING AGENTS IN POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA AND GIANT CELL ARTERITIS | 85 | ||
| Nonbiological Agents | 85 | ||
| Biological Agents | 86 | ||
| ASPIRIN USE IN GIANT CELL ARTERITIS | 86 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF GLUCOCORTICOID-RELATED COMPLICATIONS IN POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA AND GIANT CELL ARTERITIS | 86 | ||
| SUMMARY | 86 | ||
| REFERENCES | 87 | ||
| Corticosteroids in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis | 91 | ||
| Key points | 91 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 91 | ||
| REMISSION INDUCTION THERAPY | 92 | ||
| Intravenous Glucocorticoids | 92 | ||
| Oral Glucocorticoids | 93 | ||
| MAINTENANCE THERAPY | 95 | ||
| TREATMENT OF RELAPSES | 96 | ||
| LOCAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS | 96 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 97 | ||
| SUMMARY | 98 | ||
| REFERENCES | 98 | ||
| Corticosteroids in Myositis and Scleroderma | 103 | ||
| Key points | 103 | ||
| IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHIES | 103 | ||
| Background and Clinical Manifestations | 103 | ||
| Corticosteroids in Sarcoidosis | 119 | ||
| Key points | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| INDICATIONS TO TREAT SARCOIDOSIS | 120 | ||
| GENERAL APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF SARCOIDOSIS WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS | 122 | ||
| Issues of Dose | 122 | ||
| Issues of Duration | 122 | ||
| Issues of When to Add Additional Agents to Corticosteroids | 123 | ||
| CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY FOR SPECIFIC FORMS OF SARCOIDOSIS | 124 | ||
| Pulmonary Sarcoidosis | 124 | ||
| Cardiac Sarcoidosis | 125 | ||
| Skin Sarcoidosis | 126 | ||
| Eye Sarcoidosis | 127 | ||
| Neurologic | 128 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Involvement | 129 | ||
| Other Organs | 130 | ||
| SUMMARY | 130 | ||
| REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| Corticosteroids for Pain of Spinal Origin | 137 | ||
| Key points | 137 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 137 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 138 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC RATIONALE | 140 | ||
| CLINICAL INDICATIONS | 141 | ||
| ANATOMIC TARGETS FOR CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION | 142 | ||
| EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTION | 143 | ||
| Epidural Steroid Injection: Three Approaches | 145 | ||
| Epidural Steroid Injection: Efficacy | 146 | ||
| Epidural Steroid Injection: Dosage | 147 | ||
| Epidural Steroid Injection: Fluoroscopy | 147 | ||
| LOCAL INJECTION FOR CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN SYNDROMES ATTRIBUTED TO THE LUMBAR FACET JOINTS | 147 | ||
| SACROILIAC JOINT INJECTION | 148 | ||
| Comment: Area of Overlap – Spinal Injections into Facet/Sacroiliac Joints Related to Discussion in Other Chapters About Int ... | 148 | ||
| Complications | 148 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS OF THE STEROIDS | 149 | ||
| Complications: Dosage | 149 | ||
| Complications: Steroid Formulation | 149 | ||
| Complications: Needle Placement | 150 | ||
| ORAL STEROIDS | 150 | ||
| Contraindications | 150 | ||
| REFERENCES | 151 | ||
| Infection Risk and Safety of Corticosteroid Use | 157 | ||
| Key points | 157 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 157 | ||
| INFECTION IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES AND CORTICOSTEROIDS | 158 | ||
| RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS | 159 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES | 159 | ||
| OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS | 162 | ||
| PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA | 162 | ||
| Herpes Zoster | 166 | ||
| Strongyloidiasis | 167 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 167 | ||
| VACCINATION AND OTHER PREVENTION STRATEGIES | 168 | ||
| Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia | 168 | ||
| Herpes Zoster | 169 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 169 | ||
| SUMMARY | 170 | ||
| REFERENCES | 171 | ||
| Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis | 177 | ||
| Key points | 177 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 177 | ||
| GLUCOCORTICOID EFFECTS ON BONE | 178 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY | 178 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS/IDENTIFYING PATIENTS AT RISK | 179 | ||
| Bone Mineral Density Measurement | 179 | ||
| FRAX | 179 | ||
| Other Testing Strategies | 180 | ||
| PREVENTION AND TREATMENT | 180 | ||
| Lifestyle Measures and Assessment | 180 | ||
| Calcium and Vitamin D | 181 | ||
| Bisphosphonates | 182 | ||
| Teriparatide | 183 | ||
| Denosumab | 183 | ||
| Raloxifene | 184 | ||
| Percutaneous Vertebroplasty | 184 | ||
| International Guidelines for Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis | 184 | ||
| Postmenopausal women and men greater than or equal to 50 years of age | 184 | ||
| Premenopausal women and men aged less than 50 | 184 | ||
| SUMMARY | 185 | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 186 | ||
| REFERENCES | 186 | ||
| Index | 191 |