Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Grasp key concepts quickly with the visual, concise, and clinical approach to physiology found in this second edition of Netter’s Essential Physiology. Lucid prose combines with classic Netter art, clinical correlations, "light bulb" side notes, end-of-chapter questions, and brand-new videos to ensure a complete understanding of these complex concepts. Logically written and highly readable, it's ideal for a basic understanding of physiology, as an overview of the subject, or as a supplement to lectures.
You may also be interested in: Netter’s Physiology Flash Cards: ISBN 978-0-323-35954-2, the companion flash cards to this book.
- Beautifully clear drawings and diagrams from the Netter collection illustrate key concepts and further your visual understanding of the subject.
- Self-assessment review questions at the end of each chapter serve to expedite study.
- A brand-new chapter on blood provides increased coverage of immunology.
- Additional "light bulb" boxes highlight interesting memorable details or examples providing enhanced context.
- A greater number of clinical correlations integrate pathophysiology into the content.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Student Consult page | IFCi | ||
| Marketing_ad | i | ||
| Netter's Essential Physiology | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| About the Authors | xi | ||
| Video Contents | xii | ||
| About the Artists | xiii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xv | ||
| Half title page | xvii | ||
| 1 Cell Physiology, Fluid Homeostasis, and Membrane Transport | 1 | ||
| Section 1 text | 1 | ||
| 1 The Cell and Fluid Homeostasis | 2 | ||
| Cell Structure and Organization | 2 | ||
| The Cell Membrane | 2 | ||
| Fluid Compartments: Size and Constitutive Elements | 2 | ||
| Fluid Compartments and Size | 2 | ||
| Intracellular and Extracellular Compartments | 3 | ||
| Osmosis, Starling Forces, and Fluid Homeostasis | 4 | ||
| Osmosis | 4 | ||
| Starling Forces | 7 | ||
| Homeostasis | 10 | ||
| 2 Membrane Transport | 12 | ||
| Cellular Transport: Passive and Active Mechanisms | 12 | ||
| Passive Transport | 12 | ||
| Simple Diffusion | 12 | ||
| Facilitated Diffusion | 12 | ||
| Active Transport | 13 | ||
| Primary Active Transport | 13 | ||
| Secondary Active Transport | 14 | ||
| Ion Channels | 15 | ||
| Vesicular Membrane Transport | 15 | ||
| Aquaporins | 16 | ||
| Signal Transduction Mechanisms | 16 | ||
| Protein Kinases | 16 | ||
| G Proteins (Heterotrimeric Guanosine Triphosphate–Binding Proteins) | 17 | ||
| Nuclear Receptors | 18 | ||
| Simple Versus Complex Pathways | 18 | ||
| Review Questions | 21 | ||
| Chapter 1: the Cell and Fluid Homeostasis | 21 | ||
| Chapter 2: Membrane Transport | 21 | ||
| 2 The Nervous System and Muscle | 23 | ||
| Section 2 text | 23 | ||
| 3 Nerve and Muscle Physiology | 24 | ||
| Resting Membrane Potentials | 24 | ||
| Nernst Equation | 24 | ||
| Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation | 25 | ||
| Electrophysical Principles | 26 | ||
| Action Potentials | 27 | ||
| Action Potential Conduction | 27 | ||
| Synaptic Transmission | 31 | ||
| Neuromuscular Junction | 34 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Organization | 36 | ||
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling | 37 | ||
| The Sliding Filament Theory | 38 | ||
| Mechanical Considerations in Skeletal Muscle Contraction | 40 | ||
| Smooth Muscle | 42 | ||
| Types of Smooth Muscle | 42 | ||
| Contraction of Smooth Muscle | 44 | ||
| Relaxation of Smooth Muscle | 44 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle | 45 | ||
| 4 Organization and General Functions of the Nervous System | 48 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 48 | ||
| Brain | 48 | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | 48 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | 48 | ||
| Telencephalon | 48 | ||
| Diencephalon | 49 | ||
| Cerebellum | 49 | ||
| Brainstem | 51 | ||
| The Spinal Cord | 51 | ||
| The Peripheral Nervous System | 52 | ||
| 5 Sensory Physiology | 57 | ||
| Sensory Receptors | 57 | ||
| Transduction of Somatosensory Signals | 57 | ||
| The Visual System | 59 | ||
| The Auditory System | 61 | ||
| Transduction of Sound into Electrical Signals | 64 | ||
| The Vestibular System | 66 | ||
| Chemical Senses | 69 | ||
| Taste Cells | 69 | ||
| Olfactory Cells | 71 | ||
| 6 The Somatic Motor System | 74 | ||
| Muscle Spindles | 74 | ||
| Spinal Reflexes | 74 | ||
| Role of Higher Centers in Motor Control | 75 | ||
| Corticospinal Tract | 76 | ||
| Brainstem | 77 | ||
| Cerebellum | 78 | ||
| Cerebellar Cortex | 78 | ||
| Basal Ganglia | 82 | ||
| 7 The Autonomic Nervous System | 84 | ||
| Organization and General Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System | 84 | ||
| Autonomic Receptors | 85 | ||
| Review Questions | 90 | ||
| Chapter 3: Nerve and Muscle Physiology | 90 | ||
| Chapter 4: Organization and General Functions of the Nervous System | 90 | ||
| Chapter 5: Sensory Physiology | 91 | ||
| Chapter 6: the Somatic Motor System | 91 | ||
| Chapter 7: the Autonomic Nervous System | 92 | ||
| 3 Cardiovascular Physiology | 93 | ||
| Section 3 text | 93 | ||
| 8 The Blood | 94 | ||
| Composition of Blood | 94 | ||
| Hemostasis | 94 | ||
| 9 Overview of the Heart and Circulation | 101 | ||
| General Scheme of the Circulation | 101 | ||
| Structure of the Heart | 101 | ||
| Conduction System of the Heart | 101 | ||
| 10 Cardiac Electrophysiology | 105 | ||
| Cardiac Action Potentials | 105 | ||
| The Electrocardiogram | 107 | ||
| 11 Flow, Pressure, and Resistance | 112 | ||
| Basic Hemodynamics | 112 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 112 | ||
| Biophysics of Circulation | 114 | ||
| 12 The Cardiac Pump | 118 | ||
| The Cardiac Cycle | 118 | ||
| Ventricular Pressure | 118 | ||
| Aortic Pressure | 120 | ||
| Ventricular Volume | 120 | ||
| Atrial Pressure | 120 | ||
| Phonocardiogram | 120 | ||
| Regulation of Cardiac Output | 120 | ||
| Heart Rate Regulation | 121 | ||
| Stroke Volume Regulation | 122 | ||
| The Frank-Starling Relationship | 122 | ||
| Sympathetic Regulation of Stroke Volume | 122 | ||
| Assessment of Cardiac Function | 124 | ||
| Force–Velocity Curves | 124 | ||
| Pressure–Volume Relationship | 124 | ||
| Ejection Fraction | 124 | ||
| Vascular Function and Cardiac Output | 124 | ||
| Venous Compliance and Gravitational Effects | 127 | ||
| Effect of Respiration | 127 | ||
| Cardiac Function and Vascular Function Curves | 127 | ||
| Integration of the Cardiac and Vascular Function Curves | 127 | ||
| 13 The Peripheral Circulation | 130 | ||
| The Microcirculation | 130 | ||
| The Lymphatic System | 132 | ||
| Regulation of Blood Flow | 132 | ||
| Regulation of Vascular Tone by Endothelial Cells | 132 | ||
| Local Control of Blood Flow | 134 | ||
| Extrinsic Regulation of Peripheral Blood Flow | 135 | ||
| Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure | 137 | ||
| Short-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure by Arterial Baroreceptors | 137 | ||
| Role of Low-Pressure Baroreceptors and Atrial Stretch | 137 | ||
| Long-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure | 139 | ||
| Special Circulations | 140 | ||
| Cerebral Circulation | 140 | ||
| Coronary Circulation | 140 | ||
| Blood Flow in Exercise and Effects on Specific Circulations | 143 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 145 | ||
| Review Questions | 148 | ||
| Chapter 8: The Blood | 148 | ||
| Chapter 9: Overview of the Heart and Circulation | 148 | ||
| Chapter 10: Cardiac Electrophysiology | 148 | ||
| Chapter 11: Flow, Pressure, and Resistance | 149 | ||
| Chapter 12: The Cardiac Pump | 149 | ||
| Chapter 13: The Peripheral Circulation | 150 | ||
| 4 Respiratory Physiology | 151 | ||
| Section 4 text | 151 | ||
| 14 Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion and Diffusion of Gases | 152 | ||
| Blood Flow in the Lungs | 152 | ||
| Passive Control of Pulmonary Resistance | 152 | ||
| Active Control of Pulmonary Resistance | 152 | ||
| Functional Anatomy of the Lungs and Airways | 152 | ||
| Conducting Zone of the Lung | 152 | ||
| Respiratory Zone of the Lung | 154 | ||
| Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities | 157 | ||
| Spirometry | 159 | ||
| Measurement of Capacities (FRC, RV, and TLC) | 161 | ||
| Ventilation and Alveolar Gas Composition | 161 | ||
| Composition of Alveolar Air | 162 | ||
| Diffusion of Gases | 163 | ||
| Perfusion-Limited Gas Transport | 164 | ||
| Diffusion-Limited Gas Transport | 164 | ||
| Ventilation and Perfusion Gradients | 164 | ||
| Zones of the Lung | 164 | ||
| The Ventilation-to-Perfusion Ratio | 166 | ||
| Dead Space and Shunt: Extremes of Imbalance | 166 | ||
| Hypoxemia | 168 | ||
| 15 The Mechanics of Breathing | 169 | ||
| Basic Mechanics of the Ventilatory Apparatus | 169 | ||
| Elastic Recoil of the Chest Wall and Lungs | 169 | ||
| Forces During Inspiration and Expiration | 169 | ||
| Compliance, Elastance, and Pressure-Volume Relationships | 170 | ||
| Surfactant and Surface Tension | 174 | ||
| Airway Resistance | 177 | ||
| Effects of Autonomic Nerves on Airway Resistance | 177 | ||
| Lung Volume and Airway Resistance | 177 | ||
| Dynamic Compression of Airways during Expiration | 177 | ||
| Obstructive and Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases and Pulmonary Function Tests | 181 | ||
| 16 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport and Control of Respiration | 185 | ||
| Transport of Oxygen | 185 | ||
| Oxygen-Binding Capacity and Oxygen Content of Blood | 185 | ||
| Arteriovenous Oxygen Gradient and Oxygen Consumption | 185 | ||
| The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve | 186 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve | 186 | ||
| Transport of Carbon Dioxide | 187 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Form of Bicarbonate Ion | 188 | ||
| The Haldane Effect | 189 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport and Acid-Base Balance | 190 | ||
| The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation | 190 | ||
| Acid-Base Disturbances | 191 | ||
| Control of Respiration | 191 | ||
| Role of Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors | 192 | ||
| Additional Mechanisms Controlling Respiration | 194 | ||
| Respiratory Control in Exercise | 194 | ||
| Adaptation to High Altitude | 197 | ||
| Review Questions | 198 | ||
| Chapter 14: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion and Diffusion of Gases | 198 | ||
| Chapter 15: the Mechanics of Breathing | 198 | ||
| Chapter 16: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport and Control of Respiration | 199 | ||
| 5 Renal Physiology | 201 | ||
| Section 5 text | 201 | ||
| 17 Overview, Glomerular Filtration, and Renal Clearance | 202 | ||
| Structure and Overall Function of the Kidneys | 202 | ||
| The Nephron | 202 | ||
| Blood Flow | 203 | ||
| The Glomerulus | 204 | ||
| The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | 205 | ||
| Renal Plasma Flow | 206 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration: Physical Factors and Starling Forces | 206 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration Rate | 209 | ||
| Renal Clearance | 210 | ||
| Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics | 212 | ||
| 18 Renal Transport Processes | 214 | ||
| General Overview of Renal Transport | 214 | ||
| Sodium-Driven Solute Transport | 214 | ||
| Sodium, Chloride, and Water | 214 | ||
| Glucose Transport | 216 | ||
| Bicarbonate Handling | 216 | ||
| Potassium Handling | 216 | ||
| Calcium and Phosphate Transport | 220 | ||
| Calcium Handling | 220 | ||
| Phosphate Handling | 220 | ||
| 19 Urine Concentration and Dilution Mechanisms | 224 | ||
| The Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct Cells | 224 | ||
| Urine-Concentrating Mechanism | 224 | ||
| The Medullary Interstitium | 224 | ||
| Medullary Countercurrent Multiplier | 224 | ||
| Concentration of the Urine | 227 | ||
| Dilution of Urine | 227 | ||
| Free Water Clearance | 227 | ||
| 20 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Volume and Osmolarity | 231 | ||
| Intrarenal Regulation of Sodium and Fluid Reabsorption | 231 | ||
| Neurohumoral Control of Renal Sodium Reabsorption | 231 | ||
| Renal Response to Changes in Plasma Volume and Osmolarity | 233 | ||
| 21 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance by the Kidneys | 237 | ||
| Control of Extracellular Fluid pH | 237 | ||
| Buffering of Acid | 237 | ||
| Extracellular Buffering | 237 | ||
| Intracellular Buffering | 238 | ||
| HCO3− and H+ Handling through the Renal Tubule | 238 | ||
| HCO3− | 238 | ||
| H | 238 | ||
| Renal Mechanisms Contributing to Net Acid Excretion | 238 | ||
| Production of Titratable Acids | 239 | ||
| Ammoniagenesis | 239 | ||
| Net Acid Excretion | 240 | ||
| Urine pH | 240 | ||
| Acidosis and Alkalosis | 241 | ||
| Acidosis | 241 | ||
| Anion Gap | 242 | ||
| Alkalosis | 243 | ||
| Review Questions | 245 | ||
| Chapter 17: Overview, Glomerular Filtration, and Renal Clearance | 245 | ||
| Chapter 18: Renal Transport Processes | 245 | ||
| Chapter 19: Urine Concentration and Dilution Mechanisms | 246 | ||
| Chapter 20: Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Volume and Osmolarity | 246 | ||
| Chapter 21: Regulation of Acid-Base Balance by the Kidneys | 247 | ||
| 6 Gastrointestinal Physiology | 249 | ||
| Section 6 text | 249 | ||
| 22 Overview of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 250 | ||
| Structure and Overall Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 250 | ||
| Blood Supply | 251 | ||
| Glandular Secretions | 252 | ||
| Lymphatics | 252 | ||
| General Functions of the GI Tract | 252 | ||
| Thirst and Hunger: Behavioral Responses to Maintain the Milieu Interieur | 255 | ||
| Thirst | 255 | ||
| Appetite and Hunger | 255 | ||
| Fluid Shifts and pH through the Tract | 257 | ||
| The Enteric Nervous System | 257 | ||
| The GI Tract as an Endocrine Organ | 258 | ||
| Gut Microbiota | 258 | ||
| Integrated Regulation of GI Function | 258 | ||
| 23 Motility Through the Gastrointestinal Tract | 260 | ||
| Electrical Potentials | 260 | ||
| Interdigestive Housekeeping: The Migrating Myoelectric Complex | 261 | ||
| Site-Specific Propulsion | 262 | ||
| Mouth and Esophagus | 262 | ||
| Stomach | 263 | ||
| Small Intestine | 268 | ||
| Gallbladder | 269 | ||
| Large Intestine (Colon) | 269 | ||
| Defecation and the Rectosphincteric (Defecation) Reflex | 270 | ||
| Regulation of Motility | 271 | ||
| Vomiting and Diarrhea | 271 | ||
| Reflexes | 277 | ||
| 24 Gastrointestinal Secretions | 280 | ||
| Salivary Secretion and Regulation | 280 | ||
| Salivary Gland Secretion | 280 | ||
| Production of Saliva | 280 | ||
| Neural Control of Saliva | 281 | ||
| Esophagus | 283 | ||
| Secretions of the Gastric Glands and Regulation of Hydrochloric Acid Secretion | 283 | ||
| The Gastric Glands | 283 | ||
| Secretions from the Cells of the Gastric Glands | 284 | ||
| Production and Regulation of Gastric HCl | 285 | ||
| Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion | 287 | ||
| Secretions From the Small Intestine: Buffers, Enzymes, and Hormones | 288 | ||
| Pancreatic Buffer and Enzyme Secretions | 289 | ||
| Gallbladder Function | 290 | ||
| Colonic Secretions | 291 | ||
| 25 Hepatobiliary Function | 293 | ||
| Overview of Liver Functions | 293 | ||
| Liver Structure and Blood Flow | 294 | ||
| Basic Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins | 295 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 295 | ||
| Lipids | 297 | ||
| Proteins | 297 | ||
| Production and Secretion of Bile | 297 | ||
| Basic Endocrine Functions | 298 | ||
| 26 Digestion and Absorption | 300 | ||
| Anatomy and Nutrient Absorption | 300 | ||
| Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption | 300 | ||
| Protein Digestion and Absorption | 301 | ||
| Lipid Digestion and Absorption | 304 | ||
| Micelle Formation | 304 | ||
| Intracellular Lipid Processing | 304 | ||
| Electrolyte and Water Absorption | 305 | ||
| Divalent Cation Absorption | 307 | ||
| Calcium | 307 | ||
| Iron | 307 | ||
| Vitamin Absorption | 307 | ||
| Vitamin B12 Absorption | 307 | ||
| Review Questions | 310 | ||
| Chapter 22: Overview of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 310 | ||
| Chapter 23: Motility Through the Gastrointestinal Tract | 310 | ||
| Chapter 24: Gastrointestinal Secretions | 311 | ||
| Chapter 25: Hepatobiliary Function | 311 | ||
| Chapter 26: Digestion and Absorption | 312 | ||
| 7 Endocrine Physiology | 313 | ||
| Section 7 text | 313 | ||
| 27 General Principles of Endocrinology and Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones | 314 | ||
| Hormone Synthesis | 314 | ||
| Peptide Synthesis | 314 | ||
| Steroid Synthesis | 314 | ||
| Mechanisms of Hormone Action | 314 | ||
| General Endocrine Roles of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | 315 | ||
| Feedback Systems and Receptor Regulation in the Endocrine System | 318 | ||
| Negative Feedback | 319 | ||
| Positive Feedback | 320 | ||
| Receptor Regulation | 320 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary Hormones | 320 | ||
| Antidiuretic Hormone | 320 | ||
| Oxytocin | 320 | ||
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones | 321 | ||
| Growth Hormone | 323 | ||
| Regulation of GH Secretion | 323 | ||
| Effects of GH and IGF-1 | 323 | ||
| Prolactin | 323 | ||
| Regulation of Prolactin Secretion | 324 | ||
| Effects of Prolactin | 324 | ||
| 28 Thyroid Hormones | 328 | ||
| Structure of the Thyroid Gland | 328 | ||
| Synthesis, Release, and Uptake of Thyroid Hormones | 328 | ||
| Synthesis and Release of Thyroid Hormones | 328 | ||
| Steps in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis | 328 | ||
| Thyroid Hormone Uptake at Target Tissues | 330 | ||
| Actions of Thyroid Hormones | 330 | ||
| 29 Adrenal Hormones | 335 | ||
| Adrenal Gland Structure | 335 | ||
| Synthesis and Regulation of Adrenal Cortical Steroid Hormones | 335 | ||
| Actions of Cortisol | 336 | ||
| Metabolic Effects of Glucocorticoids | 339 | ||
| Other Effects of Glucocorticoids | 340 | ||
| Actions of Adrenal Androgens | 340 | ||
| Regulation and Actions of Aldosterone | 340 | ||
| The Adrenal Medulla | 340 | ||
| 30 The Endocrine Pancreas | 346 | ||
| Structure of the Pancreas | 346 | ||
| Synthesis, Secretion, and Actions of Insulin | 347 | ||
| Synthesis, Secretion, and Actions of Glucagon | 350 | ||
| Synthesis, Secretion, and Action of Somatostatin | 352 | ||
| 31 Calcium-Regulating Hormones | 354 | ||
| Overview of Calcium Homeostasis | 354 | ||
| Main Sites of Calcium Regulation | 354 | ||
| Factors That Alter Plasma Calcium Concentration | 354 | ||
| Synthesis and Actions of Calcium-Regulating Hormones | 355 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone | 355 | ||
| Synthesis of PTH | 355 | ||
| Actions of PTH | 355 | ||
| Vitamin D | 358 | ||
| Synthesis of Vitamin D | 358 | ||
| Actions of Vitamin D | 358 | ||
| Calcitonin | 358 | ||
| 32 Hormones of the Reproductive System | 362 | ||
| Fetal Development of the Reproductive Organs and Differentiation of Genitalia | 362 | ||
| Development of Gonadal Sex | 362 | ||
| Development of Genital Sex | 362 | ||
| Phenotypic Sex | 362 | ||
| Puberty | 363 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Puberty | 363 | ||
| The Menstrual Cycle and Female Reproductive Endocrinology | 365 | ||
| Follicular Phase | 365 | ||
| Ovulatory Phase | 365 | ||
| Luteal Phase | 365 | ||
| Implantation and Pregnancy | 367 | ||
| Male Reproductive Endocrinology | 370 | ||
| Endocrine Regulation of Testicular Function | 371 | ||
| Nonreproductive Actions of Testosterone | 372 | ||
| Review Questions | 374 | ||
| Chapter 27: General Principles of Endocrinology and Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones | 374 | ||
| Chapter 28: Thyroid Hormones | 374 | ||
| Chapter 29: Adrenal Hormones | 374 | ||
| Chapter 30: the Endocrine Pancreas | 375 | ||
| Chapter 31: Calcium-Regulating Hormones | 375 | ||
| Chapter 32: Hormones of the Reproductive System | 376 | ||
| Answers | 377 | ||
| Section 1: Cell Physiology, Fluid Homeostasis, and Membrane Transport | 377 | ||
| Section 2: The Nervous System and Muscle | 377 | ||
| Section 3: Cardiovascular Physiology | 378 | ||
| Section 4: Respiratory Physiology | 380 | ||
| Section 5: Renal Physiology | 381 | ||
| Section 6: Gastrointestinal Physiology | 382 | ||
| Section 7: Endocrine Physiology | 383 | ||
| Index | 385 | ||
| A | 385 | ||
| B | 386 | ||
| C | 387 | ||
| D | 389 | ||
| E | 389 | ||
| F | 390 | ||
| G | 390 | ||
| H | 391 | ||
| I | 392 | ||
| J | 393 | ||
| K | 393 | ||
| L | 393 | ||
| M | 394 | ||
| N | 395 | ||
| O | 395 | ||
| P | 396 | ||
| R | 397 | ||
| S | 398 | ||
| T | 400 | ||
| U | 401 | ||
| V | 401 | ||
| W | 402 | ||
| Z | 402 |