BOOK
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: State of the Art, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The latest developments in the field of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy are featured in this issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics. The issue includes more than 20 articles in the following areas: heart failure; cost of heart failure; ventricular dissynchrony and resynchronization; assessment of dissynchrony; indication for CRT implantation; implantation technique; measures to improve CRT benefit on AF patients; and many more.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization\rTherapy: State of the Art | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Consulting Editors | iii | ||
| Editors | iii | ||
| Authors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword: Cardiac Resysnchronization Therapy: State of the Art | vii | ||
| Preface: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: State of the Art | vii | ||
| Letter to the Editor: Arrhythmogenic Potential of Acute Idiopathic Pericarditis | vii | ||
| Heart Failure | vii | ||
| Understanding Heart Failure | vii | ||
| Cost of Heart Failure | vii | ||
| Containing the Cost of Heart Failure Management: A Focus on Reducing Readmissions | vii | ||
| Ventricular Dyssynchrony and Resynchronization: From Bench to Bedside | vii | ||
| Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Dyssynchrony and Resynchronization | vii | ||
| Exploring the Electrophysiologic and Hemodynamic Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: From Bench to Bedside and Vi ... | viii | ||
| Assessment of Dyssynchrony | viii | ||
| Newer Echocardiographic Techniques in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | viii | ||
| The Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | viii | ||
| Implantation and Extraction Technique | viii | ||
| Coronary Sinus Lead Positioning | viii | ||
| Robotic-Assisted Left Ventricular Lead Placement | ix | ||
| Coronary Sinus Lead Extraction | ix | ||
| Indication for CRT Implantation | ix | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: An Overview on Guidelines | ix | ||
| Why the Authors Use Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy with Defibrillators | ix | ||
| Why We Have to Use Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy–Pacemaker More | x | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Women | x | ||
| How to Improve CRT Benefit on Atrial Fibrillation Patients | x | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation During Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | x | ||
| Atrioventricular Node Ablation | x | ||
| How to Improve Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Benefit in Atrial Fibrillation Patients: Pulmonary Vein Isolation (and Bey ... | xi | ||
| Response to CRT | xi | ||
| The Role of Atrioventricular and Interventricular Optimization for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | xi | ||
| What We Can Learn from “Super-responders” | xi | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: How to Decrease Nonresponders | xi | ||
| Follow-up | xii | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Follow-up: Role of Remote Monitoring | xii | ||
| CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY CLINICS | xiii | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xiii | ||
| March 2016 | xiii | ||
| June 2016 | xiii | ||
| September 2016 | xiii | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xiii | ||
| September 2015 | xiii | ||
| June 2015 | xiii | ||
| March 2015 | xiii | ||
| Foreword: Cardiac Resysnchronization Therapy: State of the Art | xv | ||
| Preface: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: State of the Art | xvii | ||
| Letter to the Editor: Arrhythmogenic Potential of Acute Idiopathic Pericarditis | xix | ||
| REFERENCES | xx | ||
| Heart Failure | A1 | ||
| Understanding Heart Failure | 557 | ||
| Key points | 557 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 557 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 558 | ||
| CAUSE OF HEART FAILURE | 558 | ||
| CURRENT APPROACH TO HEART FAILURE STAGING | 561 | ||
| CURRENT APPROACH TO HEART FAILURE TREATMENT | 562 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY | 563 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers | 563 | ||
| Aldosterone Antagonists | 563 | ||
| β-Blockers | 563 | ||
| Ivabradine | 564 | ||
| Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate | 564 | ||
| Digoxin | 565 | ||
| DEVICE THERAPY | 565 | ||
| Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators | 565 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 567 | ||
| ADVANCED THERAPIES | 567 | ||
| BIOMARKER ASSESSMENT IN HEART FAILURE | 570 | ||
| THE FUTURE | 570 | ||
| SUMMARY | 570 | ||
| REFERENCES | 570 | ||
| Cost of Heart Failure | A3 | ||
| Containing the Cost of Heart Failure Management | 577 | ||
| Key points | 577 | ||
| READMISSIONS | 578 | ||
| CONTRIBUTORS TO EXCESSIVE READMISSIONS | 578 | ||
| PREDICTING READMISSIONS | 578 | ||
| STRATEGIES TO REDUCE READMISSION | 578 | ||
| Transitional Care Programs | 578 | ||
| Evidence-based Interventions that Reduce Readmissions | 579 | ||
| Neurohormonal blockade | 579 | ||
| Diastolic heart failure | 579 | ||
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | 580 | ||
| Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training | 580 | ||
| Palliative care | 580 | ||
| ALTERNATIVES TO HOSPITALIZATION | 580 | ||
| Discharge from Emergency Room | 581 | ||
| Observation Units | 581 | ||
| Outpatient Infusion Centers | 581 | ||
| DETECTING PRECLINICAL HEART FAILURE EXACERBATION | 581 | ||
| CONTROVERSIES REGARDING READMISSION REDUCTION | 581 | ||
| REFERENCES | 582 | ||
| Ventricular Dyssynchrony and Resynchronization: From Bench to Bedside | A5 | ||
| Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Dyssynchrony and Resynchronization | 585 | ||
| Key points | 585 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: CARDIAC DYSSYNCHRONY AND RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 585 | ||
| BEYOND LEFT VENTRICULAR MECHANICS | 586 | ||
| MYOCYTE FUNCTION, CALCIUM HANDLING, AND β-ADRENERGIC SIGNALING | 586 | ||
| ION CHANNELS | 588 | ||
| MYOFILAMENT FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE | 588 | ||
| MITOCHONDRIA, BIOENERGETICS, AND METABOLOMICS | 590 | ||
| CIRCULATING INDICATORS OF DYSSYNCHRONY AND RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 591 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 591 | ||
| REFERENCES | 592 | ||
| Exploring the Electrophysiologic and Hemodynamic Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 599 | ||
| Key points | 599 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 599 | ||
| ELECTROMECHANICS OF DYSSYNCHRONY | 600 | ||
| ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 600 | ||
| ACUTE HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 601 | ||
| LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 602 | ||
| PACING LOCATION | 602 | ||
| MYOCARDIAL SCARRING | 603 | ||
| MULTIPLE PACING SITES | 603 | ||
| ENDOCARDIAL PACING | 603 | ||
| OPTIMIZATION OF TIMING OF PACING | 605 | ||
| SUMMARY | 606 | ||
| REFERENCES | 606 | ||
| Assessment of Dyssynchrony | A7 | ||
| Newer Echocardiographic Techniques in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 609 | ||
| Key points | 609 | ||
| EXPANDING UNDERSTANDING OF DYSSYNCHRONY | 610 | ||
| Speckle Tracking Strain Imaging | 610 | ||
| Newer Tissue Doppler Echocardiography Methods | 611 | ||
| Dyssynchrony by 3-Dimensional Echocardiography | 613 | ||
| STRAIN IMAGING TO GUIDE PLACEMENT OF THE LEFT VENTRICULAR LEAD | 614 | ||
| ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DISPERSION, DYSSYNCHRONY, AND ARRHYTHMIAS | 614 | ||
| SUMMARY | 616 | ||
| REFERENCES | 616 | ||
| The Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 619 | ||
| Key points | 619 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 619 | ||
| CARDIAC FUNCTION AND CAUSE OF CARDIOMYOPATHY | 619 | ||
| Left Ventricular Function | 620 | ||
| Cause of Heart Failure | 620 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN RISK STRATIFICATION | 621 | ||
| Risks of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy | 621 | ||
| Scar Burden | 621 | ||
| Scar Patterns | 622 | ||
| Scar and Arrhythmias | 622 | ||
| Global Dyssynchrony | 624 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE FOR GUIDING CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IMPLANTATION | 624 | ||
| Right Ventricular Lead Position | 625 | ||
| Coronary Venography | 625 | ||
| Scar and Left Ventricular Lead Position | 625 | ||
| Late Mechanical Activation and Left Ventricular Lead Position | 626 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AFTER DEVICE IMPLANTATION | 630 | ||
| SUMMARY | 630 | ||
| REFERENCES | 630 | ||
| Implantation and Extraction Technique | A9 | ||
| Coronary Sinus Lead Positioning | 635 | ||
| Key points | 635 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 635 | ||
| Assessment of Coronary Sinus Anatomy | 635 | ||
| Transvenous Coronary Sinus Lead Implant | 637 | ||
| TARGETING LEFT VENTRICULAR LEAD PLACEMENT | 640 | ||
| Targeting Maximal Anatomic Distance | 640 | ||
| Targeting Maximal Electrical Delay | 641 | ||
| Targeting Maximal Mechanical Delay | 642 | ||
| MULTISITE AND MULTIPOINT PACING | 644 | ||
| SUMMARY | 645 | ||
| REFERENCES | 645 | ||
| Robotic-Assisted Left Ventricular Lead Placement | 649 | ||
| Key points | 649 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 649 | ||
| IDENTIFYING THE OPTIMAL PACING SITE | 649 | ||
| CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 650 | ||
| SURGICAL APPROACH TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 651 | ||
| Lead Design and Performance | 651 | ||
| Open Surgical Approach | 651 | ||
| Thoracotomy and Minimal Thoracotomy | 652 | ||
| Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery | 652 | ||
| Robot-assisted Surgery (the da Vinci Surgical System) | 653 | ||
| Left Ventricular Mapping Techniques | 654 | ||
| Benefits of Robot-Assisted Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 655 | ||
| Limitations of Robot-Assisted Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 655 | ||
| Clinical Trials and Case Series with Robot-assisted Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 655 | ||
| Challenges and Unanswered Questions | 657 | ||
| SUMMARY | 657 | ||
| REFERENCES | 657 | ||
| Coronary Sinus Lead Extraction | 661 | ||
| Key points | 661 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 661 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR CORONARY SINUS LEAD EXTRACTION | 661 | ||
| TRAINING AND FACILITIES | 663 | ||
| PREPROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS | 663 | ||
| FACILITY REQUIREMENTS | 663 | ||
| TECHNIQUE OF CORONARY SINUS LEAD EXTRACTION | 664 | ||
| RESULTS OF CORONARY SINUS LEAD EXTRACTION | 665 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF CORONARY SINUS LEAD EXTRACTION | 667 | ||
| REIMPLANTATION | 667 | ||
| ACTIVE FIXATION CORONARY SINUS LEAD EXTRACTION | 668 | ||
| CORONARY SINUS DEFIBRILLATION COILS | 669 | ||
| ALTERNATIVES TO CORONARY SINUS LEAD EXTRACTION | 669 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 669 | ||
| REFERENCES | 670 | ||
| Indication for CRT Implantation | A11 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 673 | ||
| Key points | 673 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 673 | ||
| CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY AS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT IN HEART FAILURE | 674 | ||
| GUIDELINES ON CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 674 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY WITH REGARD TO PATIENTS IN SINUS RHYTHM WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE HEART ... | 680 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY WITH REGARD TO PATIENTS IN SINUS RHYTHM WITH MILD HEART FAILURE | 680 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY WITH REGARD TO PATIENTS WITH PERMANENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND LEFT V ... | 680 | ||
| PATIENTS ALREADY IMPLANTED WITH A CONVENTIONAL PACEMAKER OR IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR: INDICATIONS FOR UPGRADE ... | 680 | ||
| PATIENTS WITH CONVENTIONAL PACEMAKER INDICATIONS AND LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION/HEART FAILURE: INDICATIONS FOR IMPLANT OF ... | 680 | ||
| INDICATIONS TO IMPLANT A CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY PACEMAKER VERSUS A CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY DEFIBRILLAT ... | 680 | ||
| BEYOND GUIDELINES: DEFINITION OF APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 691 | ||
| FROM GUIDELINES TO “THE REAL WORLD”: HETEROGENEITY IN USE OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 691 | ||
| SUMMARY | 691 | ||
| REFERENCES | 691 | ||
| Why the Authors Use Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy with Defibrillators | 695 | ||
| Key points | 695 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 695 | ||
| Powerful Therapies for an Increasing Incidence of Heart Failure | 695 | ||
| The Case for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Only | 696 | ||
| THE CASE FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY PLUS DEFIBRILLATOR | 696 | ||
| Greater Protection from Sudden Cardiac Death | 696 | ||
| Potential for Proarrhythmia Associated with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 697 | ||
| Ability to Predict Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Responders Is Imperfect | 697 | ||
| Time to Response Is Not Immediate | 701 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation May Inhibit Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Effects | 701 | ||
| Lead Placement | 701 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Cost-effective | 702 | ||
| Risk of Upgrade to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Plus Defibrillator | 703 | ||
| Modern Implantable-Cardioverter Defibrillators Programming Reduces Shocks | 703 | ||
| When Might Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy with a Pacemaker Be Appropriate? | 704 | ||
| SUMMARY | 704 | ||
| REFERENCES | 705 | ||
| Why We Have to Use Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy–Pacemaker More | 709 | ||
| Key points | 709 | ||
| DO ALL HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH EJECTION FRACTION LESS THAN 35% NEED AN IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR? | 709 | ||
| The Real World and the Individual Patient | 710 | ||
| IS THE CLINICAL SUPERIORITY OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY– DEFIBRILLATOR COMPARED WITH CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THE ... | 710 | ||
| New York Heart Association Functional Class III-IV | 710 | ||
| New York Heart Association Functional Class I-II | 712 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy–Defibrillator Compared with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy–Pacemaker | 712 | ||
| META-ANALYSES | 712 | ||
| REAL LIFE REGISTRIES COMPARING CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY–PACEMAKER AND CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY–DEFIBRILLATOR | 714 | ||
| The European Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Survey | 714 | ||
| Budapest Registry | 714 | ||
| The CeRtiTuDe Cohort Study | 714 | ||
| DECREASING NEED OF IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR THERAPY AFTER CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 715 | ||
| COST AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY–DEFIBRILLATOR VERSUS CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY–PAC ... | 716 | ||
| SAFETY ISSUES AND RISK-BENEFIT PROFILE OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY–DEFIBRILLATOR VERSUS CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION ... | 717 | ||
| WHAT DO THE GUIDELINES SAY? | 717 | ||
| SUMMARY | 718 | ||
| REFERENCES | 718 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Women | 721 | ||
| Key points | 721 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 721 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES | 722 | ||
| ANALYSES FROM DATABASES | 724 | ||
| ANALYSES FROM REGISTRIES | 725 | ||
| POST HOC ANALYSES OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS | 727 | ||
| META-ANALYSES | 730 | ||
| SUMMARY | 731 | ||
| REFERENCES | 732 | ||
| How to Improve CRT Benefit on Atrial Fibrillation Patients | A13 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation During Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 735 | ||
| Key points | 735 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 735 | ||
| DETRIMENTAL EFFECT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ON RESPONSE TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 736 | ||
| STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IN THE PRESENCE OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | 743 | ||
| THE ROLE OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR JUNCTION ABLATION | 745 | ||
| RECOMMENDATIONS | 745 | ||
| SUMMARY | 746 | ||
| REFERENCES | 746 | ||
| Atrioventricular Node Ablation | 749 | ||
| Key points | 749 | ||
| WHAT ARE THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HEART FAILURE (ATRIAL FIBRILLATION BEGETS HEART FAILURE AND VICE ... | 749 | ||
| WHAT ARE THE TOOLS TO TREAT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN HEART FAILURE? | 749 | ||
| MEDICAL THERAPY FOR RATE CONTROL IN PERMANENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | 749 | ||
| WHAT ARE THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY? | 750 | ||
| Atrioventricular Junction Ablation for Optimizing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation | 750 | ||
| THE IMPORTANCE OF MAXIMIZED BIVENTRICULAR PACING | 752 | ||
| SUMMARY | 752 | ||
| REFERENCES | 753 | ||
| How to Improve Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Benefit in Atrial Fibrillation Patients | 755 | ||
| Key points | 755 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 755 | ||
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HEART FAILURE | 756 | ||
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 756 | ||
| STUDIES ON ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE | 756 | ||
| ABLATION APPROACH | 757 | ||
| SUMMARY | 762 | ||
| REFERENCES | 762 | ||
| Response to CRT | A15 | ||
| The Role of Atrioventricular and Interventricular Optimization for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 765 | ||
| Key points | 765 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 765 | ||
| ATRIOVENTRICULAR OPTIMIZATION | 766 | ||
| Optimizing Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling | 767 | ||
| Optimizing Left Ventricular Systolic Performance | 767 | ||
| Other Methods of Atrioventricular Optimization | 769 | ||
| Intracardiac Electrogram-based Atrioventricular Optimization | 770 | ||
| Areas of Uncertainty in Atrioventricular Optimization | 770 | ||
| INTERVENTRICULAR OPTIMIZATION | 771 | ||
| Dyssynchrony-Guided Interventricular Optimization | 772 | ||
| Aortic Velocity Time Integral Method | 772 | ||
| Other Methods of Interventricular Optimization | 772 | ||
| Combined Atrioventricular and Interventricular Optimization Using 3-Dimensional Echocardiography | 774 | ||
| QRS-Based Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization | 774 | ||
| Areas of Uncertainty in Interventricular Optimization | 775 | ||
| SUMMARY | 776 | ||
| REFERENCES | 776 | ||
| What We Can Learn from “Super-responders” | 781 | ||
| Key points | 781 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 781 | ||
| DEFINITION OF SUPER-RESPONDERS TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 782 | ||
| FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE: CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY AND REVERSE REMODELING | 782 | ||
| PREVALENCE AND PREDICTORS OF SUPER-RESPONSE TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY: LONG-TERM PROGNOSIS | 782 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION AND PROCEDURE PLANNING | 783 | ||
| Echocardiographic Evaluation | 783 | ||
| Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography | 786 | ||
| CARDIAC MRI | 786 | ||
| COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 786 | ||
| Left Ventricular Only Versus Biventricular Pacing | 786 | ||
| Recovery or Remission? | 786 | ||
| SUMMARY | 786 | ||
| REFERENCES | 786 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy | 789 | ||
| Key points | 789 | ||
| BACKGROUND | 789 | ||
| CRITERIA FOR RESPONSE TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 789 | ||
| FACTORS THAT MAY IMPROVE THE NUMBERS OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY RESPONDERS | 789 | ||
| Patient Selection | 790 | ||
| QRS morphology | 790 | ||
| QRS width | 790 | ||
| Heart failure cause | 790 | ||
| Gender differences | 790 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 791 | ||
| Clinical parameters and comorbidities | 791 | ||
| Imaging as a tool for patient selection | 791 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Implant Procedure, Left Ventricular Lead Localization, and Type of Leads | 792 | ||
| Lead localization | 792 | ||
| Type of left ventricular lead | 792 | ||
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy device optimization | 792 | ||
| Device Programming | 793 | ||
| Remote Monitoring | 793 | ||
| Multidisciplinary Approach and Follow-Up | 793 | ||
| SUMMARY | 794 | ||
| REFERENCES | 794 | ||
| Follow-up | A17 | ||
| Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Follow-up | 797 | ||
| Key points | 797 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 797 | ||
| REMOTE MONITORING OF IMPLANTABLE DEVICES | 798 | ||
| OBSERVATIONAL REGISTRIES | 798 | ||
| CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS | 799 | ||
| RANDOMIZED STUDIES OF RESOURCE USE AND TIME TO CLINICAL DECISION | 799 | ||
| CLINICAL OUTCOME TRIALS | 800 | ||
| META-ANALYSIS | 800 | ||
| EXPERIENCE FROM TELEMONITORING IN HEART FAILURE | 800 | ||
| HEALTH ECONOMY | 801 | ||
| THORACIC IMPEDANCE | 803 | ||
| INITIAL EXPERIENCE OF MULTIPARAMETERS TO DETECT PENDING HEART FAILURE EVENTS | 803 | ||
| CONTINUOUS IMPLANTABLE HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING/PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE OR LEFT ATRIAL PRESSURE MONITORING | 804 | ||
| SUMMARY DISCUSSION | 805 | ||
| REFERENCES | 805 |