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Pediatric Infectious Disease: Part II, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book

Pediatric Infectious Disease: Part II, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book

Mary Anne Jackson

(2016)

Additional Information

Abstract

This issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, Guest Edited by Mary Anne Jackson, MD and Angela Myers, MD, is Part II of a 2-part issue devoted to Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Drs. Jackson and Myers have assembled a group of expert authors to review the following topics: Measles 50 Years After Initiation of MMR Vaccine; Pertussis in the Era of New Strains; Promoting Vaccine Confidence; The Changing Epidemiology of Meningococcal Infection; Prevention of Influenza in Children; Rabies - Rare Human Infection, Common Questions; The Expanded Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine; The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication; The Eradication of Pediatric Rotavirus Infection; Approach to Immunization for the Traveling Child; and Status of Pneumococcal Infection in the US in the conjugate vaccine era.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Pediatric Infectious\rDisease: Part II i
Copyright ii
Contributors iii
CONSULTING EDITOR iii
EDITORS iii
AUTHORS iii
Contents vii
Preface: Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Part 2 vii
Prevention of Influenza in Children vii
Rotavirus Infection: A Disease of the Past? vii
Rabies: Rare Human Infection – Common Questions vii
The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication viii
The Changing Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease viii
Pneumococcal Disease in the Era of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine viii
Pertussis in the Era of New Strains of Bordetella pertussis viii
The Expanded Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine ix
Measles 50 Years After Use of Measles Vaccine ix
Approach to Immunization for the Traveling Child ix
Promoting Vaccine Confidence ix
INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS\rOF NORTH AMERICA xi
FORTHCOMING ISSUES xi
March 2016 xi
June 2016 xi
September 2016 xi
RECENT ISSUES xi
September 2015 xi
June 2015 xi
March 2015 xi
Preface: Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Part 2 xiii
Prevention of Influenza in Children 597
Key points 597
INTRODUCTION 597
INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY RATES 598
PATIENT HISTORY 598
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 599
ADDITIONAL TESTING AND IMAGING 599
TREATMENT AND CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS 602
CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS 604
PREVENTION 608
Influenza Vaccine 608
Chemoprophylaxis 612
SUMMARY 612
REFERENCES 612
Rotavirus Infection 617
Key points 617
ROTAVIRUS DISEASE BURDEN 617
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ROTAVIRUS DISEASE 618
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ROTAVIRUS DISEASE 619
PROSPECTS OF ERADICATION OF ROTAVIRUS DISEASE 619
Prevention of Rotavirus Infection Through Vaccination 619
Rotavirus Strain Diversity 620
Rotavirus Vaccine Development Strategies 621
Results of Clinical Trials of Rotavirus Vaccines 623
AVAILABLE ROTAVIRUS VACCINES 624
Recommendations for Use of the Licensed Rotavirus Vaccines 624
Evaluation of the Safety Profile of Rotavirus Vaccine After Licensure 625
Rotavirus Vaccine Coverage 625
United States 625
Global 625
Rotavirus Surveillance to Monitor Vaccine Programs 626
United States surveillance programs 626
World Health Organization surveillance programs 626
Evaluation of the Effect of Rotavirus Vaccine Programs 626
The Effectiveness of Rotavirus Vaccination in the Prevention of Rotavirus Disease 626
Duration of Immunity 627
The Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on the Health Burden of Rotavirus Disease 627
Herd Immunity After Rotavirus Vaccination 627
Changing Epidemiology and Seasonality of Rotavirus Disease After Vaccine Introduction 628
Effect of Vaccination on Rotavirus Strain Circulation and Emergence 628
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 630
Low Vaccine Coverage 630
Need for Large Field Efficacy Trials and After-Licensure Surveillance for New Vaccine Candidates 630
Diminished Efficacy in High-Burden Low-Income Settings 630
Need for Long-Term Surveillance to Monitor the Effects of Vaccination Programs 631
Research Needs 631
REFERENCES 631
Rabies 637
Key points 637
NATURAL HISTORY 637
DIAGNOSIS 639
PROGNOSIS 641
MANAGEMENT 643
COMPLICATIONS 644
EVIDENCE 644
CONTROVERSIES 645
REFERENCES 646
The Challenge of Global Poliomyelitis Eradication 651
Key points 651
INTRODUCTION 652
POLIO AS A CANDIDATE FOR ERADICATION 652
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF POLIO 652
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF POLIO 653
PROGRESS TOWARD GLOBAL ERADICATION OF POLIO 655
ERADICATION STRATEGIES 655
AVAILABLE VACCINES 656
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine 656
Risks of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine 657
Vaccine-associated paralytic polio 657
Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus 657
Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine 657
Concerns raised with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine 658
USING ORAL AND INACTIVATED POLIOVIRUS VACCINES TOGETHER 658
ENDGAME STRATEGY AND TIMELINE 659
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 659
POSTERADICATION RISKS AND MITIGATION 660
RESEARCH NEEDS 662
ROLE OF NORTH AMERICAN PHYSICIANS 662
REFERENCES 662
The Changing Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease 667
Key points 667
INTRODUCTION 667
THE DISEASE AS CANDIDATE FOR ERADICATION 668
CLINICAL ASPECTS 669
EPIDEMIOLOGY 670
AVAILABLE VACCINES 672
IMPACT OF VACCINATION ON DISEASE CONTROL 673
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 674
RESEARCH NEEDS 674
REFERENCES 675
Pneumococcal Disease in the Era of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 679
Key points 679
EPIDEMIOLOGY 680
PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE IN CHILDREN WITH COMORBID CONDITIONS 684
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS 685
TREATMENT 687
Pneumococcal Meningitis 688
Pneumococcal Pneumonia 689
PREVENTION 690
SUMMARY 693
REFERENCES 693
Pertussis in the Era of New Strains of Bordetella pertussis 699
Key points 699
ETIOLOGY, TRANSMISSION, AND VIRULENCE 699
EPIDEMIOLOGY 700
Role of Waning Immunity in Current Epidemiology 702
Role of Strain Adaptation in Current Epidemiology 703
Fimbriae 703
Pertussis toxin 704
Pertactin 704
CLINICAL FEATURES 705
DIAGNOSIS 706
TREATMENT 707
PREVENTION STRATEGIES 708
REFERENCES 710
The Expanded Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine 715
Key points 715
INTRODUCTION 715
ETIOLOGY 716
INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE 716
TRANSMISSION 716
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 717
Asymptomatic 717
Warts 717
Cancer 717
Special Populations 718
DIAGNOSIS 718
Molecular Testing 718
Serology 718
TREATMENT/COMPLICATIONS 718
PROSPECTS OF ERADICATION/ERADICATION STRATEGIES 718
AVAILABLE VACCINES 719
Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Indications 720
Routine use 720
Catch-up ages 721
Permissive use 721
Vaccine Safety 721
Vaccine Efficacy 721
Vaccine Precautions and Contraindications 722
RESEARCH NEEDS 722
REFERENCES 723
Measles 50 Years After Use of Measles Vaccine 725
Key points 725
INTRODUCTION 725
MEASLES HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND VIROLOGY 726
MEASLES PATHOGENESIS 726
DISEASE DESCRIPTION 728
PREVACCINE MEASLES DISEASE BURDEN 729
MEASLES EPIDEMIOLOGY 729
PREVENTION BY VACCINATION 734
Contraindications and Precautions 735
Safety and Efficacy/Effectiveness 736
PATIENT HISTORY 736
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 736
DIAGNOSTIC AND LABORATORY TESTING 737
THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS AND CASE MANAGEMENT 738
PROSPECTS OF ERADICATION AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES 738
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 738
REFERENCES 739
Approach to Immunization for the Traveling Child 745
Key points 745
INTRODUCTION 745
IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES 746
ROUTINE IMMUNIZATIONS OF IMPORTANCE FOR TRAVELERS 746
Measles 746
Polio 747
Pertussis 748
Influenza 748
HEALTH PREPARATION FOR LONG-STAY TRAVELERS 748
RECOMMENDED TRAVEL IMMUNIZATIONS 749
Hepatitis A 749
Typhoid Fever 750
Yellow Fever 751
Meningococcal Disease 752
Rabies 753
Japanese Encephalitis 753
TRAVEL VACCINES NOT AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES 754
Bacille Calmette-Guérin 754
Tick-Borne Encephalitis 755
Pediatric Hepatitis A/B Vaccine 755
FUTURE TRAVEL VACCINES 755
REFERENCES 755
Promoting Vaccine Confidence 759
Key points 759
INTRODUCTION 759
WHAT IS VACCINE HESITANCY ANYWAY? 760
HOW COMMON IS VACCINE HESITANCY? 760
COMPLACENCY AND VACCINE RISK PERCEPTIONS 761
CONFIDENCE IN VACCINE SAFETY 762
CONFIDENCE IN THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 762
ADDRESSING VACCINE HESITANCY 764
DELIVERING THE MESSAGE 764
STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNICATING WITH VACCINE-HESITANT PARENTS 765
PROLOGUE: BACK TO DISNEY 766
REFERENCES 768
Index 771