BOOK
Neuroendocrine Tumors, An Issue of Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, E-Book
Jennifer A. Chan | Matthew K. Kulke
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America is devoted to Neuroendocrine tumors. Articles in this issue include: Pathology Classification of Neuroendocrine Tumors; Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Tumors; Surgical Management of Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors; Systemic Therapies for Advanced Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors; Thymic and Bronchial Carcinoid Tumors; Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors; Systemic Therapies for Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma; Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors; Role of Somatostatin Analogs in the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors; Peptide Receptor Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Neuiroendocrine Tumors; Hepatic-Directed Therapies in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors; and Neuroendocrine Tumor Clinical Trial Interpretation and Design.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| CONSULTING EDITORS | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Neuroendocrine Tumors—Current and Future Clinical Advances\r | vii | ||
| Pathologic Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms\r | vii | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | vii | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | vii | ||
| Systemic Therapies for Advanced Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors\r | viii | ||
| Bronchial and Thymic Carcinoid Tumors\r | viii | ||
| Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | viii | ||
| Systemic Therapies for Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | viii | ||
| Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Genetics, Diagnosis, and Treatment\r | ix | ||
| Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | ix | ||
| Role of Somatostatin Analogues in the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | ix | ||
| Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | ix | ||
| Hepatic-directed Therapies in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | x | ||
| Clinical Trial Design in Neuroendocrine Tumors\r | x | ||
| HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY\rCLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| April 2016 | xi | ||
| June 2016 | xi | ||
| August 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| December 2015 | xi | ||
| October 2015 | xi | ||
| August 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface: Neuroendocrine Tumors—Current and Future Clinical Advances \r | xiii | ||
| Pathologic Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| GENERAL FEATURES OF NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS | 2 | ||
| NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS OF SPECIFIC ANATOMIC SITES | 11 | ||
| Thoracic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | 11 | ||
| Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | 12 | ||
| Intestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | 13 | ||
| PRIMARY SITE DETERMINATION IN NEUROENDOCRINE NEOPLASMS | 14 | ||
| REFERENCES | 15 | ||
| Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Tumors | 21 | ||
| Key points | 21 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 21 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION | 24 | ||
| The Classic Carcinoid Syndrome | 24 | ||
| Flushing | 24 | ||
| Diarrhea | 25 | ||
| Carcinoid Heart Disease | 25 | ||
| Bronchoconstriction | 25 | ||
| Pellagra | 25 | ||
| BLOOD AND URINE BIOMARKERS POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSIS AND FOLLOW-UP | 26 | ||
| Potential Diagnostic Markers | 26 | ||
| Markers Useful in Follow-Up | 26 | ||
| Chromogranin A | 26 | ||
| Urinary 5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid (24-hour Collection) as a Biomarker for Neuroendocrine Tumors | 27 | ||
| Plasma 5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid as a Biomarker for Neuroendocrine Tumors | 28 | ||
| Pancreastatin as a Biomarker for Neuroendocrine Tumors | 28 | ||
| Neurokinin A as a Biomarker for Neuroendocrine Tumors | 29 | ||
| Neuron-specific Enolase as a Biomarker for Neuroendocrine Tumors | 29 | ||
| PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 29 | ||
| Classification | 29 | ||
| Clinical Presentation of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 29 | ||
| Insulinoma | 32 | ||
| Noninsulinoma Pancreatogenous Hypoglycemia Syndrome (or Nesidioblastosis) | 32 | ||
| Glucagonoma (the Sweet Syndrome) | 32 | ||
| Verner-Morrison Syndrome | 32 | ||
| Somatostatinoma | 32 | ||
| Ghrelinoma | 33 | ||
| POTENTIAL BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 33 | ||
| Chromogranin A | 33 | ||
| Chromogranin B | 33 | ||
| Pancreatic Polypeptide | 33 | ||
| Specific Diagnostic Hormonal Assays | 33 | ||
| Screening | 34 | ||
| GASTRIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 34 | ||
| Type 1: Enterochromaffin-like Cell-oma | 34 | ||
| Type 2: Enterochromaffin-like Cell-omas Associated with Gastrinomas | 34 | ||
| Type 3 Enterochromaffin-like Cell-omas | 35 | ||
| HINDGUT NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 35 | ||
| GENE STUDIES AS BIOMARKERS OF GASTROENTEROPANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 35 | ||
| MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES | 36 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 | 36 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 | 36 | ||
| IMAGING OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 37 | ||
| STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING | 37 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 37 | ||
| MRI | 37 | ||
| Ultrasound | 38 | ||
| Endoscopy | 38 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL IMAGING | 38 | ||
| 111Indium-OTPA-octreotide Scan (Octreoscan) | 38 | ||
| PET | 39 | ||
| 123I Metaiodobenzylguanidine | 39 | ||
| Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists Scans | 39 | ||
| VENOUS SAMPLING | 39 | ||
| SPECIFIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS IMAGING EVALUATION | 40 | ||
| Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors | 40 | ||
| Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 40 | ||
| Bronchial and Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 40 | ||
| Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors | 40 | ||
| Hindgut Neuroendocrine Tumors | 40 | ||
| Metastases | 40 | ||
| BONE METASTASES | 41 | ||
| SUMMARY | 41 | ||
| REFERENCES | 42 | ||
| Surgical Treatment of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors | 49 | ||
| Key points | 49 | ||
| INTRODUCTION: NATURE OF THE PROBLEM | 49 | ||
| THE ALTERNATE TUMOR PARADIGM OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 50 | ||
| SUCCESSFULLY LOCATING “OCCULT” PRIMARY NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 50 | ||
| PRIMARY TUMOR RESECTION | 51 | ||
| MESENTERIC NODAL MASSES | 53 | ||
| LIVER METASTASES | 55 | ||
| RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION | 58 | ||
| PROPHYLACTIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY | 59 | ||
| SUMMARY | 59 | ||
| REFERENCES | 60 | ||
| Systemic Therapies for Advanced Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors | 63 | ||
| Key points | 63 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 63 | ||
| SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR THE CONTROL OF SYMPTOMS FROM HORMONE HYPERSECRETION | 64 | ||
| Somatostatin Analogues | 64 | ||
| Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitors | 65 | ||
| Interferon | 65 | ||
| SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR THE CONTROL OF TUMOR GROWTH | 65 | ||
| Somatostatin Analogues | 65 | ||
| Interferon | 67 | ||
| Everolimus | 69 | ||
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors | 69 | ||
| CHEMOTHERAPY | 74 | ||
| NOVEL SYSTEMIC THERAPIES | 75 | ||
| Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy | 75 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 75 | ||
| Additional Targets | 77 | ||
| SUMMARY | 77 | ||
| REFERENCES | 77 | ||
| Bronchial and Thymic Carcinoid Tumors | 83 | ||
| Key points | 83 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 83 | ||
| INCIDENCE, ETIOLOGY, AND PREDISPOSING GENETIC FACTORS | 84 | ||
| Bronchial Carcinoids | 84 | ||
| Thymic Carcinoids | 85 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 85 | ||
| Bronchial Carcinoids | 85 | ||
| Thymic Carcinoids | 86 | ||
| THE CHALLENGE OF SMALL BIOPSIES | 86 | ||
| SYMPTOMS, APPROACH TO MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS, AND STAGING | 86 | ||
| Symptoms | 86 | ||
| Bronchial carcinoids | 86 | ||
| Thymic carcinoids | 87 | ||
| Diagnosis | 88 | ||
| Biopsy | 88 | ||
| Imaging | 88 | ||
| Biochemical assessment | 89 | ||
| Staging and Prognosis | 89 | ||
| Bronchial carcinoids | 89 | ||
| Thymic carcinoids | 89 | ||
| TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL CARCINOIDS | 90 | ||
| Stages I, II, and III | 90 | ||
| Surgery | 90 | ||
| Adjuvant therapy | 90 | ||
| Radiation therapy | 91 | ||
| Locally Advanced Unresectable Disease | 91 | ||
| Surveillance of Resected Bronchial Carcinoids | 91 | ||
| Stage IV Disease | 91 | ||
| Overview | 91 | ||
| Somatostatin analogs | 92 | ||
| Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy | 92 | ||
| Cytotoxic therapy | 93 | ||
| Etoposide–Platinum Regimens | 93 | ||
| Temozolomide-Based Therapies | 94 | ||
| Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors | 94 | ||
| Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors | 95 | ||
| Localized therapy in the setting of metastatic disease | 95 | ||
| TREATMENT OF THYMIC CARCINOIDS | 96 | ||
| SUMMARY | 96 | ||
| REFERENCES | 96 | ||
| Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 103 | ||
| Key points | 103 | ||
| CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 104 | ||
| Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 104 | ||
| Insulinoma | 104 | ||
| Gastrinoma | 105 | ||
| Glucagonoma | 105 | ||
| VIPoma | 106 | ||
| Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 106 | ||
| STAGING | 107 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT | 107 | ||
| Functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 107 | ||
| Insulinoma | 107 | ||
| Gastrinoma | 108 | ||
| Other functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors | 109 | ||
| Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 110 | ||
| Small nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors | 110 | ||
| Extent of surgery | 111 | ||
| Nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 | 111 | ||
| Surgery for Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 111 | ||
| Functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors | 112 | ||
| Nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors | 112 | ||
| SUMMARY | 113 | ||
| REFERENCES | 113 | ||
| Systemic Therapies for Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 119 | ||
| Key points | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| PATHOLOGY | 120 | ||
| GENETICS | 121 | ||
| Inherited Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 121 | ||
| Nonfamilial (Sporadic) Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 121 | ||
| SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF ADVANCED PANCREATIC NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 122 | ||
| Somatostatin Analogues | 122 | ||
| Somatostatin analogues and control of symptoms from hormone secretion | 122 | ||
| Somatostatin analogues and control of tumor growth | 123 | ||
| TARGETED THERAPIES | 123 | ||
| Sunitinib | 124 | ||
| Everolimus | 124 | ||
| CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY | 125 | ||
| Alkylating Agents: Streptozocin | 125 | ||
| Alkylating Agents: Dacarbazine | 125 | ||
| Alkylating Agents: Temozolomide | 126 | ||
| Platinum Agents | 127 | ||
| ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMIC TREATMENTS | 127 | ||
| Peptide Receptor Radiation Therapy | 127 | ||
| Yttrium-90–DOTATOC | 127 | ||
| Lutetium-177–DOTATATE | 128 | ||
| Other Experimental Targeted Treatments | 128 | ||
| Bevacizumab-containing regimens | 128 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 129 | ||
| REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma | 135 | ||
| Key points | 135 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 135 | ||
| GENETICS | 136 | ||
| Classic Tumor Syndromes | 136 | ||
| Hereditary Paraganglioma Syndromes | 136 | ||
| Additional Susceptibility Genes | 140 | ||
| SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS | 141 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 142 | ||
| METASTATIC PHEOCHROMOCYTOMAS AND PARAGANGLIOMAS | 143 | ||
| Treatments for Metastatic Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas | 145 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 145 | ||
| 123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine | 145 | ||
| Targeted Therapies | 146 | ||
| External Beam Radiotherapy | 146 | ||
| SUMMARY | 147 | ||
| REFERENCES | 147 | ||
| Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors | 151 | ||
| Key points | 151 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 151 | ||
| EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS | 152 | ||
| PATIENT PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS | 152 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 152 | ||
| Pathology | 152 | ||
| Staging | 153 | ||
| Imaging | 154 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF LOCALIZED DISEASE | 154 | ||
| Surgical Resection | 154 | ||
| Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Chemotherapy | 155 | ||
| Radiation Therapy | 155 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ADVANCED DISEASE | 155 | ||
| First-Line Chemotherapeutic Options | 155 | ||
| Chemotherapeutic Options for Second-Line Therapy and Beyond | 158 | ||
| SUMMARY | 158 | ||
| REFERENCES | 159 | ||
| Role of Somatostatin Analogues in the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors | 163 | ||
| Key points | 163 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 163 | ||
| SOMATOSTATIN AND SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR PHYSIOLOGY | 164 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATION OF SOMATOSTATIN AND SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES | 165 | ||
| SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUES IN THE TREATMENT OF NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS | 166 | ||
| Controlling Symptoms Arising From Hormone Excess | 166 | ||
| Dosing of Somatostatin Analogues for Hormone-Related Symptoms | 167 | ||
| Control of Tumor Growth | 167 | ||
| Dosing for Control of Tumor Growth | 169 | ||
| The Use of Somatostatin Analogues for Carcinoid Crisis | 169 | ||
| Side Effects of Somatostatin Analogue Therapy | 169 | ||
| MONITORING PATIENTS ON SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE THERAPY | 172 | ||
| APPLICATION OF RADIOLABELED SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUES IN NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS THERAPEUTICS | 172 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 173 | ||
| REFERENCES | 173 | ||
| Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors | 179 | ||
| Key points | 179 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 179 | ||
| PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY EFFICACY: OBJECTIVE RESPONSE AND SURVIVAL | 180 | ||
| PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY: QUALITY OF LIFE | 183 | ||
| PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY: ACUTE AND SUBACUTE SIDE EFFECTS | 183 | ||
| PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY: LONG-TERM SIDE EFFECTS | 183 | ||
| PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY: VARIANTS | 184 | ||
| Combination of Radionuclides | 184 | ||
| Intraarterial Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy | 185 | ||
| Radiosensitizing Drugs and Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy | 185 | ||
| Neoadjuvant Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy | 185 | ||
| Adjuvant Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy | 185 | ||
| Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy As Salvage Therapy | 186 | ||
| Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy with Alpha-Emitters | 186 | ||
| PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY: RANDOMISED TRIALS | 186 | ||
| COMBINING PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY WITH OTHER TREATMENTS | 186 | ||
| SUMMARY | 188 | ||
| REFERENCES | 188 | ||
| Hepatic-directed Therapies in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors | 193 | ||
| Key points | 193 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 193 | ||
| HEPATIC ANATOMY AND RATIONALE FOR INTRA-ARTERIAL THERAPIES | 194 | ||
| INTRA-ARTERIAL THERAPIES REVIEW | 194 | ||
| Mechanisms of Action | 194 | ||
| Transarterial embolization | 195 | ||
| Transarterial chemoembolization | 195 | ||
| Transarterial chemoembolization using drug-eluting beads | 195 | ||
| Clinical Trial Design in Neuroendocrine Tumors | 209 | ||
| Key points | 209 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 209 | ||
| HISTORICAL OVERVIEW | 210 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 211 | ||
| ENDPOINT SELECTION | 212 | ||
| ENDPOINT ASSESSMENT | 213 | ||
| STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 214 | ||
| SUMMARY | 215 | ||
| REFERENCES | 216 | ||
| Index | 219 |