BOOK
Cardiovascular Emergencies, An Issue of Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Drs. Tewelde and Reynolds have put together an excellent issue on Cardiovascuar Emergencies. Articles include:Pregnancy Related Coronary Artery Disease, Decompensated Cyanotic Heart Disease, Blunt Cardiac Injury, Blunt Cardiac Injury, STEMI Chameleons, Hypertensive Emergency, Troubleshooting the Pacer/ICD, Cardiogenic Shock, Cardiac Arrest, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Cardiovascular Emergencies\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Emergency Medicine Clinics Of North America\r | xi | ||
| Foreword\r | xv | ||
| Preface\r | xvii | ||
| Cardiovascular Catastrophes in the Obstetric Population | 483 | ||
| Key points | 483 | ||
| Introduction | 483 | ||
| Hypertensive emergencies | 484 | ||
| Acute coronary syndrome | 486 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 490 | ||
| Dysrhythmias | 491 | ||
| Coronary Artery and Aortic Dissection | 492 | ||
| Thromboembolism | 493 | ||
| Cardiac arrest | 494 | ||
| Summary | 495 | ||
| References | 495 | ||
| The Critically Ill Infant with Congenital Heart Disease | 501 | ||
| Key points | 501 | ||
| Introduction | 501 | ||
| Epidemiology | 503 | ||
| Screening | 503 | ||
| Cyanosis | 504 | ||
| Presentation | 505 | ||
| Diagnosis | 505 | ||
| Hyperoxia Test | 507 | ||
| Physical Examination | 507 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 508 | ||
| Voltage criteria for hypertrophy | 509 | ||
| Laboratory analysis | 509 | ||
| Imaging | 509 | ||
| Echocardiography | 510 | ||
| Emergency department evaluation | 510 | ||
| Medical Management | 512 | ||
| Special considerations | 514 | ||
| Summary | 515 | ||
| References | 516 | ||
| Blunt Cardiac Injury | 519 | ||
| Key points | 519 | ||
| Epidemiology | 519 | ||
| Mechanisms and injury patterns | 520 | ||
| Cardiac Concussion (Also Called Cardiac Contusion) | 520 | ||
| Commotio Cordis | 521 | ||
| Cardiac Rupture | 521 | ||
| Valvular Injury | 521 | ||
| Coronary Artery Injury | 522 | ||
| Pericardial Injury | 522 | ||
| Dysrhythmias | 522 | ||
| Diagnosis | 522 | ||
| Treatment | 524 | ||
| Summary | 525 | ||
| References | 525 | ||
| Chameleons | 529 | ||
| Key points | 529 | ||
| Introduction | 529 | ||
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 530 | ||
| Early repolarization | 531 | ||
| Left bundle branch block | 532 | ||
| Myopericarditis | 532 | ||
| Brugada syndrome | 533 | ||
| Prominent T waves | 533 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 534 | ||
| Early Repolarization | 534 | ||
| Takotsubo or stress-related ST-segment elevation | 534 | ||
| Ventricular aneurysm | 535 | ||
| Summary | 535 | ||
| References | 535 | ||
| Hypertensive Emergencies in the Emergency Department | 539 | ||
| Key points | 539 | ||
| Introduction | 539 | ||
| Definition | 540 | ||
| Evaluation | 541 | ||
| History | 541 | ||
| Physical Examination | 542 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 543 | ||
| Management of hypertensive emergencies | 543 | ||
| Hypertensive Encephalopathy | 543 | ||
| Pulmonary Edema | 544 | ||
| Myocardial Ischemia | 545 | ||
| Aortic Dissection | 545 | ||
| Acute Renal Failure | 548 | ||
| Sympathomimetic Crisis | 548 | ||
| Hypertensive Emergency in Pregnancy | 548 | ||
| Summary | 549 | ||
| References | 549 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 553 | ||
| Key points | 553 | ||
| Introduction | 553 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 554 | ||
| Classification | 554 | ||
| Causes | 555 | ||
| Symptoms and signs | 555 | ||
| Diagnostic testing | 555 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 555 | ||
| Chest Radiography | 555 | ||
| Echocardiography | 556 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 556 | ||
| Emergency department treatment | 557 | ||
| Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation | 558 | ||
| Pharmacologic Therapy | 558 | ||
| Mechanical Assistance | 560 | ||
| Summary | 560 | ||
| References | 561 | ||
| Cardiotoxicodynamics | 563 | ||
| Key points | 563 | ||
| Basic cardiac electrophysiology | 563 | ||
| Ion Channels and the Myocardial Cell Action Potential | 563 | ||
| Cardiac Dysrhythmia Initiation and Propagation | 564 | ||
| Antidysrhythmics | 566 | ||
| Introduction | 566 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 567 | ||
| Clinical Effects | 568 | ||
| Sodium channel blockers | 568 | ||
| Potassium channel blockers | 569 | ||
| Management | 569 | ||
| β-blockers and calcium channel blockers | 572 | ||
| Background | 572 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 573 | ||
| β-blockers | 573 | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 573 | ||
| Clinical Effects | 574 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 574 | ||
| Central nervous system | 575 | ||
| Endocrine | 575 | ||
| Final common pathway | 575 | ||
| Management | 575 | ||
| Cardioactive steroids | 578 | ||
| Introduction | 578 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 578 | ||
| Clinical manifestations | 578 | ||
| Overview | 578 | ||
| Acute toxicity | 579 | ||
| Chronic toxicity | 579 | ||
| Diagnostics | 579 | ||
| Management | 581 | ||
| Gastrointestinal decontamination | 581 | ||
| Fluid and electrolyte therapy | 581 | ||
| Volume depletion | 581 | ||
| Advanced management | 581 | ||
| β-agonists and methylxanthines | 582 | ||
| Background | 582 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 583 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 584 | ||
| Cardiovascular | 584 | ||
| Central nervous system | 585 | ||
| Gastrointestinal | 585 | ||
| Metabolic | 585 | ||
| Management | 585 | ||
| Central α2-agonists | 587 | ||
| Introduction | 587 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 587 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations | 589 | ||
| Special considerations | 589 | ||
| Management | 589 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 590 | ||
| References | 590 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 597 | ||
| Key points | 597 | ||
| Overview | 597 | ||
| Causes | 598 | ||
| Diagnosis | 599 | ||
| Management | 599 | ||
| Rate Control | 600 | ||
| Rhythm Control | 601 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 604 | ||
| Vitamin K antagonists | 606 | ||
| Direct thrombin inhibitors | 606 | ||
| Factor Xa inhibitors | 606 | ||
| Antiplatelet therapy | 607 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection–Related Heart Disease | 613 | ||
| Key points | 613 | ||
| Introduction | 613 | ||
| Definitions | 614 | ||
| Coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome | 614 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 616 | ||
| Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy | 617 | ||
| Pericardial effusion | 618 | ||
| Valvular disease | 619 | ||
| Summary | 619 | ||
| References | 620 | ||
| Management of Crashing Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension | 623 | ||
| Key points | 623 | ||
| Introduction | 623 | ||
| Classification | 624 | ||
| Right ventricular dysfunction | 626 | ||
| Emergency department presentation | 627 | ||
| Diagnostic studies | 628 | ||
| Laboratory Testing | 628 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 628 | ||
| Chest Radiography | 629 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 629 | ||
| Echocardiography | 629 | ||
| Initial management | 632 | ||
| Preload and Volume Status | 632 | ||
| Optimize Right Ventricular Systolic Function | 633 | ||
| Maintain Right Coronary Artery Perfusion | 634 | ||
| Reduce Right Ventricular Afterload | 634 | ||
| Nitric oxide | 635 | ||
| Prostanoids | 635 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase inhibitors | 636 | ||
| Additional considerations | 636 | ||
| Dysrhythmias | 636 | ||
| Anemia | 636 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 636 | ||
| Mechanical Circulatory Support | 637 | ||
| Summary | 637 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 637 | ||
| References | 637 | ||
| Cardiogenic Shock | 645 | ||
| Key points | 645 | ||
| Introduction | 645 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 646 | ||
| Treatment strategies | 647 | ||
| Medical management | 647 | ||
| Digitalis | 647 | ||
| Adrenergics | 647 | ||
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | 648 | ||
| Calcium Sensitizers | 648 | ||
| Other Considerations | 648 | ||
| Mechanical support | 648 | ||
| Intra-aortic Balloon Pump | 649 | ||
| Ventricular-Assist Device | 649 | ||
| Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | 649 | ||
| Summary | 650 | ||
| References | 650 | ||
| Emergency Care of Patients with Pacemakers and Defibrillators | 653 | ||
| Key points | 653 | ||
| Introduction | 653 | ||
| Permanent pacemakers | 654 | ||
| Indications for pacemaker placement | 654 | ||
| Pacemaker malfunction | 655 | ||
| Failure to Pace | 656 | ||
| Failure to Capture | 656 | ||
| Failure to Sense: Oversensing and Undersensing | 656 | ||
| Components of the pacemaker | 656 | ||
| Pulse Generator | 657 | ||
| Pacemaker Leads | 657 | ||
| Pacemaker Lead/Myocardium Interface | 657 | ||
| Emergency department approach to pacemaker malfunction | 658 | ||
| Investigation and Work-up | 658 | ||
| Management | 658 | ||
| Pacemaker-induced dysrhythmias and syndromes | 659 | ||
| Pacemaker-mediated Tachycardia | 659 | ||
| Runaway Pacemaker | 659 | ||
| Pacemaker Syndrome | 660 | ||
| Advanced cardiac life support | 660 | ||
| Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators | 660 | ||
| Indications for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators | 660 | ||
| Approach to the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator that has fired a single time | 661 | ||
| Approach to the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator that has fired multiple times | 661 | ||
| Inappropriate Shocks | 662 | ||
| Appropriate Shocks | 662 | ||
| Electrical Storm | 662 | ||
| Treatment | 662 | ||
| Checking cardiac biomarkers after defibrillation | 663 | ||
| Cardiac arrest in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators | 663 | ||
| Pad Placement | 663 | ||
| Chest Compressions | 663 | ||
| Use of Magnets | 663 | ||
| Complications associated with device insertion: pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators | 663 | ||
| Pocket Hematoma | 663 | ||
| Pocket Infections | 664 | ||
| Lead Infections | 664 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 664 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 664 | ||
| Thrombosis/Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | 664 | ||
| Summary | 665 | ||
| References | 665 | ||
| Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation | 669 | ||
| Key points | 669 | ||
| Introduction | 669 | ||
| General management considerations | 670 | ||
| Pit Crew Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 670 | ||
| Circulatory support | 671 | ||
| Mechanical Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 671 | ||
| Compression-Only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 671 | ||
| Continuous Versus 30:2 | 672 | ||
| Defibrillation | 672 | ||
| Energy Selection and Delivery Method | 672 | ||
| Timing of Shock Delivery | 673 | ||
| The Peri-Shock Pause | 673 | ||
| Airway | 674 | ||
| Adjuncts | 674 | ||
| Cricoid Pressure | 674 | ||
| Advanced Airways | 674 | ||
| Oxygenation | 675 | ||
| Ventilation | 676 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 676 | ||
| Advanced Cardiac Life Support Drugs: General Principles | 676 | ||
| Epinephrine | 676 | ||
| Vasopressin | 677 | ||
| Atropine | 677 | ||
| Antiarrhythmics (Amiodarone or Lidocaine) | 677 | ||
| Devices | 678 | ||
| Mechanical Chest Compression Devices | 678 | ||
| Active Chest Compression-Decompression | 678 | ||
| Impedance Threshold Device | 678 | ||
| A universal termination of resuscitation rule | 678 | ||
| Novel future directions | 678 | ||
| Dispatching Lay Rescuers Via Short Message Service (SMS) Mobile Phone Messages | 679 | ||
| Geographic Mapping of Automated External Defibrillators | 679 | ||
| Extracorporeal Life Support | 679 | ||
| References | 680 | ||
| Appendix | 690 | ||
| Postcardiac Arrest Management | 691 | ||
| Key points | 691 | ||
| Overview and goals of care | 691 | ||
| Determining the cause and extent of injury after cardiac arrest | 691 | ||
| History and Physical Examination | 691 | ||
| Baseline Neurologic Examination | 692 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 692 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 692 | ||
| Laboratory testing | 694 | ||
| Imaging | 694 | ||
| Postcardiac Arrest Illness Severity | 695 | ||
| Management of the postarrest patient | 695 | ||
| Minimize Ongoing Brain Injury | 696 | ||
| Neurologic Prognostication | 697 | ||
| Airway | 697 | ||
| Oxygenation | 698 | ||
| Ventilation | 698 | ||
| Hemodynamic Considerations: End-Organ Perfusion | 698 | ||
| Myocardial Dysfunction | 699 | ||
| Coronary Revascularization | 699 | ||
| Temperature Management | 700 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 700 | ||
| Timing, Goal, and Duration | 700 | ||
| Methods for Induction/Maintenance | 701 | ||
| Sedation and Shivering | 702 | ||
| Rewarming | 702 | ||
| Side Effects | 702 | ||
| General Clinical Care | 703 | ||
| Regionalization of care | 703 | ||
| Summary | 705 | ||
| References | 705 | ||
| Appendix | 712 | ||
| Index | 713 |