BOOK
Nuclear Cardiology, An Issue of Cardiology Clinics, E-Book
Sharmila Dorbala | Piotr Slomka
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Cardiology Clinics, edited by Sharmila Dorbala and Piotr Slomka, examines Nuclear Cardiology. Topics include Advances in SPECT Hardware and Software; Advances in PET Hardware and Software; Technical Advances and Clinical Applications of Cardiac PET/MR; Translational Coronary Atherosclerosis Imaging (NaF PET, FDG); Quantitative Nuclear Cardiology Using New Generation Equipment; Myocardial Perfusion Flow Tracers; Translational Molecular Nuclear Cardiology; Radionuclide Imaging in Congestive Heart Failure (Sarcoid, Amyloid, Viability); Clinical Applications of Imaging Myocardial Innervation; Gated Radionuclide Imaging Including Dyssynchrony Assessment; Clinical PET Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Including Flow Quantitation; and Novel Applications of Radionuclide Imaging in Peripheral Vascular Disease.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Nuclear Cardiology\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| EDITORIAL BOARD | iii | ||
| EDITORS | iii | ||
| AUTHORS | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Preface: Frontiers of Nuclear Cardiology\r | vii | ||
| Advances in Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Hardware and Software\r | vii | ||
| Technical Aspects of Cardiac PET Imaging and Recent Advances\r | vii | ||
| Cardiovascular PET/MRI: Challenges and Opportunities\r | vii | ||
| Radionuclide Tracers for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Blood Flow Quantification\r | vii | ||
| Automated Quantitative Nuclear Cardiology Methods\r | viii | ||
| Stress-first Myocardial Perfusion Imaging\r | viii | ||
| Clinical PET Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Flow Quantification\r | viii | ||
| Long-Term Risk Assessment After the Performance of Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging\r | viii | ||
| Radionuclide Assessment of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony\r | ix | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging in Congestive Heart Failure: Assessment of Viability, Sarcoidosis, and Amyloidosis\r | ix | ||
| Clinical Applications of Myocardial Innervation Imaging\r | ix | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging of Cardiovascular Infection \r | ix | ||
| Novel Applications of Radionuclide Imaging in Peripheral Vascular Disease\r | x | ||
| Translational Coronary Atherosclerosis Imaging with PET\r | x | ||
| Translational Molecular Nuclear Cardiology\r | x | ||
| CARDIOLOGY CLINICS\r | xi | ||
| FORTHCOMING ISSUES | xi | ||
| May 2016 | xi | ||
| August 2016 | xi | ||
| November 2016 | xi | ||
| RECENT ISSUES | xi | ||
| November 2015 | xi | ||
| August 2015 | xi | ||
| May 2015 | xi | ||
| Preface: Frontiers of Nuclear Cardiology \r | xiii | ||
| Advances in Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Hardware and Software | 1 | ||
| Key points | 1 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
| Principles of Nuclear Cardiology Imaging | 1 | ||
| New Requirements for Nuclear Cardiology | 1 | ||
| CONVENTIONAL SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: INSTRUMENTATION AND PRINCIPLES | 2 | ||
| HARDWARE ADVANCES: NEW CAMERA DESIGNS | 3 | ||
| D-SPECT | 4 | ||
| Discovery NM 530c | 5 | ||
| Cardius 3 XPO | 5 | ||
| IQ-SPECT | 5 | ||
| SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHMS | 5 | ||
| Filtered Back-Projection | 6 | ||
| Iterative Reconstruction Techniques | 6 | ||
| Attenuation Correction and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography Hybrid Systems | 7 | ||
| Resolution Recovery Techniques | 8 | ||
| Noise Compensation Techniques | 8 | ||
| Wide Beam Reconstruction | 9 | ||
| Astonish | 9 | ||
| Evolution | 10 | ||
| SUMMARY | 10 | ||
| REFERENCES | 10 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Cardiac PET Imaging and Recent Advances | 13 | ||
| Key points | 13 | ||
| RADIOISOTOPES FOR MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION PET | 13 | ||
| COINCIDENCE DETECTION | 14 | ||
| FIELD OF VIEW AND SINOGRAMS | 15 | ||
| TWO- VERSUS 3-DIMENSIONAL PET | 16 | ||
| PET DETECTORS | 17 | ||
| TIME-OF-FLIGHT IMAGING | 19 | ||
| IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION | 19 | ||
| ATTENUATION CORRECTION AND HYBRID PET/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 20 | ||
| RESPIRATORY GATING | 21 | ||
| REFERENCES | 21 | ||
| Cardiovascular PET/MRI | 25 | ||
| Key points | 25 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 25 | ||
| WHY PET/MRI? | 26 | ||
| PET/MRI SYSTEMS | 26 | ||
| TECHNICAL CHALLENGES | 27 | ||
| CRITERIA FOR CLINICAL ACCEPTANCE | 27 | ||
| Combining Different Morphologic and Biological Parameters | 27 | ||
| Combined coronary angiography and myocardial perfusion | 27 | ||
| Tumor | 29 | ||
| Accurate Colocalization | 30 | ||
| Atherosclerotic plaque | 30 | ||
| Myocardial disease | 30 | ||
| MOLECULAR IMAGING AND THE FUTURE OF CARDIOVASCULAR PET/MRI | 32 | ||
| REFERENCES | 33 | ||
| Radionuclide Tracers for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Blood Flow Quantification | 37 | ||
| Key points | 37 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 37 | ||
| IDEAL PERFUSION TRACER PROPERTIES | 38 | ||
| STANDARD MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING | 42 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW IMAGING | 43 | ||
| SUMMARY | 45 | ||
| REFERENCES | 45 | ||
| Automated Quantitative Nuclear Cardiology Methods | 47 | ||
| Key points | 47 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 47 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF QUANTITATIVE METHODS | 48 | ||
| Left Ventricular Segmentation | 48 | ||
| Left Ventricular Function | 48 | ||
| Myocardial Perfusion | 48 | ||
| Polar maps | 48 | ||
| Quantitative parameters of perfusion | 49 | ||
| Myocardial Blood Flow | 50 | ||
| Transient Ischemic Dilation | 50 | ||
| QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING IN PRACTICE | 51 | ||
| Diagnostic Accuracy | 51 | ||
| Prognostic Accuracy | 51 | ||
| Ischemic Change | 51 | ||
| Reproducibility | 52 | ||
| Limitations of Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Quantification | 52 | ||
| RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 53 | ||
| Quality Control Flags: Toward Full Automation | 53 | ||
| Motion-Frozen Quantification of Perfusion | 53 | ||
| Machine Learning | 54 | ||
| SUMMARY | 55 | ||
| REFERENCES | 55 | ||
| Stress-first Myocardial Perfusion Imaging | 59 | ||
| Key points | 59 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 59 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS/PROGNOSIS | 60 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION | 60 | ||
| ADVANTAGES OF STRESS-FIRST MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING | 61 | ||
| Radiation Reduction | 61 | ||
| Time Savings | 62 | ||
| Thallium-201 | 62 | ||
| CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING STRESS-FIRST MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING | 62 | ||
| Need for Attenuation Correction | 62 | ||
| Need to Review Stress Images | 64 | ||
| Reimbursement Differential | 64 | ||
| Areas of Uncertainty | 64 | ||
| SUMMARY | 65 | ||
| REFERENCES | 65 | ||
| Clinical PET Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Flow Quantification | 69 | ||
| Key points | 69 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 69 | ||
| PET TRACERS FOR MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING AND FLOW QUANTIFICATION | 70 | ||
| Rubidium-82-Chloride | 70 | ||
| N-13-Ammonia | 71 | ||
| F-18-Flurpiridaz | 72 | ||
| O-15-Water | 72 | ||
| PET IMAGING PROTOCOLS FOR MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING AND MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW QUANTIFICATION | 72 | ||
| Patient Preparation and Image Acquisition | 72 | ||
| Image Reconstruction, Quality Assurance, and Artifacts | 73 | ||
| Image Interpretation | 73 | ||
| DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY | 75 | ||
| RISK STRATIFICATION AND PROGNOSIS | 75 | ||
| PET MYOCARDIAL PERFUSIONS IMAGING IMPACT ON CLINICAL DECISION MAKING | 76 | ||
| QUANTIFICATION OF MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW | 77 | ||
| The Role of Quantification in the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease | 79 | ||
| RISK STRATIFICATION AND PROGNOSIS | 79 | ||
| WHEN TO USE PET MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING AND FLOW QUANTIFICATION | 80 | ||
| FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS | 81 | ||
| SUMMARY | 82 | ||
| REFERENCES | 82 | ||
| Long-Term Risk Assessment After the Performance of Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging | 87 | ||
| Key points | 87 | ||
| INITIAL VALIDATION STUDIES AND CLINICAL USES OF STRESS-REST MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING | 87 | ||
| THE CHANGING PATTERN OF CLINICAL CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR CARDIAC TESTING | 89 | ||
| LONG-TERM OUTCOMES AFTER SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY–MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING | 90 | ||
| COMBINED ASSESSMENT OF MODE OF STRESS AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE RISK FACTORS | 92 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF ANATOMIC BURDEN | 95 | ||
| POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE | 95 | ||
| CHANGE IN REPORTING SCHEMA FOR SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY–MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING | 97 | ||
| REFERENCES | 97 | ||
| Radionuclide Assessment of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony | 101 | ||
| Key points | 101 | ||
| DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE | 101 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 102 | ||
| CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IN HEART FAILURE | 102 | ||
| Current Methods of Assessing Ventricular Dyssynchrony | 103 | ||
| Echocardiography | 103 | ||
| Cardiac MRI | 103 | ||
| Myocardial Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography | 104 | ||
| Dyssynchrony Assessment by Gated Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography As a Diagnostic and Risk S ... | 105 | ||
| Predicting response to cardiac resynchronization therapy | 105 | ||
| Assessment of the Site of Latest Activated Segment and Myocardial Scar Burden | 110 | ||
| Other Applications | 111 | ||
| SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 114 | ||
| REFERENCES | 114 | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging in Congestive Heart Failure | 119 | ||
| Key points | 119 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 119 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY IN ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY | 119 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Dysfunctional but Viable Myocardium | 120 | ||
| Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | 120 | ||
| PET | 120 | ||
| Comparison with Nonradionuclide Imaging Modalities for Viability Assessment | 121 | ||
| Hybrid Imaging | 123 | ||
| Landmark Trials | 124 | ||
| SARCOIDOSIS | 125 | ||
| Pathophysiologic Basis for Radionuclide Imaging | 125 | ||
| Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | 126 | ||
| Cardiac PET | 126 | ||
| Comparison with Nonradionuclide Imaging Modalities for Cardiac Sarcoidosis | 127 | ||
| Hybrid Imaging | 127 | ||
| AMYLOIDOSIS | 127 | ||
| 99m-Technetium Pyrophosphate | 128 | ||
| 3,3-Diphosphono-1,2-Propanodicarboxylic Acid | 128 | ||
| Technetium-99m Aprotinin, Iodine-123 Serum Amyloid P, and Iodine-123 Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy | 128 | ||
| PET with F-18 Florbetapir | 129 | ||
| Comparison with Nonradionuclide Imaging Modalities for Cardiac Amyloidosis | 129 | ||
| SUMMARY | 130 | ||
| REFERENCES | 130 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Myocardial Innervation Imaging | 133 | ||
| Key points | 133 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 133 | ||
| CARDIAC SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION | 133 | ||
| Radiotracer Analogues of Norepinephrine | 134 | ||
| CLINICAL IMAGING WITH IODINE 123 META-IODOBENZYLGUANIDINE | 134 | ||
| Patient Preparation and Imaging Techniques | 134 | ||
| Image Interpretation | 135 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF IMAGING WITH IODINE 123 META-IODOBENZYLGUANIDINE AND OTHER SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION TRACERS | 136 | ||
| Iodine 123 meta-Iodobenzylguanidine Imaging to Assess Heart Failure | 137 | ||
| Iodine 123 meta-Iodobenzylguanidine Imaging to Manage Patients with Heart Failure | 138 | ||
| Medical Therapy | 138 | ||
| Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator | 139 | ||
| End-Stage Heart Failure: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy, Left Ventricular Assist Device, Transplant | 141 | ||
| Potential Uses of Iodine 123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine and PET Adrenergic Imaging for Primary Arrhythmias | 142 | ||
| Potential Uses of Adrenergic Imaging to Assess Ischemia | 143 | ||
| Adrenergic Imaging to Assess Myocardial Effects of Diabetes Mellitus | 143 | ||
| SUMMARY | 143 | ||
| REFERENCES | 143 | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging of Cardiovascular Infection | 149 | ||
| Key points | 149 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 149 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 149 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE | 150 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FLUDEOXYGLUCOSE F 18-PET/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING | 150 | ||
| FLUDEOXYGLUCOSE F 18-PET/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR CARDIAC IMPLANTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICE INFECTION | 151 | ||
| REVIEW OF PUBLISHED LITERATURE | 152 | ||
| INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS (SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND PET/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) | 157 | ||
| RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING IN AORTIC VASCULAR GRAFT INFECTIONS | 162 | ||
| TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR INTERPRETATION | 163 | ||
| SUMMARY | 164 | ||
| REFERENCES | 164 | ||
| Novel Applications of Radionuclide Imaging in Peripheral Vascular Disease | 167 | ||
| Key points | 167 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 167 | ||
| STANDARD IMAGING MODALITIES FOR EVALUATING PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE | 168 | ||
| RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE PERFUSION AND BLOOD FLOW | 168 | ||
| RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ANGIOGENESIS | 170 | ||
| RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS | 172 | ||
| POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION OF NOVEL RADIONUCLIDES | 172 | ||
| SUMMARY | 174 | ||
| REFERENCES | 174 | ||
| Translational Coronary Atherosclerosis Imaging with PET | 179 | ||
| Key points | 179 | ||
| WHY IMAGE THE VULNERABLE PLAQUE? | 180 | ||
| CHOOSING A PET TRACER | 180 | ||
| 18F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE AND THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN PLAQUE VULNERABILITY | 180 | ||
| Preclinical 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose | 181 | ||
| Clinical 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose | 182 | ||
| 18F-SODIUM FLUORIDE AND ACTIVE MICROCALCIFICATION | 182 | ||
| ONGOING LIMITATIONS OF CORONARY PET IMAGING | 183 | ||
| Accurate Tracer Localization and Coronary Motion Correction | 183 | ||
| SUMMARY | 184 | ||
| REFERENCES | 184 | ||
| Translational Molecular Nuclear Cardiology | 187 | ||
| Key points | 187 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 187 | ||
| MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM | 187 | ||
| SYMPATHETIC NEURONAL ACTIVATION | 189 | ||
| Neuronal Imaging | 189 | ||
| Arrhythmia | 189 | ||
| Postsynaptic Imaging | 189 | ||
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 190 | ||
| LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION | 190 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 190 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 190 | ||
| Systemic Inflammation | 192 | ||
| MARKERS OF VENTRICULAR AND VASCULAR REMODELING | 192 | ||
| Apoptosis | 192 | ||
| Matrix Remodeling | 192 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin System | 192 | ||
| Integrins | 192 | ||
| Emerging Targets | 193 | ||
| Chemokine receptors | 193 | ||
| Endothelin receptors | 193 | ||
| Thrombosis | 193 | ||
| Plasma transglutinase FXIII | 193 | ||
| REGENERATION | 193 | ||
| Cell Tracking | 193 | ||
| FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES | 194 | ||
| Quantification | 194 | ||
| Novel Markers of Remodeling | 194 | ||
| Streamlined Development | 194 | ||
| Prognostic Imaging | 194 | ||
| SUMMARY | 194 | ||
| REFERENCES | 194 | ||
| Index | 199 |