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Abstract
This book is a comprehensive review of the political career of Benjamin Disraeli, providing a thorough critical analysis of one of the most ambitious and controversial leaders in British history. ‘Disraeli and the Art of Victorian Politics’ is a major addition to our understanding of the dynamics of nineteenth-century politics.
This book is a comprehensive review of the political career of Benjamin Disraeli, providing a thorough critical analysis of one of the most ambitious and controversial leaders in British history. ‘Disraeli and the Art of Victorian Politics’ explores the political journey of a man propelled by a tremendous and sometimes all consuming self-belief.
This study discusses Disraeli’s driving ideology and the extent to which he was able to stay true to these ideals in the face of fierce opposition during his six-year Premiership. The author uniquely recreates the atmosphere of lively debate by introducing competing arguments to punctuate each chapter, a novel and effective way in which to understand the political and social context for both the student and general reader alike.
Disraeli retains a powerful presence in contemporary political discourse – whether in terms of current debates concerning the unsure direction and leadership within the Conservative Party or in more general areas of social and political life such as the role and nature of imperialism, the declining presence of the monarchy and the meaning of Judaism in British life. This updated edition will be a major addition to our understanding of the dynamics of nineteenth-century politics.
'Dr St John has not merely given us a satisfying tool for analysing Disraeli. He has also provided a well-researched political biography...a solid work of scholarship.' —John McLeod, Associate Professor of History, University of Louisville
'With welcome clarity and deft analysis, Ian St John unlocks the mind of one of the most fascinating figures in nineteenth-century England, and in so doing makes accessible to the uninitiated the mysteries, manoevrings and machinations of Victorian politics.' —Tod E. Jones, Professor of English, University of Maryland and author of 'The Broad Church: A Biography of a Movement'
'An excellent and enjoyable political biography of Benjamin Disraeli... Notable are the author's use of diaries and letters which provide a decidedly 'first-hand' commentary on the thoughts and actions of Disraeli and those with whom he came in contact.' —Howard B. Fedrick, Assistant Professor, Department of History, King's College
Ian St John has taught history at Haberdashers’ Aske’s School in Hertfordshire since 2000. His chief research interests are in Victorian history.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Matter | i | ||
Half Title | i | ||
Title | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
Dedication | v | ||
CONTENTS | vii | ||
TIMELINE OF DISRAELI’S CAREER | ix | ||
INTRODUCTION | xi | ||
Preface to the Second Edition\r | xiv | ||
I DISRAELI’S POLITICAL CAREER,1804–1846 | 1 | ||
Years of Adventure, 1824–1831 | 3 | ||
Into Politics, 1832–1837 | 6 | ||
Joining the Conservatives | 9 | ||
Personality | 9 | ||
Political Ideas | 10 | ||
Member of Parliament at Last | 12 | ||
Disraeli, Peel and the Crisis of Conservatism, 1837–1846 | 13 | ||
Conservative Government, 1841 | 14 | ||
Disraeli and Young England | 15 | ||
Disraeli, Young England and the Developing Crisis of Conservatism | 19 | ||
What Motivated Disraeli’s Attack on Peel? | 21 | ||
Corn Law Repeal, 1846, and the Fall of Peel | 25 | ||
Explaining Disraeli’s Role in the Corn Law Crisis | 27 | ||
Historians’ Debate: What motivated Disraeli’s attack on Peel and the Corn Laws – was his behaviour purely opportunistic, or was there someunderlying principle at stake? | 31 | ||
II THE POLITICS OF OPPOSITION,1846–1866 | 35 | ||
Disraeli’s Problem | 38 | ||
Disraeli as Chancellor of the Exchequer | 40 | ||
The 1852 Conservative Government | 40 | ||
Disraeli’s December 1852 Budget | 42 | ||
Assessment | 46 | ||
The Budgets of 1858 and 1867 | 47 | ||
Disraeli’s Record as Chancellor | 47 | ||
Disraeli’s Opposition Strategy 1846–1865 | 48 | ||
Assessment of Disraeli as Opposition Leader | 65 | ||
Successes | 65 | ||
Failures | 66 | ||
Explaining Disraeli’s Failures | 68 | ||
Historians’ Debate: How effective an opposition leader was Disraeli? | 70 | ||
III THE 1867 REFORM ACT | 73 | ||
The 1866 Reform Bill | 74 | ||
The Conservative Government and Reform | 77 | ||
Formulating a Conservative Reform Bill | 79 | ||
The Terms of the Act | 83 | ||
Explaining the 1867 Reform Act | 84 | ||
Popular Agitation | 84 | ||
Conservatives Motives | 85 | ||
Tory Democracy | 86 | ||
Disraeli the Opportunist | 87 | ||
Summary | 87 | ||
The Consequences of the 1867 Reform Act | 88 | ||
Disraeli as Prime Minister, 1868 | 90 | ||
Gladstone’s Leadership | 91 | ||
Gladstone Resurgent: The Issue of Ireland | 92 | ||
Historians’ Debate: What motivated Disraeli’s role in the 1867 Reform Act: short term expediency or long-term Tory Democratic vision? | 94 | ||
IV DISRAELI’S POLITICAL IDEOLOGY | 97 | ||
The 18th Century Heritage | 99 | ||
Bolingbroke | 99 | ||
Burke | 104 | ||
Outline of Disraeli’s Conservatism | 106 | ||
The Elements of Disraeli’s Conservatism | 109 | ||
Critical Reflections on Disraeli’s Conservatism | 121 | ||
Conclusion | 124 | ||
V OPPOSITION AGAIN, 1868–1874 | 131 | ||
Historians’ Debate: Did Disraeli win the 1874 election – or did Gladstone lose it? | 140 | ||
VI PRIME MINISTER, 1874–1880:DOMESTIC POLICY | 143 | ||
The Government | 144 | ||
Social Reform | 146 | ||
Social Reform Measures | 147 | ||
Public Health Act of 1875 | 147 | ||
Artisans’ Dwellings Act of 1875 | 148 | ||
Merchant Shipping Act of 1876 | 148 | ||
Food and Drugs Act of 1875 | 148 | ||
Trade Union Legislation of 1875 | 149 | ||
Sandon’s Education Act of 1876 | 150 | ||
Miscellaneous Other Acts | 150 | ||
Assessment of Social Reforms | 151 | ||
Disraeli’s Role | 153 | ||
Strengthening Institutions | 154 | ||
The Church of England | 154 | ||
Monarchy | 155 | ||
The Landed Aristocracy | 159 | ||
Historians’ Debate: Disraeli and Social Reform | 160 | ||
VII PRIME MINISTER: FOREIGN AND IMPERIAL POLICY | 165 | ||
Constraints | 165 | ||
Disraeli’s Foreign Policy in Practice | 166 | ||
The Eastern Question and the Balance of Power | 167 | ||
Disraeli’s Approach to the Eastern Crisis | 168 | ||
The Bulgarian Atrocities | 171 | ||
Russia Declares War on Turkey | 175 | ||
The Berlin Congress | 180 | ||
Assessment | 181 | ||
Conclusion | 186 | ||
Imperial Policy under Disraeli | 187 | ||
Later Imperial Events | 189 | ||
Assessment | 196 | ||
Assessment of Disraeli’s Foreign Policy | 197 | ||
The Last Years of Disraeli’s Government 1878–1880 | 199 | ||
Foreign Policy Failures | 199 | ||
Health Problems | 199 | ||
Economic Problems | 199 | ||
Agricultural Depression | 199 | ||
Financial Problems | 200 | ||
Loss of Reforming Impetus | 200 | ||
Gladstone Resurgent | 201 | ||
The 1880 Election | 201 | ||
Why did the Conservatives lose in 1880? | 202 | ||
Final Days | 203 | ||
Historians’ Debate: Disraeli and Imperialism | 204 | ||
VIII DISRAELI AND THE ART OF POLITICS | 209 | ||
Personality | 210 | ||
Ideology | 212 | ||
Conflict | 214 | ||
Timing | 214 | ||
Strategy | 216 | ||
Presentation | 217 | ||
Conclusion | 220 | ||
End Matter | 223 | ||
NOTES | 223 | ||
1. Disraeli’s Political Career, 1804–1846 | 223 | ||
2. The Politics of Opposition, 1846–1866 | 224 | ||
3. The 1867 Reform Act | 225 | ||
4. Disraeli’s Political Ideology | 226 | ||
5. Opposition Again, 1868–1874 | 228 | ||
6. Prime Minister, 1874–1880: Domestic Policy | 229 | ||
7. Prime Minister: Foreign and Imperial Policy | 230 | ||
8. Disraeli and the Art of Politics | 232 | ||
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 233 | ||
INDEX | 237 |