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Disraeli and the Art of Victorian Politics

Disraeli and the Art of Victorian Politics

Ian St John

(2010)

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Book Details

Abstract

This book is a comprehensive review of the political career of Benjamin Disraeli, providing a thorough critical analysis of one of the most ambitious and controversial leaders in British history. ‘Disraeli and the Art of Victorian Politics’ is a major addition to our understanding of the dynamics of nineteenth-century politics.


This book is a comprehensive review of the political career of Benjamin Disraeli, providing a thorough critical analysis of one of the most ambitious and controversial leaders in British history. ‘Disraeli and the Art of Victorian Politics’ explores the political journey of a man propelled by a tremendous and sometimes all consuming self-belief.

This study discusses Disraeli’s driving ideology and the extent to which he was able to stay true to these ideals in the face of fierce opposition during his six-year Premiership. The author uniquely recreates the atmosphere of lively debate by introducing competing arguments to punctuate each chapter, a novel and effective way in which to understand the political and social context for both the student and general reader alike.

Disraeli retains a powerful presence in contemporary political discourse – whether in terms of current debates concerning the unsure direction and leadership within the Conservative Party or in more general areas of social and political life such as the role and nature of imperialism, the declining presence of the monarchy and the meaning of Judaism in British life. This updated edition will be a major addition to our understanding of the dynamics of nineteenth-century politics.


'Dr St John has not merely given us a satisfying tool for analysing Disraeli. He has also provided a well-researched political biography...a solid work of scholarship.' —John McLeod, Associate Professor of History, University of Louisville


'With welcome clarity and deft analysis, Ian St John unlocks the mind of one of the most fascinating figures in nineteenth-century England, and in so doing makes accessible to the uninitiated the mysteries, manoevrings and machinations of Victorian politics.' —Tod E. Jones, Professor of English, University of Maryland and author of 'The Broad Church: A Biography of a Movement'


'An excellent and enjoyable political biography of Benjamin Disraeli... Notable are the author's use of diaries and letters which provide a decidedly 'first-hand' commentary on the thoughts and actions of Disraeli and those with whom he came in contact.' —Howard B. Fedrick, Assistant Professor, Department of History, King's College


Ian St John has taught history at Haberdashers’ Aske’s School in Hertfordshire since 2000. His chief research interests are in Victorian history.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Matter i
Half Title i
Title iii
Copyright iv
Dedication v
CONTENTS vii
TIMELINE OF DISRAELI’S CAREER ix
INTRODUCTION xi
Preface to the Second Edition\r xiv
I DISRAELI’S POLITICAL CAREER,1804–1846 1
Years of Adventure, 1824–1831 3
Into Politics, 1832–1837 6
Joining the Conservatives 9
Personality 9
Political Ideas 10
Member of Parliament at Last 12
Disraeli, Peel and the Crisis of Conservatism, 1837–1846 13
Conservative Government, 1841 14
Disraeli and Young England 15
Disraeli, Young England and the Developing Crisis of Conservatism 19
What Motivated Disraeli’s Attack on Peel? 21
Corn Law Repeal, 1846, and the Fall of Peel 25
Explaining Disraeli’s Role in the Corn Law Crisis 27
Historians’ Debate: What motivated Disraeli’s attack on Peel and the Corn Laws – was his behaviour purely opportunistic, or was there someunderlying principle at stake? 31
II THE POLITICS OF OPPOSITION,1846–1866 35
Disraeli’s Problem 38
Disraeli as Chancellor of the Exchequer 40
The 1852 Conservative Government 40
Disraeli’s December 1852 Budget 42
Assessment 46
The Budgets of 1858 and 1867 47
Disraeli’s Record as Chancellor 47
Disraeli’s Opposition Strategy 1846–1865 48
Assessment of Disraeli as Opposition Leader 65
Successes 65
Failures 66
Explaining Disraeli’s Failures 68
Historians’ Debate: How effective an opposition leader was Disraeli? 70
III THE 1867 REFORM ACT 73
The 1866 Reform Bill 74
The Conservative Government and Reform 77
Formulating a Conservative Reform Bill 79
The Terms of the Act 83
Explaining the 1867 Reform Act 84
Popular Agitation 84
Conservatives Motives 85
Tory Democracy 86
Disraeli the Opportunist 87
Summary 87
The Consequences of the 1867 Reform Act 88
Disraeli as Prime Minister, 1868 90
Gladstone’s Leadership 91
Gladstone Resurgent: The Issue of Ireland 92
Historians’ Debate: What motivated Disraeli’s role in the 1867 Reform Act: short term expediency or long-term Tory Democratic vision? 94
IV DISRAELI’S POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 97
The 18th Century Heritage 99
Bolingbroke 99
Burke 104
Outline of Disraeli’s Conservatism 106
The Elements of Disraeli’s Conservatism 109
Critical Reflections on Disraeli’s Conservatism 121
Conclusion 124
V OPPOSITION AGAIN, 1868–1874 131
Historians’ Debate: Did Disraeli win the 1874 election – or did Gladstone lose it? 140
VI PRIME MINISTER, 1874–1880:DOMESTIC POLICY 143
The Government 144
Social Reform 146
Social Reform Measures 147
Public Health Act of 1875 147
Artisans’ Dwellings Act of 1875 148
Merchant Shipping Act of 1876 148
Food and Drugs Act of 1875 148
Trade Union Legislation of 1875 149
Sandon’s Education Act of 1876 150
Miscellaneous Other Acts 150
Assessment of Social Reforms 151
Disraeli’s Role 153
Strengthening Institutions 154
The Church of England 154
Monarchy 155
The Landed Aristocracy 159
Historians’ Debate: Disraeli and Social Reform 160
VII PRIME MINISTER: FOREIGN AND IMPERIAL POLICY 165
Constraints 165
Disraeli’s Foreign Policy in Practice 166
The Eastern Question and the Balance of Power 167
Disraeli’s Approach to the Eastern Crisis 168
The Bulgarian Atrocities 171
Russia Declares War on Turkey 175
The Berlin Congress 180
Assessment 181
Conclusion 186
Imperial Policy under Disraeli 187
Later Imperial Events 189
Assessment 196
Assessment of Disraeli’s Foreign Policy 197
The Last Years of Disraeli’s Government 1878–1880 199
Foreign Policy Failures 199
Health Problems 199
Economic Problems 199
Agricultural Depression 199
Financial Problems 200
Loss of Reforming Impetus 200
Gladstone Resurgent 201
The 1880 Election 201
Why did the Conservatives lose in 1880? 202
Final Days 203
Historians’ Debate: Disraeli and Imperialism 204
VIII DISRAELI AND THE ART OF POLITICS 209
Personality 210
Ideology 212
Conflict 214
Timing 214
Strategy 216
Presentation 217
Conclusion 220
End Matter 223
NOTES 223
1. Disraeli’s Political Career, 1804–1846 223
2. The Politics of Opposition, 1846–1866 224
3. The 1867 Reform Act 225
4. Disraeli’s Political Ideology 226
5. Opposition Again, 1868–1874 228
6. Prime Minister, 1874–1880: Domestic Policy 229
7. Prime Minister: Foreign and Imperial Policy 230
8. Disraeli and the Art of Politics 232
BIBLIOGRAPHY 233
INDEX 237