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Rethinking the Social through Durkheim, Marx, Weber and Whitehead

Rethinking the Social through Durkheim, Marx, Weber and Whitehead

Michael Halewood

(2014)

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Book Details

Abstract

According to some social theorists, we are ‘at the end of the social’. This book argues that such pronouncements may be premature, as we need to reengage with what sociologists have previously meant by ‘the social’. ‘Rethinking the Social’ is the first book to systematically analyse the different concepts of the social developed by Durkheim, Marx and Weber. It examines how the concept of the social became unproblematic for twentieth-century writers and suggests that debates surrounding this concept remain very much alive. Building on A. N. Whitehead’s work, Halewood develops a novel ‘philosophy of the social’.


“This is a deeply insightful analysis of the notion of the social in classical sociological theory. It makes a very significant contribution to the philosophy of the social and demonstrates the continued relevance of the concept.” —Gerard Delanty, University of Sussex


“Halewood challenges and unsettles our preconceptions through a provocative, forensic examination of the conceptions of the social in the ‘founding classics’ of sociology. In the process, he skilfully opens up a surprising array of possibilities for rethinking a ‘philosophy of the social’.” —Rob Stones, University of Western Sydney


“An inventive and optimistic philology of social theory. Halewood demonstrates that social scientists do not really ‘know’ what the social is and shows why this is not actually a disadvantage when we try to understand and transform the real world.” —Karin Harrasser, Kunstuniversität Linz, Austria


Michael Halewood is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Essex. He is the author of ‘A. N. Whitehead and Social Theory: Tracing a Culture of Thought’ (Anthem Press).


“This engagingly written book addresses a key issue in contemporary social science: how should ‘the social’ be conceptualized? Halewood carefully re-interprets key works to generate new insights into the relationship between the animal, the natural and the social.” —Stephen Kemp, University of Edinburgh


“This engagingly written book addresses a key issue in contemporary social science: how should ‘the social’ be conceptualized? Halewood carefully re-interprets key works to generate new insights into the relationship between the animal, the natural and the social.” —Stephen Kemp, University of Edinburgh


“An inventive and optimistic philology of social theory. Halewood demonstrates that social scientists do not really ‘know’ what the social is and shows why this is not actually a disadvantage when we try to understand and transform the real world.” —Karin Harrasser, Kunstuniversität Linz, Austria


“This is a deeply insightful analysis of the notion of the social in classical sociological theory. It makes a very significant contribution to the philosophy of the social and demonstrates the continued relevance of the concept.” —Gerard Delanty, University of Sussex


Sociologists and social theorists use the term ‘social’ frequently. We talk of social relations, social media, social networks, social factors, and so on, as well as ‘the social’. But do we always know what we mean or what we are invoking when we deploy the term ‘social’?

The concept of the ‘social’ has often been treated as almost self-explanatory, inherited from the works of the instigators of sociology and social theory who, it is assumed, all meant the same thing by the term. ‘Rethinking the Social’ argues that this is not the case, and that there are major differences between their approaches. This the first book to systematically analyse the different concepts of the social developed by Durkheim, Marx and Weber. It examines how the concept of the social became unproblematic for twentieth-century writers and suggests that debates surrounding this concept remain very much alive. Building on A. N. Whitehead’s work, Halewood develops a novel ‘philosophy of the social’.


“Halewood challenges and unsettles our preconceptions through a provocative, forensic examination of the conceptions of the social in the ‘founding classics’ of sociology. In the process, he skilfully opens up a surprising array of possibilities for rethinking a ‘philosophy of the social’.” —Rob Stones, University of Western Sydney

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Rethinking the Social through Durkheim, Marx, Weber and Whitehead i
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
Durkheim ix
Marx ix
Weber ix
Chapter One RETHINKING THE SOCIAL 1
Three Aims 3
A Philosophy of the Social 4
Latour, or not Latour? 9
A Brief Example: Giddens and The Constitution of Society 11
Chapter Two DURKHEIM APPROACHES THE SOCIAL 17
Introduction 17
The Social Is Natural 18
The Social Is Moral 23
One Social Solidarity or Two? 26
Sociality, Morality, Authority and Collectivity 32
The Problem of Society 37
Chapter Three DURKHEIM’S PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOCIAL 43
A Question of Association 43
Durkheim’s “Philosophy of the Social” 45
Science, Things and Force 46
The Categories – Social or Natural? 50
Durkheim’s Philosophy of the Collective 53
Collectivity and Totality 55
Chapter Four MARX ON THE SOCIAL AND THE SOCIETAL 61
Introduction 61
Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (1843) 62
The Holy Family (1844) 72
The German Ideology (1845–46) 73
“Preface” to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) 78
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) 81
Capital (1867) 83
Chapter Five WEBER’S “SOZIAL” ACTION 91
Introduction 91
Weber’s Context: Sociology, the Social and the Science of Society 92
The Meaning of the Social and the Sociality of Meaning 94
A Question of Collectivity? 100
Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft and the Groupings of Social Action 103
Conclusion – Animal Societies? 108
Chapter Six THE EARLY DEATH OF THE PROBLEM OF THE SOCIAL 111
The Structure of Social Action Volume I: Durkheim 112
The Structure of Social Action Volume II: Weber 116
The Social System 118
Chapter Seven TOWARD A PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOCIAL – PART ONE:DURKHEIM, MARX, WEBER (AND SIMMEL) REVISITED 123
Durkheim 123
Marx 128
Weber 130
Simmel 133
Conclusion 137
Chapter Eight TOWARD A PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOCIAL – PART TWO: WHITEHEAD ON SOCIOLOGY, SOCIETIES AND THE SOCIAL 139
Whitehead’s “Sociology” 140
The Order of Nature and the Creation of Societies 146
Order and Disorder in Nature and Society 150
The Creation of Societies 154
Conclusion 157
NOTES 161
Chapter One: Rethinking the Social 161
Chapter Two: Durkheim Approaches the Social 161
Chapter Three: Durkheim’s Philosophy of the Social 162
Chapter Four: Marx on the Social and the Societal 162
Chapter Five: Weber’s “Sozial” Action 163
Chapter Six: The Early Death of the Problem of the Social 164
Chapter Eight: Toward a Philosophy of the Social – Part Two. Whitehead on Sociology, Societies and the Social 164
REFERENCES 167
INDEX 171