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The Military and Denied Development in the Pakistani Punjab

The Military and Denied Development in the Pakistani Punjab

Shahrukh Rafi Khan | Aasim Sajjad Akhtar | Sohaib Bodla

(2014)

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Abstract

This book focuses on the retrogressive agrarian interventions by the Pakistani military in rural Punjab and explores the social resentment and resistance it triggered, potentially undermining the consensus on a security state in Pakistan. Set against the overbearing and socially unjust role of the military in Pakistan’s economy, this book documents a breakdown in the accepted function of the military beyond its constitutionally mandated role of defence. Accompanying earlier work on military involvement in industry, commerce, finance and real estate, the authors’ research contributes to a wider understanding of military intervention, revealing its hand in various sectors of the economy and, consequently, its gains in power and economic autonomy.


Shahrukh Rafi Khan is a Visiting Professor of economics at Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts.

Aasim Sajjad Akhtar is Assistant Professor of political economy at the National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Sohaib Bodla is currently working as a freelance writer and researcher, and as a volunteer for NGOs including the Dutch development organization, Cordaid.


“Analytically incisive, the authors boldly reveal how growing resistance to military authority in rural Punjab is eroding the army’s institutional power and challenging its sacrosanct status in Pakistan’s politics.” –Kavita Khory, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts


“This engaging, grounded book captures the essence of military influence and control throughout Pakistan’s economy and doesn’t shy away from exploring everyday acts of social resistance. Arguing that the military is in large part responsible for ‘development denied,’ this book is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand politics, economics and many of the reasons behind the social upheavals in Pakistan today.” —Anita M. Weiss, University of Oregon


“This is a pioneering study of the military’s appropriation of land to enrich retired servicemen and, more importantly, strengthen its economic domination as a corporate entity.” —Tariq Rehman, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore


Military power has long been a serious obstacle to a sustained democracy in Pakistan. The authors investigate the Pakistani military’s retrogressive agrarian interventions in the Punjab, and outlines a change, as recognised by society, in the military’s rightful function within the economy.

Set against the social resentment instigated by the military’s agricultural land grabbing, and a burgeoning resistance to the military’s overbearing and socially unjust role in Pakistan’s economy, this book supplements a larger body of work detailing the military’s hand in industrial, commercial, financial and real estate sectors. Any gain in economic autonomy wielded by the military makes it less answerable to civilian oversight, and makes it more likely to act to protect its economic interests.

The survival of civilian rule in Pakistan, which is critically important for the foreseeable future, requires a fundamental reordering of the balance of power between state institutions, and between state and society. Pakistan, long encumbered by the military yoke, has witnessed its first peaceful transition from one political administration to another; and in a move congenial to the consolidation of this democratic process, ‘The Military and Denied Development in the Pakistani Punjab’ exposes the nefarious nature of the military’s predation, and signals a move for the military to be contained to its constitutionally mandated role – defence.


“This is a pioneering study of the military’s appropriation of land to enrich retired servicemen and, more importantly, strengthen its economic domination as a corporate entity.” —Tariq Rehman, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore


“This engaging, grounded book captures the essence of military influence and control throughout Pakistan’s economy and doesn’t shy away from exploring everyday acts of social resistance. Arguing that the military is in large part responsible for ‘development denied,’ this book is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand politics, economics and many of the reasons behind the social upheavals in Pakistan today.” —Anita M. Weiss, University of Oregon


“Analytically incisive, the authors boldly reveal how growing resistance to military authority in rural Punjab is eroding the army’s institutional power and challenging its sacrosanct status in Pakistan’s politics.” –Kavita Khory, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
The Military and Denied Development in the Pakistani Punjab i
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
ABBREVIATIONS xi
PREFACE xiii
Notes xxvi
References xxvii
Chapter One THE MILITARY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN 1
Introduction 1
Economic Growth and the Development Process 3
Is the Military’s Economic Management in Pakistan More Efficient? 9
Reforming the Military Mindset and Attaining Social Justice as a Pre-condition for Collective Action 14
Conclusion 17
Notes 19
References 20
Chapter Two PUNJAB’S STATE–SOCIETY CONSENSUS ON THE MILITARY’S DOMINANCE AND ECONOMIC ROLE 23
Introduction 23
Punjabi State–Society Relations in the Colonial Period 23
Punjabi State–Society Relations in the Postcolonial Period: The Defense Imperative 26
The Eroding State–Society Consensus: The Birth of a New Punjab? 27
The Military and the State in Pakistan 32
Conclusion 35
Notes 37
References 40
Chapter Three RESEARCH DESIGN, METHOD, INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND SCOPE OF THE MILITARY’S LAND ACQUISITIONS 43
Introduction 43
An Evolving Research Design and Method 44
Institutional Issues 46
Scope of Nonborder Allocations 49
Preview 50
Appendices to Chapter 3 52
Notes 62
References 63
Chapter Four THE MILITARY’S AGRARIAN LAND ACQUISITIONS: HIGH HANDEDNESS AND SOCIAL RESENTMENT 65
Introduction 65
Rangers: Masters of Their Domain 66
Border-Land Allocations 72
On the Other Side 74
Nonborder Allocations 75
Summary and Conclusions 78
Notes 80
Reference 81
Chapter Five FROM SOCIAL RESENTMENT TO SOCIAL RESISTANCE 83
Introduction 83
Why Not Resist? Understanding the Culture of Compromise 84
Covert Resistance 87
Overt Resistance: Incidents of Collective Action 89
Conclusion 93
Notes 93
References 94
Chapter Six BAHRIA TOWN: A MILITARY-RELATED REAL ESTATE VENTURE 95
Introduction 95
Conceptual Framework 96
Background: Bahria Town in the Twin Cities 97
Case Study: Death and Displacement in GHQ’s Backyard 98
Summary 101
Notes 102
References 103
Chapter Seven THE MILITARY AS LANDLORD IN THE PAKISTANI PUNJAB: CASE STUDY OF THE OKARA FARMS 105
Introduction 105
Conceptual Framework 105
Military Farms in Pakistani Punjab: A History 108
Tenure Relations in the Canal Colonies 112
Changes in Tenure: The New Contract 115
The Dispute and the Peasant Revolt 117
Concluding Comment 121
Notes 122
References 126
Chapter Eight GUARDIANS NO MORE? THE BREAKDOWN OF THE CONSENSUS 129
Notes 135
References 136
GLOSSARY 137
INDEX 141