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The Spirit of Luc Boltanski

The Spirit of Luc Boltanski

Simon Susen | Bryan S. Turner

(2014)

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Abstract

The fact that Luc Boltanski is widely regarded as one of the most influential French sociologists of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries should be reason enough for putting together a collection of essays concerned with the major intellectual contributions that he has made to the humanities and social sciences. Boltanski has emerged as the most prominent, and also most innovative, French sociologist since the death of Pierre Bourdieu in 2002. It is ironic that, despite both the magnitude and the originality of Boltanski’s oeuvre, one finds only few systematic commentaries, let alone edited books, on his work in the vast industry of contemporary sociological enquiry. The purpose of this volume is to fill this gap in the literature by creating opportunities for debate capable of representing the wide range of discussions that Boltanski’s writings have sparked amongst researchers in the humanities and social sciences over the past decades.


‘Luc Boltanski’s intellectual contribution stands out due to its impressive originality and multidimensionality. This insightful book succeeds in locating Boltanski’s work in an international and interdisciplinary terrain. It is a mustread for anyone who is interested in the far-reaching significance of Boltanski’s oeuvre.’ —Michèle Lamont, Acting Director of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and Robert I. Goldman Professor of European Studies, Harvard University


‘This is a book that is needed to understand the ideas and research dynamics of one of the greatest contemporary sociologists. This impressive collection of essays provides not only an introduction to his work, but also insightful analyses of its reception, critical discussions on its wider significance, and reflexive comments by Luc Boltanski himself, all of which will make this volume a classic.’ —Ève Chiapello, Research Director, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), Paris


‘In his rich theoretical and empirical work, Boltanski has given new meaning to the notion of “critique” – away from the pretensions of academic radicals, toward actual human beings and their moral judgements. This impressively wide-ranging collection gives an excellent overview of the controversies about one of the most prominent French sociologists.’ —Hans Joas, Humboldt University of Berlin and University of Chicago


What is the relevance of Luc Boltanski’s ‘pragmatic sociology of critique’ to central issues in contemporary social and political analysis? In seeking to respond to this question, this book contains critical commentaries from prominent social theorists attempting to map out the influence and broad scope of Boltanski’s oeuvre.


‘Among the explorers of social life and its dynamics, Luc Boltanski is one of the greatest path-finders and path-blazers alive. The ideas he forms in successive reports of his findings are invariably as novel as the realities he investigates and indefatigably attempts, with great success, to catch in flight.’ —Zygmunt Bauman, Emeritus Professor, University of Leeds


‘This superb volume offers a complete critical appraisal of Luc Boltanski’s major works. The range and depth of analysis in impressive. The individual chapters, authored by established scholars, are most insightful and the introductory and concluding chapters by the editors are exceptional.’ —Gerard Delanty, University of Sussex


‘Simon Susen and Bryan S. Turner’s superb edited collection offers an exhaustive appraisal of Luc Boltanski’s contributions to sociology and social theory. Including several interviews and materials that were previously unavailable in English, no aspect of Boltanski’s work has been left untouched.’ —Daniel Chernilo, Loughborough University


Simon Susen is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at City University London.

Bryan S. Turner is the Presidential Professor of Sociology at the City University of New York. Concurrently, he is the Director of the Institute for Religion, Politics and Society at the Australian Catholic University, Melbourne.


‘This monumental book is destined to increase awareness and appreciation of Luc Boltanski’s impressive scholarship and the urgent relevance of his ideas to making sense of the inextricable moral and political dilemmas of local and global society.’ —Michele Dillon, University of New Hampshire


‘This superb volume offers a complete critical appraisal of Luc Boltanski’s major works. The range and depth of analysis in impressive. The individual chapters, authored by established scholars, are most insightful and the introductory and concluding chapters by the editors are exceptional.’ —Gerard Delanty, University of Sussex


‘In his rich theoretical and empirical work, Boltanski has given new meaning to the notion of “critique” – away from the pretensions of academic radicals, toward actual human beings and their moral judgements. This impressively wide-ranging collection gives an excellent overview of the controversies about one of the most prominent French sociologists.’ —Hans Joas, Humboldt University of Berlin and University of Chicago


‘[T]he editors of The Spirit of Luc Boltanski […] rightly call him the most prominent and innovative French sociologist since Bourdieu. The time is ripe for an assessment of his oeuvre so far’ —‘Canadian Journal of Sociology’


‘This monumental book is destined to increase awareness and appreciation of Luc Boltanski’s impressive scholarship and the urgent relevance of his ideas to making sense of the inextricable moral and political dilemmas of local and global society.’ —Michele Dillon, University of New Hampshire


‘This is a book that is needed to understand the ideas and research dynamics of one of the greatest contemporary sociologists. This impressive collection of essays provides not only an introduction to his work, but also insightful analyses of its reception, critical discussions on its wider significance, and reflexive comments by Luc Boltanski himself, all of which will make this volume a classic.’ —Ève Chiapello, Research Director, School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS), Paris


‘Luc Boltanski has been among the most wide-ranging, creative, and influential of recent social scientists. His work has shaped and indeed helped to revive the tradition of pragmatist enquiry in sociology. This collection is the first comprehensive assessment of his work; it is exceptionally good, and it should be of interest to all social theorists and cultural sociologists.’ —Craig Calhoun, Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science


‘This rich volume will help introduce Luc Boltanski’s sociology to unfamiliar readers, while at the same time advancing discussion of its potential and limitations.’ —Neil Gross, University of British Columbia


‘Simon Susen and Bryan S. Turner’s superb edited collection offers an exhaustive appraisal of Luc Boltanski’s contributions to sociology and social theory. Including several interviews and materials that were previously unavailable in English, no aspect of Boltanski’s work has been left untouched.’ —Daniel Chernilo, Loughborough University


‘Among the explorers of social life and its dynamics, Luc Boltanski is one of the greatest path-finders and path-blazers alive. The ideas he forms in successive reports of his findings are invariably as novel as the realities he investigates and indefatigably attempts, with great success, to catch in flight.’ —Zygmunt Bauman, Emeritus Professor, University of Leeds


‘This rich volume will help introduce Luc Boltanski’s sociology to unfamiliar readers, while at the same time advancing discussion of its potential and limitations.’ —Neil Gross, University of British Columbia


‘Luc Boltanski’s intellectual contribution stands out due to its impressive originality and multidimensionality. This insightful book succeeds in locating Boltanski’s work in an international and interdisciplinary terrain. It is a mustread for anyone who is interested in the far-reaching significance of Boltanski’s oeuvre.’ —Michèle Lamont, Acting Director of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and Robert I. Goldman Professor of European Studies, Harvard University


‘Luc Boltanski has been among the most wide-ranging, creative, and influential of recent social scientists. His work has shaped and indeed helped to revive the tradition of pragmatist enquiry in sociology. This collection is the first comprehensive assessment of his work; it is exceptionally good, and it should be of interest to all social theorists and cultural sociologists.’ —Craig Calhoun, Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
The Spirit of Luc Boltanski i
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS v
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix
Preface xxiii
Notes xxviii
References xxix
Luc Boltanski: His Life and Work – An Overview 3
Biographical Facts 3
Major Works and Contributions 5
Conclusion 23
Notes 23
References 24
Three Theories of Justice: Preliminary Reflections 29
Introduction: On Simplification 29
Three Theories of ‘the Political’ 31
The Böckenförde Dilemma 32
Habermas, Public Sphere, and Religion 34
Boltanski on Justice and Justification 37
Islam as the Fly in the Ointment 41
What Is the Solution? 42
Acknowledgements 45
References 45
The Spirit of Luc Boltanski: Chapter Outline 49
Luc Boltanski and (Post-) Classical Sociology 49
Luc Boltanski and Pragmatism 50
Luc Boltanski and Critique 51
Luc Boltanski and Critical Sociology 53
Luc Boltanski and Political Sociology 54
Luc Boltanski and Contemporary Issues 58
Luc Boltanski in Conversation 60
Luc Boltanski and His Critics 61
Notes 61
References 62
CHAPTER 1 Figures of Descent from Classical Sociological Theory: Luc Boltanski 67
I. The First Phase: Boltanski under the Aegis of Bourdieu 68
II. The Middle Period: Boltanski’s Neo-Weberian Typology of Social Worlds 69
III. The Late Phase 71
Interweaving the Problematics of Classical Sociological Theory 81
Conclusion: On Critique and Oppositional Social Movements 83
Acknowledgements 85
Notes 85
References 86
CHAPTER 2 Did You Say ‘Pragmatic’? Luc Boltanski’s Sociology from a Pragmatist Perspective 91
1. What Is ‘Pragmatic’ about Boltanski’s Sociology? 92
2. A Depreciation of the Domain of Practice 95
3. A Hobbesian Anthropology as a Background for ‘Pragmatic Sociology’? 106
4. From ‘Sociology of Critique’ Back to ‘Critical Sociology’ 119
Short Conclusion 124
Acknowledgements 124
Notes 124
References 126
CHAPTER 3 Why (Not) Pragmatism? 129
1. Enquiring Transformation: The Conceptual Dealing with Uncertainty 132
2. The Constitutive Character of Critique in Society 136
3. Incongruent Modes of Ordering: Description versus Normativity 142
Conclusion 146
Notes 147
References 148
CHAPTER 4 The Moral Idealism of Ordinary People as a Sociological Challenge: Reflections on the French Reception of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot’s On Justification 153
1. A New Approach to the Relation of Sociology with Common Sense 154
2. An Artificial Theoretical Framework? 156
3. A Relativist Theory of Justice? 156
4. A New Version of Historical Materialism? 158
5. A Denaturalizing Analysis of Socialization 159
6. An Irenic View of Social Relations? 160
7. A New Approach to Personal Identity 161
Concluding Remarks: The Impact of On Justification upon French Sociology, and Vice Versa 162
Acknowledgements 164
Notes 165
References 168
CHAPTER 5 Is There Such a Thing as a ‘Pragmatic Sociology of Critique’? Reflections on Luc Boltanski’s On Critique 173
I. The Task of Critical Theory: The Problematization of Social Life 176
II. The Function of Institutions: The Construction of Social Life 182
III. The Role of Critique: The Legitimization of Social Life 185
IV. The Power of Domination: The Reproduction of Social Life 187
V. The Potential of Emancipation: The Transformation of Social Life 189
Critical Reflections: Weaknesses and Limitations 191
Acknowledgements 197
Notes 198
References 205
CHAPTER 6 Strengths and Limitations of Luc Boltanski’s On Critique 211
Introduction 211
‘Neo-Managerialism’ and the Proliferation of Tests, Audits, and Benchmarks 212
A Synthesis of Two Forms of Critique: ‘Structural’ and ‘Pragmatic’ 215
Three Kinds of Test: Truth, Reality, and Existential 221
Addressing On Critique’s Limitations: In Situ Critique and the Strategic Terrain 224
Acknowledgements 231
Notes 231
References 232
CHAPTER 7 A Renewal of Social Theory That Remains Necessary: The Sociology of Critical Capacity Twenty Years After 235
References 243
CHAPTER 8 Enlarging Conceptions of Testing Moments and Critical Theory: Economies of Worth, On Critique, and Sociology of Engagements 245
1. Before and after the ‘Critical Reality Test’ 246
2. Reporting on Testing Engagements: Sociological and Literary Arts 253
Acknowledgement 259
Notes 259
References 260
CHAPTER 9 Pierre Bourdieu and the Early Luc Boltanski (1960–1975): Collective Ethos and Individual Difference 265
Introduction 265
1960–1965 269
1965–70 277
1970–1972/73 281
Beyond 1972/73 284
Conclusion 285
Acknowledgement 286
Notes 286
References 288
CHAPTER 10 Beyond Pragmatic Sociology: A Theoretical Compromise between ‘Critical Sociology’ and the ‘Pragmatic Sociology of Critique’ 293
Introduction 293
I. Inflections 296
II. Hybridization 302
III. The Compromise between ‘Critical Sociology’ and the ‘Sociology of Critique’ 306
Concluding Remarks 309
Acknowledgements 311
Notes 311
References 311
CHAPTER 11 Towards a Dialogue between Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘Critical Sociology’ and Luc Boltanski’s ‘Pragmatic Sociology of Critique’ 313
Introduction 313
I. Points of Convergence between Bourdieu and Boltanski 314
II. Points of Divergence between Bourdieu and Boltanski 319
Conclusion 334
Acknowledgements 335
Notes 336
References 341
CHAPTER 12 The Promise of Pragmatic Sociology, Human Rights, and the State 351
Introduction 351
1. Everyday Justice 352
2. States, Justice, and Critique 357
3. States as ‘Composite Set-Ups’ 361
Conclusion 364
Note 366
References 366
CHAPTER 13 ‘The Political’ in the ‘Pragmatic Sociology of Critique’: Reading Boltanski with Lefort and Castoriadis 369
‘The Political’ 370
Politics and ‘the Political’ in the Work of Luc Boltanski 373
Radical Democracy 375
Uncertainty 376
The Relation between ‘World’ and ‘Reality’ 377
The Political Form of Society 379
The Decline of Politics? 381
Concluding Remarks 386
Acknowledgements 386
Notes 386
References 388
CHAPTER 14 Axel Honneth and Luc Boltanski at the Epicentre of Politics 391
From ‘Political Sociology’ to ‘Moral and Political Sociology’ 394
Immanent Normativity of Political and Moral Judgement 397
Conditions of Felicity of Public Denunciation 399
The Legitimacy, Facticity, and Admissibility of Critique 403
Moral Suffering and Political Suffering 407
Acknowledgements 409
Notes 409
References 409
CHAPTER 15 The Civil Sphere and On Justification: Two Models of Public Culture 413
Introduction 413
The Civil Sphere and On Justification: What Makes Them Comparable 414
Justice and Justification: One Concern, Two Theories 415
Types of ‘Public Culture’: The State and Pluralism 418
Conclusion 420
Notes 420
References 422
CHAPTER 16 Luc Boltanski in Euroland 425
Introduction 425
Luc Boltanski and Critical Theory 425
Luc Boltanski and the EU 428
Conclusion 438
Acknowledgements 439
Notes 439
References 440
CHAPTER 17 Reflections on the Indignation of the Disprivileged and the Underprivileged 445
Introduction: ‘Practice’ in Marxism and Sociology 445
The New Spirit of Capitalism 451
The Economic Crisis of 2008: The Seeds of Indignation 457
Occupy Wall Street 460
Tea Party Anger 462
Conclusion: Indignities 464
Note 466
References 466
CHAPTER 18 Arranging the Irreversible: The Female Condition and Contradiction 471
Notes 482
References 483
CHAPTER 19 Luc Boltanski and the Gift: Beyond Love, beyond Suspicion…? 485
Between Philia and Agapè: The Gift in Love and Justice as Competences 485
On Justification and the Gift 490
Conclusion: Beyond Love, beyond Suspicion…? 493
Acknowledgements 496
Notes 496
References 497
CHAPTER 20 The World of Worth in the Transhuman Condition: Prolegomena to a Proactionary Sociology 501
In Search of a Common Ontology of Value 501
The Transhumanist World of Worth 507
Acknowledgements 514
References 514
CHAPTER 21 Luc Boltanski and the Problem of Time: Notes towards a Pragmatic Sociology of the Future 517
Introduction 517
The Renewal of the Social Sciences 518
The Rise of a Pragmatic World 521
The Time of Situations 523
No Future 526
The Eternal Present 529
Pragmatic Futures 533
Conclusion 535
Notes 535
References 536
CHAPTER 22 An Introduction to ‘“Whatever Works”: Political Philosophy and Sociology – Luc Boltanski in Conversation with Craig Browne’ 541
Acknowledgements 546
Notes 546
References 546
CHAPTER 23 ‘Whatever Works’: Political Philosophy and Sociology – Luc Boltanski in Conversation with Craig Browne 549
Acknowledgements 559
Notes 559
References 559
CHAPTER 24 Sociology of Critique or Critical Theory? Luc Boltanski and Axel Honneth in Conversation with Robin Celikates 561
I 561
II 565
III 570
IV 573
V 580
Acknowledgements 587
Notes 588
References 588
CHAPTER 25 The Fragility of Reality: Luc Boltanski in Conversation with Juliette Rennes and Simon Susen 591
Acknowledgement 609
Notes 609
References 609
Luc Boltanski and His Critics: An Afterword 613
Luc Boltanski and (Post-) Classical Sociology 613
Luc Boltanski and Pragmatism 621
Luc Boltanski and Critical Sociology 676
Luc Boltanski and Political Sociology 692
Luc Boltanski and Contemporary Issues 727
Notes 749
References 784
INDEX OF NAMES 803
INDEX OF SUBJECTS 813
ADVANCE PRAISE 853