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Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India

Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India

Kenneth Bo Nielsen | Anne Waldrop

(2014)

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Book Details

Abstract

The pace of socioeconomic transformation in India over the past two and a half decades has been formidable. This volume sheds light on how these transformations have played out at the level of everyday life to influence the lives of Indian women, and gender relations more broadly. Through ethnographically grounded case studies, the authors portray the contradictory and contested co-existence of discrepant gendered norms, values and visions in a society caught up in wider processes of sociopolitical change. ‘Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India’ moves the debate on gender and social transformation into the domain of everyday life to arrive at locally embedded and detailed, ethnographically informed analyses of gender relations in real-life contexts that foreground both subtle and not-so-subtle negotiations and contestations.


‘[O]ne of the key strengths of this book is the meticulous application of an intersectional approach by all the contributors. […] The expansive range of topics provides us, as readers, with excellent glimpses into the complex transitions at play in modern India, and the generation of novel concepts […] gives us much to reflect upon.’ —Shalini Grover, ‘Gender & Development’


‘This book is a remarkable exercise aimed at comprehending and capturing change in a very complex society. It is an extremely useful volume for students and researchers of development and women’s studies.’ —Padmini Swaminathan, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Hyderabad, India


‘This book is a remarkable exercise aimed at comprehending and capturing change in a very complex society. It is an extremely useful volume for students and researchers of development and women’s studies.’ —Padmini Swaminathan, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Hyderabad, India


The pace of socioeconomic transformation in India over the past two and a half decades has been formidable. This volume sheds light on key processes of gendered change by exploring how macro-structural processes of social transformation interface with everyday life-worlds to generate new contestations and contradictions that impinge directly on the everyday lives of ordinary Indian women, and on the relations between genders.

Through ethnographically grounded case studies, the contradictory and contested co-existence of discrepant gendered norms, values and visions in a society caught up in wider processes of sociopolitical change are portrayed. ‘Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India’ moves the debate on gender and transformation into the domain of everyday life to arrive at locally embedded and detailed, ethnographically informed analyses of gender relations in real-life contexts that foreground both subtle and not-so-subtle negotiations and contestations.

The chapters take the reader inside the university classroom as well as the NGO, the urban slum and the rural health clinic; they visit the Pentecostal church, the call centre and the beaches of Goa; they venture into the men’s rights group, the court room and the anti-land acquisition rally; they engage with Maoist writings and the ideology of neoliberal governance and they analyse the use of grinders, mixers, make-up, smart phones and solar photovoltaic mini-grids – to name but a few.


Kenneth Bo Nielsen is an anthropologist and research fellow at the Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo, Norway.

Anne Waldrop is an anthropologist and associate professor of development studies at Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Norway.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Women, Gender and Everyday Social Transformation in India i
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii
WOMEN AND GENDER IN A CHANGING INDIA 1
‘The Women’s Question’ at Three Historical Junctures 2
Social Transformation in Postreform India 4
Everyday Social Transformation: Approaches and Methods 6
The Chapters 9
Work, Technology, Aspirations 9
Democracy and the Developmental State 11
Assertions and Activism 13
Notes 15
References 16
Part I WORK, TECHNOLOGY, ASPIRATIONS 19
Chapter One TODAY’S ‘GOOD GIRL’: THE WOMEN BEHIND INDIA’S BPO INDUSTRY 21
Women in the BPO Industry: Class, Reputation and Surveillance 22
Shilpa: Money, Marriage and the Male Inferiority Complex 24
Poonam: From Day Factory Worker to a Night IT Career 26
Transformation at the Personal Level 28
Transformation at the Societal Level 28
Conclusion 30
Notes 31
References 32
Chapter Two GENDER, INTERSECTIONALITY AND SMARTPHONES IN RURAL WEST BENGAL 33
Agricultural Growth and Crises 35
Gendered Spheres 36
Diffusion of Mobile Telephony in Janta 36
Gendered Phone-Use Patterns 37
Phone-Use Affordances and Barriers 39
Phones Mediate Conversation Contexts 41
Conclusions 43
Notes 44
References 44
Chapter Three THE INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY IN THE SUNDARBAN ISLANDS: CONSERVING OR TRANSFORMING GENDER RELATIONS? 47
Methods 49
Sagar and Moushuni Islands: The Socioeconomic Context 49
Men Becoming Involved in Electricity 51
Household Organization, Gender Roles and the Gendered Distribution of Wealth 51
Electricity Entering Sundarban Homes 53
Evening Practices: Housewives Stay at Home, Husbands Attend Village Markets 53
Electric Light: Enhancing Education and Making Cooks Become More Efficient 54
Control of Electricity’s Uses and Decision Making at Home 55
Conclusion: Gender Relations Transformed? 58
Notes 59
References 60
Chapter Four CHANGING CONSUMPTION AND THE NEGOTIATION OF GENDER ROLES IN KERALA 63
The ‘Kerala Model’ of Social Development 64
Kerala’s Unique Gender Legacy 65
Gender Pressure and Gendered Consumption 67
Communicating womanly ideals 67
Dowry negotiations 70
Family apprenticeship 70
Housework 70
Conclusion 71
Notes 72
References 72
Chapter Five GENDER, WORK AND SOCIAL CHANGE: RETURN MIGRATION TO KERALA 75
Agency 76
Migration from Kerala to the Gulf Countries 76
The Return Migrants 77
The Place of Return 78
Experiences of Returning Home 79
Returned Men and Women’s Agency 81
Returned Women and Their Agency 83
Conclusion 86
Notes 86
References 86
Chapter Six SHOWTIME AND EXPOSURESIN NEW INDIA: THE REVELATIONS OF LUCKY FARMHOUSE 89
Lucky Farmhouse: The Model 90
The Changing Profile of Western Women in India 92
The Revelations of a Swedish Blonde 94
Real New India 97
Notes 98
References 99
Part II DEMOCRACY AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATE 103
Chapter Seven GENDER AND DEMOCRATIZATION: THE POLITICS OF TWO FEMALEGRASSROOTS ACTIVISTS IN NEW DELHI 105
Democratization, Mediation and Women in Indian Politics 106
Janata Camp and Vijay Vihar as Seen by the State 108
Indira: Two Types of Activism in an Unauthorized Colony 109
Maya: Politics and Social Work in a Slum 113
Conclusion: The Power of Women 116
Notes 118
References 119
Chapter Eight THE REPRODUCTIVE BODYAND THE STATE: ENGAGING WITH THE NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION IN TRIBAL ODISHA 123
The Conduct of the Family and the Conduct of the State 124
From Coercive Measures to Women’s Rights and Child Survival 125
The Ethnographic Context of the Gadaba Tribe in Odisha 127
The Entry of the NRHM: Protecting Mother and Child 130
‘There Was No Medical and Not Many Medicines in Our Time!’ 130
Women as Citizens 131
Cash Incentives as State Alms 133
Conclusion 134
Notes 135
References 136
Chapter Nine A VEILED CHANGE AGENT: THE ‘ACCREDITED SOCIAL HEALTH ACTIVIST’ IN RURAL RAJASTHAN 139
Theoretical Approach: Agency and Change 140
Policy Visions 141
Being a Bahū in Her Sasurāl: The ASHA’s Social Context 142
Gendered Aspects of Work, Economy and Agency 146
The ASHA’s Work 147
The Monthly Review Meetings 149
Extended Agency of Movement 150
Social Networks: Friendship and Support 150
Handling Bureaucracy and Authority Figures 151
Potential for Being a Social ‘Activist’ 152
The ASHA: Planting Seeds of Change? 154
Notes 155
References 155
Chapter Ten DISCIPLINING GENDER AND GENDERING DISCIPLINE: WOMEN’S STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA 157
Movement and Discipline 159
The Internal Critique and the Politics of Interdisciplinarity 162
Pedagogical Practices inside the Classroom 166
Conclusion 170
Notes 171
References 172
Part III ASSERTIONS AND ACTIVISM 173
Chapter Eleven NEW SUBALTERNS? FEMINIST ACTIVISM IN AN ERA OF NEOLIBERAL DEVELOPMENT 175
The Co-option of Indian Feminism 176
West Bengal’s Feminist Field 178
Finding Feminism 179
Khela, Shakti, Sachetana 180
Transforming the Self 183
Professionalizing Activism 184
Conclusion: Beyond Co-option 185
Note 187
References 187
Chapter Twelve FAMILY, FEMININITY, FEMINISM: ‘STRUCTURES OF FEELING’ IN THE ARTICULATION OF MEN’S RIGHTS 189
Structures of Feeling in Collective Action 190
Saving Family, Saving Nation 191
Paradise Lost 193
Forging Solidarity 194
Descriptions of Femininity and the Threat of Feminist Change 195
Implicating Hegemonic Masculinity 198
Conclusion 199
Notes 200
References 200
Chapter Thirteen WOMEN’S ACTIVISM IN THE SINGUR MOVEMENT, WEST BENGAL 203
The Women’s Question and the Question of Women in Politics 204
The Singur Movement and the Mahishya Women of Shantipara 206
Forging an Activist Identity 208
Being an Activist: Transgressing Domesticity 211
Circumscribing Women’s Activism 213
Conclusion: Gender and Transformation in the Singur Movement 215
Notes 216
References 217
Chapter Fourteen THE WOMEN’S QUESTION AND INDIAN MAOISM 219
Women and the Indian Left: A Brief History 221
The Women’s Question in Maoist Literature 223
Anuradha Ghandy and Revolutionary Feminism 229
Conclusion 231
Notes 232
References 232
Chapter Fifteen CASTE AND CLASS IN GENDERED RELIGION: DALIT WOMEN IN CHENNAI’S SLUMS 235
Urban Dalit Women’s Contextual History: Poverty and Patriarchy 238
The Gender Paradox: The Contradictory Norms of Urban Gender Relations 239
The Sharp Decline in the Status of Lower-Caste Tamil Women 240
Dalit Men, Disempowerment and Alcoholism: A Normative Emasculation 240
State Support for Greater Liquor Consumption 241
Intolerable Stress Levels and Female Suicides 242
Building a New Moral Community through Prayer Groups: Creating Interrelationship 243
Conclusion 246
Notes 247
References 248
ABOUT THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 251
Editors 251
Contributors 251