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Consumption, Cities and States

Consumption, Cities and States

Ann Brooks | Lionel Wee

(2014)

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Book Details

Abstract

‘Consumption, Cities and States’ examines the fascinating intersection of consumption, citizenship and the state in a cross-section of global cities in Asia and the West. It focuses on a number of theoretical and empirical analyses: developing and amplifying the intersection of consumption, citizenship and the state in late modernity in relation to a range of cities; examining the concept of the global city as an ‘aspirational’ category for cities in Asia and the West; and considering case studies which highlight the intersection of consumption and the state. As Ann Brooks and Lionel Wee demonstrate, the interface between citizen status and consumer activity proves a crucial point of analysis in the light of the neoliberal assertion that individuals and institutions perform at their best within a free market economy.


Ann Brooks is a Visiting Professor at the Institute of Health and Community, Plymouth University. She was appointed Professor of Sociology and Cultural Studies at the University of Adelaide in 2008 and is part of the Australian Research Council–funded Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions.

Lionel Wee is a Professor and Head of the Department of English Language and Literature at the National University of Singapore.


In ‘Consumption, Cities and States: Comparing Singapore with Asian and Western Cities’, Ann Brooks and Lionel Wee focus on the interrelationship of consumption, citizenship and the state in the context of globalization, calling for greater emphasis to be placed on the citizen as consumer. While it is widely recognized that citizenship is increasingly defined by ‘gradations of esteem’, where different kinds of rights and responsibilities accrue to different categories and subcategories of ‘citizens’, not enough analytical focus has been given to how the status of being a citizen impacts the individual’s consumption. The interface between citizen status and consumer activity is a crucial point of analysis in light of the neoliberal assertion that individuals and institutions perform at their best within a free market economy, and because of the state’s expectations regarding citizens’ rights and responsibilities as consumers not just as producers. In this remarkable comparative study, the authors examine these relationships across a number of cities in both Asia and the West.


‘This broad-ranging book, demonstrating the breadth and capacity of the authors, provides new insights into what it means for cities to aspire to global city status. It focuses attention on city-state relations and the reflexive roles of individuals and institutions in the making of global cities. While the work centres on Singapore, interested readers will welcome its comparative analysis of other global city aspirants.’ —Lily Kong, Vice Provost at the National University of Singapore and coeditor of ‘Creative Economies, Creative Cities: Asian-European Perspectives’


‘This is a theoretically sophisticated and always accessible transdisciplinary comparative analysis of Singapore’s successive strategies to become a world-class or global city. The book explores its capacities for institutional self-reflection and strategic learning and the sometimes banal, sometimes surprising tactics adopted to consolidate local loyalties and attract foreign talents and investment.’ —Bob Jessop, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, Lancaster University


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Consumption, Cities and States i
Title iii
Copyright iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii
INTRODUCTION ix
Ranking Cities x
States and Cities x
Dimensions of Consumption: Reflexivity, Cosmopolitanism and Citizenship xi
Organization of the Book xiii
Chapter 1 CONSUMPTION, REFLEXIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN GLOBAL CITIES 1
Introduction 1
Negotiating Reflexivity in Late Modernity 1
Cosmopolitanism as Elite Individual Subjectivity 5
Citizenship as an Ethical Regime 8
Regulating the Consumer 13
Conclusion 18
Chapter 2 ORDERS OF REFLEXIVITY 19
Introduction 19
Debating Reflexivity and Agency 19
Bohman and the Transformative Potential of Critical Reflexivity 24
Multiple Markets, Ambivalence and Reflexivity 27
On Institutional Reflexivity 29
Reflexivity, the ‘Ranked List’ and Enterprise Culture 31
The Ranked List 32
Conclusion 36
Chapter 3 RESCALING FOR COMPETITIVENESS 37
Introduction 37
Globalization and Global Cities 37
Singapore: A Brief History 40
Concomitants of Rescaling: Time and Space 45
Global Cities: Aspirations and Concerns 48
Conclusion 50
Chapter 4 THE DYNAMICS OF STATE–SOCIETY NEGOTIATIONS 53
Introduction 53
The State in Singapore and the Institutionalization of Reflexivity 54
From Feedback to REACH 55
Conversations about Singapore 58
The Singaporean Diaspora 67
Conclusion 71
Chapter 5 (DE-)REGULATING ASIAN IDENTITIES: COMPARING ASIAN CITIES AND STATES 73
Introduction 73
Deregulation of Identity: The Enigma of Singapore 76
Malaysia: The Bumiputra Policy and Islam 79
Hong Kong: Competing with Mainlanders 83
Conclusion 85
Chapter 6 CITIZENSHIP, REFLEXIVITY AND THE STATE: INVESTIGATING ‘DEFENSIVE ENGAGEMENT’ IN A CITY-STATE 89
Introduction 89
Citizenship, Reflexivity and the State 90
Citizenship and Defensive Engagement in Singapore 94
Mobilization of Citizenship as Defensive Engagement 95
Citizenship and the Politics of Inclusion in the USA 100
Reflexivity and Defensive Engagement 102
Conclusion 104
Chapter 7 GOVERNING THE CITIZEN-CONSUMER: CITIZENSHIP, CASINOS AND ‘CATHEDRALS OF CONSUMPTION’ 107
Introduction 107
Citizenship: Rights, Responsibilities and Consumption 108
Political Consumerism, Reflexivity and Citizenship 112
Legalizing Casinos in Singapore 113
Casinos and ‘Integrated Resorts’: Zones within Zones 114
Differentiating Consumers 115
Casinos and Consumption: A Brief History 117
‘Cathedrals of Consumption’ 121
Casino Resorts: Aspirational Category or Addiction? 122
A Cosmopolitan City or Asian Nation-State? 125
Abstention as a Dimension of Political Consumerism 126
Conclusion 128
Chapter 8 REGULATING CONSUMPTION AND THE ‘PINK DOLLAR’ 131
Introduction 131
Asian Values, Conservatism and Gay Activism in Asia 134
The Risk Society and the Politics of Consumption 138
Testing the Boundaries of Discreet Consumption 143
Gay Culture and City Life 148
Singapore, San Francisco and Stockholm 149
Chapter 9 STATES AS ‘MIDWIVES’ TO CITIES: COSMOPOLITANISM, CITIZENSHIP AND CONSUMPTION IN THE MODERN STATE 153
Introduction 153
Distinguishing between Realistic and Unrealistic Utopias 154
Managing Same-Sex Relations in Singapore, Sydney, Stockholm and San Francisco 155
Value Ecology 159
Unit Scale 161
Developmental Trajectory 165
On Institutions of Public Deliberation 168
Conclusion 171
REFERENCES 173
INDEX 189