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Abstract
‘Consumption, Cities and States’ examines the fascinating intersection of consumption, citizenship and the state in a cross-section of global cities in Asia and the West. It focuses on a number of theoretical and empirical analyses: developing and amplifying the intersection of consumption, citizenship and the state in late modernity in relation to a range of cities; examining the concept of the global city as an ‘aspirational’ category for cities in Asia and the West; and considering case studies which highlight the intersection of consumption and the state. As Ann Brooks and Lionel Wee demonstrate, the interface between citizen status and consumer activity proves a crucial point of analysis in the light of the neoliberal assertion that individuals and institutions perform at their best within a free market economy.
Ann Brooks is a Visiting Professor at the Institute of Health and Community, Plymouth University. She was appointed Professor of Sociology and Cultural Studies at the University of Adelaide in 2008 and is part of the Australian Research Council–funded Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions.
Lionel Wee is a Professor and Head of the Department of English Language and Literature at the National University of Singapore.
In ‘Consumption, Cities and States: Comparing Singapore with Asian and Western Cities’, Ann Brooks and Lionel Wee focus on the interrelationship of consumption, citizenship and the state in the context of globalization, calling for greater emphasis to be placed on the citizen as consumer. While it is widely recognized that citizenship is increasingly defined by ‘gradations of esteem’, where different kinds of rights and responsibilities accrue to different categories and subcategories of ‘citizens’, not enough analytical focus has been given to how the status of being a citizen impacts the individual’s consumption. The interface between citizen status and consumer activity is a crucial point of analysis in light of the neoliberal assertion that individuals and institutions perform at their best within a free market economy, and because of the state’s expectations regarding citizens’ rights and responsibilities as consumers not just as producers. In this remarkable comparative study, the authors examine these relationships across a number of cities in both Asia and the West.
‘This broad-ranging book, demonstrating the breadth and capacity of the authors, provides new insights into what it means for cities to aspire to global city status. It focuses attention on city-state relations and the reflexive roles of individuals and institutions in the making of global cities. While the work centres on Singapore, interested readers will welcome its comparative analysis of other global city aspirants.’ —Lily Kong, Vice Provost at the National University of Singapore and coeditor of ‘Creative Economies, Creative Cities: Asian-European Perspectives’
‘This is a theoretically sophisticated and always accessible transdisciplinary comparative analysis of Singapore’s successive strategies to become a world-class or global city. The book explores its capacities for institutional self-reflection and strategic learning and the sometimes banal, sometimes surprising tactics adopted to consolidate local loyalties and attract foreign talents and investment.’ —Bob Jessop, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, Lancaster University
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Consumption, Cities and States | i | ||
Title | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
TABLE OF CONTENTS | v | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | vii | ||
INTRODUCTION | ix | ||
Ranking Cities | x | ||
States and Cities | x | ||
Dimensions of Consumption: Reflexivity, Cosmopolitanism and Citizenship | xi | ||
Organization of the Book | xiii | ||
Chapter 1 CONSUMPTION, REFLEXIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN GLOBAL CITIES | 1 | ||
Introduction | 1 | ||
Negotiating Reflexivity in Late Modernity | 1 | ||
Cosmopolitanism as Elite Individual Subjectivity | 5 | ||
Citizenship as an Ethical Regime | 8 | ||
Regulating the Consumer | 13 | ||
Conclusion | 18 | ||
Chapter 2 ORDERS OF REFLEXIVITY | 19 | ||
Introduction | 19 | ||
Debating Reflexivity and Agency | 19 | ||
Bohman and the Transformative Potential of Critical Reflexivity | 24 | ||
Multiple Markets, Ambivalence and Reflexivity | 27 | ||
On Institutional Reflexivity | 29 | ||
Reflexivity, the ‘Ranked List’ and Enterprise Culture | 31 | ||
The Ranked List | 32 | ||
Conclusion | 36 | ||
Chapter 3 RESCALING FOR COMPETITIVENESS | 37 | ||
Introduction | 37 | ||
Globalization and Global Cities | 37 | ||
Singapore: A Brief History | 40 | ||
Concomitants of Rescaling: Time and Space | 45 | ||
Global Cities: Aspirations and Concerns | 48 | ||
Conclusion | 50 | ||
Chapter 4 THE DYNAMICS OF STATE–SOCIETY NEGOTIATIONS | 53 | ||
Introduction | 53 | ||
The State in Singapore and the Institutionalization of Reflexivity | 54 | ||
From Feedback to REACH | 55 | ||
Conversations about Singapore | 58 | ||
The Singaporean Diaspora | 67 | ||
Conclusion | 71 | ||
Chapter 5 (DE-)REGULATING ASIAN IDENTITIES: COMPARING ASIAN CITIES AND STATES | 73 | ||
Introduction | 73 | ||
Deregulation of Identity: The Enigma of Singapore | 76 | ||
Malaysia: The Bumiputra Policy and Islam | 79 | ||
Hong Kong: Competing with Mainlanders | 83 | ||
Conclusion | 85 | ||
Chapter 6 CITIZENSHIP, REFLEXIVITY AND THE STATE: INVESTIGATING ‘DEFENSIVE ENGAGEMENT’ IN A CITY-STATE | 89 | ||
Introduction | 89 | ||
Citizenship, Reflexivity and the State | 90 | ||
Citizenship and Defensive Engagement in Singapore | 94 | ||
Mobilization of Citizenship as Defensive Engagement | 95 | ||
Citizenship and the Politics of Inclusion in the USA | 100 | ||
Reflexivity and Defensive Engagement | 102 | ||
Conclusion | 104 | ||
Chapter 7 GOVERNING THE CITIZEN-CONSUMER: CITIZENSHIP, CASINOS AND ‘CATHEDRALS OF CONSUMPTION’ | 107 | ||
Introduction | 107 | ||
Citizenship: Rights, Responsibilities and Consumption | 108 | ||
Political Consumerism, Reflexivity and Citizenship | 112 | ||
Legalizing Casinos in Singapore | 113 | ||
Casinos and ‘Integrated Resorts’: Zones within Zones | 114 | ||
Differentiating Consumers | 115 | ||
Casinos and Consumption: A Brief History | 117 | ||
‘Cathedrals of Consumption’ | 121 | ||
Casino Resorts: Aspirational Category or Addiction? | 122 | ||
A Cosmopolitan City or Asian Nation-State? | 125 | ||
Abstention as a Dimension of Political Consumerism | 126 | ||
Conclusion | 128 | ||
Chapter 8 REGULATING CONSUMPTION AND THE ‘PINK DOLLAR’ | 131 | ||
Introduction | 131 | ||
Asian Values, Conservatism and Gay Activism in Asia | 134 | ||
The Risk Society and the Politics of Consumption | 138 | ||
Testing the Boundaries of Discreet Consumption | 143 | ||
Gay Culture and City Life | 148 | ||
Singapore, San Francisco and Stockholm | 149 | ||
Chapter 9 STATES AS ‘MIDWIVES’ TO CITIES: COSMOPOLITANISM, CITIZENSHIP AND CONSUMPTION IN THE MODERN STATE | 153 | ||
Introduction | 153 | ||
Distinguishing between Realistic and Unrealistic Utopias | 154 | ||
Managing Same-Sex Relations in Singapore, Sydney, Stockholm and San Francisco | 155 | ||
Value Ecology | 159 | ||
Unit Scale | 161 | ||
Developmental Trajectory | 165 | ||
On Institutions of Public Deliberation | 168 | ||
Conclusion | 171 | ||
REFERENCES | 173 | ||
INDEX | 189 |