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Surgical Simulation

Surgical Simulation

Prokar Dasgupta | Kamran Ahmed | Peter Jaye | Mohammed Shamim Khan

(2014)

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Book Details

Abstract

Now widely recognized as one of the most effective methods for training future surgeons, simulation has become an integral part of the multidimensional landscape that makes up a surgical education curriculum. This book provides an overview of the current status of simulation-based training in various surgical disciplines and explains the science of surgical education, from developing a simulation programme to properly assess surgeons-in-training, to transferring the skills acquired through simulation into real-life settings. As such, the book can be used as a guide for understanding the basics of surgical education.


‘This is truly a most comprehensive and accessible publication on simulation in urology. While the title of the book is ‘Surgical Simulation’ and consequently all aspects of surgical simulation are expertly discussed, care is taken to also point to the role of simulation techniques as a key tool in the development of non-technical proficiencies such as communication- and cognitive skills. [...] I would highly recommend this book as a most interesting publication for all colleagues working in urological care. I can assure you, you will not be disappointed.’ —Per-Anders Abrahamsson, ‘BJUI International’


Now widely recognized as one of the most effective methods for training future surgeons, simulation has become an integral part of the multidimensional landscape that makes up a surgical education curriculum, and its role in surgical training only continues to grow. But no matter how advanced or complex the simulation tool, it is of little use without a knowledgeable educator and a well-prepared curriculum.

This book provides an overview of the current status of simulation-based training in various surgical disciplines and explains the science of surgical education, from developing a simulation programme to properly assess surgeons-in-training, to transferring the skills acquired through simulation into real-life settings. As such, the book can be used as a guide for understanding the basics of surgical education and the growing role played by simulation-based training.


Prokar Dasgupta is the professor of robotic surgery and urological innovation at King’s College London and hon. consultant urological surgeon at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals. He is the editor-in-chief of the ‘British Journal of Urology International’.

Kamran Ahmed is an academic clinical lecturer at King’s College London and specialist registrar in urology at Guy’s Hospital.

Peter Jaye is a consultant in emergency medicine at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT) and the director of simulation at GSTT, and leads simulation for King’s Health Partners.

Mohammed Shamim Khan is a consultant urologist at Guy’s Hospital and honorary reader at King’s College London. He is the director of the BAUS Office of Education.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Surgical Simulation_9781783081561 i
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS v
Chapter 1 SURGICAL SIMULATION: AN OVERVIEW 1
Simulation-Based Surgical Training 1
Definitions 1
Assessment of Trainees Using Surgical Simulation 3
From De-contextualised to Contextualised Simulation 5
Conclusions 6
Take-Home Messages 7
References 12
Chapter 2 SIMULATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SIMULATION 15
Introduction 15
Historical Overview 15
The Evolution of Simulation Models 18
Simulated Patients 19
Training Tissue and Models 20
Virtual Reality Training 20
References 21
Chapter 3 THE ROLE OF ANIMAL MODELS IN SURGICAL TRAINING AND ASSESSMENT 23
Abstract 23
Background on Animal Models 24
Types of Animal Models 25
Evidence for the Effectiveness of Animal Model Training 25
Courses Available 26
Cost Implications 26
How to Set Up Training Centres for Animal Model Training 27
The MIDC Model (Minimally Invasive Development Centre) 27
Evolution 28
Effectiveness of Courses 29
Conclusion 30
References 39
Chapter 4 FULL PROCEDURAL SURGICAL SIMULATION 41
Introduction 41
The Virtual or Mission Rehearsal 43
Distributed Simulation 43
Evidence for Validation 44
Conclusions 46
References 50
Chapter 5 DEVELOPING NON-TECHNICAL SKILLS 51
Introduction 51
The Importance of Non-technical Skills 52
Non-technical Skills for Surgery 52
Human Patient Simulation as a Training Tool for NTS 53
Implementation of High-Fidelity Team-Based Simulation Training 55
Evidence for Team-Based High-Fidelity Simulation in Surgery 56
Other Strategies to Improve NTS 56
The Future of Simulation-Based Training for NTS 57
Conclusion 58
Key Messages 58
References 60
Chapter 6 LEARNING CURVES FOR SIMULATORS 63
Five Key Messages 63
Defining the Learning Curve 63
Measuring the learning curve 64
The learning curve in the operating room 65
Reducing the learning curve 66
Simulation-based learning curves and simulator curricula 66
Proficiency-based curricula 67
MIST-VR curriculum 68
LapSim curriculum 68
LAP Mentor curriculum 68
Transfer effectiveness ratio 69
Conclusions 70
References 71
Chapter 7 DEVELOPING A SIMULATION PROGRAMME 73
Introduction 73
Deciding Which Simulators to Use 74
Funding and Financial Issues 75
Leadership and Management 76
Integration into Curricula 77
Challenges 78
Conclusion 79
References 82
Chapter 8 PATIENT SAFETY AND SIMULATION 85
Pathogenesis of Unsafe Clinical Practice 86
Safe Culture and Safe Patients 86
Organisational level 87
Individual level 88
Is There Evidence that Simulation Training Improves Patient Safety? 88
Simulation in Healthcare 89
Competency Assessment Using Simulation 90
Cost-Effectiveness of Simulation in Healthcare 91
References 94
Chapter 9 PSYCHOMETRICS 95
Chapter Objectives 95
Five Key Messages 95
Introduction 96
Psychometric Properties of Simulation-Based Assessment 97
(1) Reliability 98
Classical test theory 98
Generalisability theory 99
Multi-faceted Rasch model 101
(2) Validity 102
Content validity 102
Face validity 103
Construct validity 103
Predictive validity 103
(3) Acceptability 103
(4) Cost-Effectiveness 104
(5) Educational Impact 104
(6) Practicability 105
Summary 105
References 108
Chapter 10 FUTURE OF SURGICAL SIMULATION 111
Current Developments in Simulation Models for Surgical Skills Training 111
What is the Future of Procedure-Based Simulation? 113
Evidence Regarding Patient Safety 114
Future of Non-technical Skills Simulation (NOTSS) 114
Summary 115
Key Messages 116
References 118
AUTHOR DETAILS 123