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South Asian Media Cultures

South Asian Media Cultures

Shakuntala Banaji

(2011)

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Abstract

‘South Asian Media Cultures’ examines a wide range of media cultures and practices from across South Asia, using a common set of historical, political and theoretical engagements.  In the context of such pressing issues as peace, conflict, democracy, politics, religion, class, ethnicity and gender, these essays explore the ways different groups of South Asians produce, understand and critique the media available to them.


'Through detailed qualitative analysis, this book provides fascinating - and occasionally disturbing insights into the intersecting cultural identities and ideologies that are at stake in this rapidly changing region. '—David Buckingham, Professor at the Institute of Education, University of London


'Shakuntala Banaji has brought together writings on South Asia and Media whose range and quality exceeds anything on the subject that I have seen. The ambition and scope of this volume ensure that it will be a reference for anyone interested in globalization, media and South Asia.' —Arvind Rajagopal, Associate Professor of Culture and Communications, New York University


‘‘South Asian Media Cultures’ provides great insight into the complex South Asian mediascape. It represents a critical, reflecting approach illustrating the recent trend of transnational and cross-disciplinary discussion.’ —Alexandra K. Schott, ‘Internationales Asien Forum’


Shakuntala Banaji is an Associate Professor of Media and Communication at the London School of Economics (LSE). 


'An astute, engaging, and sophisticated volume for anyone interested in popular culture, globalization, and shifting social and political landscapes in South Asia.' —Sunaina Maira, Associate Professor of Asian American Studies, University of California, Davis


'South Asian Media Cultures' is a collection of essays that pulls together field-based audience and textual research in areas such as the politics of new media, contemporary television and film in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and their audiences. Through a careful analysis of the various media cultures and practices from across South Asia, this collection addresses pertinent issues such as how discourses on gender, nationalism, ethnicity and class are being expressed by mainstream media texts across South Asia, and how different groups within the public discern meanings from such discourses.

With this collection, Banaji aims to reduce the reliance on commercial Hindi cinema ('Bollywood') for reference on the politics and history of South Asian Media. Instead, key current research and theoretical debate are presented in an accessible manner. They are organised around three clear themes: 'Audiences, meanings and social contexts', which focuses on the responses of particular social groups to specific media formats, ideas or genres; 'Media Discourse, Identity and Politics', which discusses the complex links between media representations and socio-political identities; and 'Alternative Producers: New Media, Politics and Civic Participation', which describes and assesses the various civic practices and possibilities opened up in South Asia by digital and mobile communications.


'The popular imagery versioning of South Asia has survived repeated critique. This is a timely collection that shows how this mechanism continues to do its work. Written by up-and-coming scholars who refract the usual gloss differently...a very welcome set of essays.' —Professor John Hutnyk, Academic Director, Centre for Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths University of London

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Matter i
Half Title i
Title iii
Copyright iv
Dedication v
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
Main Matter 1
Chapter One. INTRODUCTION 1
South Asia through the Lens of Totalising Events 1
Shared Histories 4
Troubling Realities: Women, 'Minorities' and Human Rights 8
Nationalist Visions, Global Corporations, Alternative Voices 10
Situating the Subject: Method and Identity in Cultural Studies 12
From the General to the Particular: Case Studies in this Collection 14
Notes 22
References 23
Part One. ELABORATING AUDIENCES: MEANING, USE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT 27
Chapter Two. TALKING BACK TO 'BOLLYWOOD': HINDI COMMERCIAL CINEMA IN NORTH-EAST INDIA 29
Hindi Commercial Cinema and Popular Culture in North-East India 29
The Cultural Assimilation of Indigenous Peoples in Post-Colonial India 30
Representations of 'Tribals' and 'Terrorism' in Hindi Films 32
Policing Bollywood and Mainstream Indian Culture in North-East India 33
Digital Cinema: Fallout of the Ban on Hindi Commercial Cinema in Manipur 33
Commerical Cinema in Manipur 36
Bollywood and its Audiences in North-East India 43
Conclusion 45
Notes 46
References 49
Chapter Three. 'ADVERTS MAKE ME WANT TO BREAK THE TELEVISION': INDIAN CHILDREN AND THEIR AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA ENVIRONMENT IN THREE CONTRASTING LOCATIONS 51
Introduction: 'Indian' Children, 'Global' Media? 51
Researching the Child Audience 52
Methods and Sample 53
Bombay: The Cutting-Edge Audience? 54
Barsu: Heroic Identifications 59
Palakkad: Language, Learning and Leisure 61
Lessons for Research and Pedagogy 65
Conclusions: Indian Children, Media and the Public Sphere 67
Notes 70
References 70
Chapter Four. URDU FOR IMAGE: UNDERSTANDING BANGLADESHI CINEMA THROUGH ITS THEATRES 73
Introduction 73
Tosbir Mohol – B. Sirkar Memorial Hall, circa 1927 74
Chitra – Bengal Talkies, 1952 77
Monihar, 1986 81
Manushi, 2005 83
Tosbir Mohol, 2005 86
Conclusion 87
Notes 88
References 88
Chapter Five. MUSICAL MEDIA AND COSMOPOLITANISMS IN NEPAL'S POPULAR MUSIC, 1950–2006 91
Aadhunik Giit, Lok Giit, and Nepali Nationalism: 1950s thorugh 70s 93
Democracy, Globalisation and Nepali Pop: 1980s and 90s 95
Lok Pop and Remixes: Rural-Urban Tension in the 1990s 97
Maoist Insurgency and Heavy Metal in the 2000s 101
Notes 104
References 105
Part Two. TELLIGN TEXTS: MEDIA DISCOURSE, IDENTITY AND POLITICS 107
Chapter Six. PRIVATE SATELLITE MEDIA AND THE GEO-POLITICS OF MODERATION IN PAKISTAN 109
The Nation's CEO: Neo-liberal Dictatorship and the Politics of Deregulation 111
Mediating Moderation 115
Fair and Lovely 118
Conclusion 120
Notes 121
References 122
Chapter Seven. FORGETTING TO REMEMBER: THE PRIVATISATION OF THE PUBLIC, TEH ECONOMISATION OF HINDUTVA AND TEH MEDIALISATION OF GENOCIDE 123
Communal Violence, Economic Liberalisation and Electoral Crisis 124
Re-Defining Democracy, Empowerment and Freedom of Expression: Controversial Genocide and the Libera(lisa)tion of the Media 126
Gujarati Nationalism against 'Outsiders': Re-Interpreting Critique and Law 130
The Medialisation of Violence and the Interpretability of Images and Terminology 133
The Call for 'Neutrality': Impartial Media in a Partial State 135
Conclusions 137
Notes 140
References 142
Chapter Eight. MYTH – THE NATIONAL FORM: MISSION ISTANBUL AND MUSLIM REPRESENTATION IN HINDI POPULAR CINEMA 145
Introduction 145
Hindi Cinema and Muslim Representation 147
The Mythic Narratives of Hindi Popular Cinema 150
Mission Instanbul: Text, Context and Online Audience 153
Conclusion 158
Notes 158
References 160
Chapter Nine. A PEACE OF SOAP: REPRESENTATIONS OF PEACE AND CONFLICT IN POPULAR TELEDRAMAS IN SRI LANKA 163
Introduction 163
Fiction Media and Social Identities in Sri Lanka 164
A9 165
Take this Road 172
Conclusion: Where Do We Go From Here? 178
Notes 179
References 179
Chapter Ten. DESTIGMATISING STAR TEXTS – HONOUR AND SHAME AMONG MUSLIM WOMEN IN PAKISTANI CINEMA 181
Introduction 181
Cinema in Pakistan 182
Women and Morality in 'Lollywood' 183
Stigmatising Star Texts 185
Destigmatising Star Texts 189
Conclusion 195
Notes 196
References 197
Part Three. ALTERNATIVE PRODUCERS: THE ARTICULATION OF (NEW) MEDIA, POLITICS AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION 199
Chapter Eleven. THROUGH THE LENS OF A 'BRANDED CRIMINAL': THE POLITICS OF MARGINAL CINEMA IN INDIA 201
Chharas: History, Social Activism and Media Production 202
The Politics of Production: Genre, Audience and Cultural Captial 208
Theorising Chhara/Marginal Cinema 213
Notes 217
References 219
Chapter Twelve. PAKISTANI STUDENTS' USES OF NEW MEDIA TO CONSTRUCT A NARRATIVE OF DISSENT 221
Introduction 221
The Immediate Political Context 222
Forming the Resistance 224
Creating an Identity 226
Getting Organised 228
Building a Narrative 229
Conclusion 231
Notes 231
References 232
Chapter Thirteen. EXPANDING THE ART OF THE POSSIBLE: LEVERAGING CITIZEN JOURNALISM AND USER GENERATED CONTENT (USG) FOR PEACE IN SRI LANKA 235
The Current Situation 236
New Technology, Civil Society and Authoritarian Regimes 237
Citizen Journalism and User Generated Content 240
Bearing Witness 241
Groundviews: A Case Study 243
The Challenges of New Media and Citizen Journalism 247
Final Thoughts 249
Notes 250
References 253
Chapter Fourteen. CONCLUSION 255
Jump Cuts and Unusual Angles 255
The Shaping and Expression of Identities and Aspirations 257
Top-Down or Bottom-Up? The Case for Civic (New) Media 259
Hegemony, Meaning and Cultural Agency 260
References 262
End Matter 263
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 263