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Trysts with Democracy

Trysts with Democracy

Stig Toft Madsen | Kenneth Bo Nielsen | Uwe Skoda

(2011)

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Abstract

This volume offers a collection of lucid, theoretically stimulating articles that explore and analyse the institutions and values which are salient in understanding political practices in South Asia. Combining a wide range of theoretical and empirical approaches, and blending the work of experts long established in their respective fields with refreshing and innovative approaches by younger scholars, this collaborative and cross-disciplinary endeavour facilitates a deeper understanding of the subcontinent’s diverse and complex political and democratic practices in the 21st century.


Stig Toft Madsen has taught and researched in universities in Denmark and Sweden.

Kenneth Bo Nielsen is research fellow at the Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo, Norway.

Uwe Skoda is assistant professor of South Asian studies at Aarhus University, Denmark.


A number of chapters […] stand out for their ingenuity and interesting implications for the larger debate. […]The chapters in the second section on ‘India’ are all well-founded and shed light on different aspects of the political process and democratic practices  […] All [the chapters] are well-written and provide interesting insights into selected political practices and processes.' –Marian Gallenkamp, 'Contemporary South Asia'


This volume addresses the current configuration of democratic politics in South Asia from a cross-disciplinary perspective. The essays seek to examine the larger questions of how democratic values are embedded in social and political institutions, and how localised and everyday political values inform the multiple ways in which democracy is understood and practised. One of the strengths of this collection is the fact that it does not seek to provide answers to these questions from within one academic discipline only, but rather brings together scholars with backgrounds in a variety of social science disciplines and the humanities.

A number of allied questions and engaging debates emerge throughout the book. How may we distinguish between democracy’s formal and less-than-formal dimensions in the context of South Asia? How do notions of kinship, kingship and community tie in with larger processes of democratic politics and deepening political mobilisation? How do people construe the political in a context where the sphere of the religious seemingly seamlessly overlaps with the political, where the political cannot be separated from the social, and where the boundaries between state and society are blurred? How do people practically engage with the political and with democratic processes at a local level – and what might democracy mean in the vernacular?

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Matter i
Half Title i
Title Page iii
Copyright Page iv
CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
GLOSSARY xiii
MAP OF SOUTH ASIA xix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxi
Main Matter 1
Chapter One: INTRODUCTION 1
One Man One Vote does not Mean All Men are Equal 2
Factions and Dynasties, Leaders and Constituencies 5
Beyond Bharat: Democracy Unplugged but not Hegemonic 9
Love Affairs and Arranged Marriages 13
References 14
Part One: THEORETICAL ISSUES 17
Chapter Two: WHY DID INDIA BECOME A DEMOCRACY AND WHY DID IT REMAIN DEMOCRATIC? A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE AND SOME COMMENTS TO THE SCHOLARLY DEBATE 19
Introduction 19
Democracy – What is It? 20
How and Why did India Become Democratic? 20
Some Critical Comments and Observations 26
Why did India Remain Democratic? 28
Mainstream Thinking on India’s Democracy 29
The Emergency: A Test for Democracy, a Test for Theories 33
The Lone but Steadfast Voice of W. H. Morris-Jones 35
Some Lessons from the Debates 37
Notes 38
References 40
Chapter Three: DEMOCRACY IN BANGLADESH: A VILLAGE VIEW 45
Democratic Practice in South Asia 46
Three Sets of Explanations 48
Data Collection 52
‘What Does Democracy Mean to You?’ 53
The Citizen’s Choice 53
Master of the Land 55
Democracy as Development 56
The Rich, Generous and Experienced Leader 58
The Efficient Leader 62
‘Black Money’ 64
Conclusion 67
Notes 68
References 69
Part Two: INDIA 71
Chapter Four: AJIT SINGH S/O CHARAN SINGH 73
Enduring Relations: Ethnic Nepotism and Iterative Games 74
Game Theory? No Thanks, We are South Asianists 76
South Asian Political Dynasties 78
Charan Singh 79
The Inheritance: A Constituency to Nurse 81
What Does a Politician Do When He Does Politics? 83
Personal Character and Political Career 85
Evading Allegations of Corruption and Crime 88
A Morris-Jones Nama on Bt Cotton 91
Conclusions 95
Notes 96
References 98
Chapter Five: A PRINCELY POLITICIAN IN AN INDIGENISED DEMOCRACY: A RAJA AND HIS ELECTORAL SITUATION IN RURAL ORISSA 2004 103
Introduction 103
The Backdrop: A Bridge, Re-inscribing Kingship and ‘Never a Strictly “Single-Party” Man’ 108
‘Your Ancestors have chosen my Ancestors’: Creating a Community of Sentiment and Emphasising Patrimonial Centrality 113
‘I depend on the blessings of Lord Baneshwar’: Invoking the Gods and Emphasising Divinity 117
‘I do not get any benefi t’: A Humble Raja Living for Politics 119
More Dangerous than Cancer: An Inimical Language to Demonise Political Opponents 121
‘We will give to the BJP ... but you are not listening to our words’: Local Responses 125
An ‘Electoral Situation’: Preliminary Conclusions 126
Notes 128
References 131
Chapter Six: A POLITICAL BREAKTHROUGH FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT: THE CONGRESS ASSEMBLY CAMPAIGN IN ANDHRA PRADESH IN 2003–2004 135
Introduction 135
Campaign Issues, 2003–2004 137
Introducing Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy 139
The Projection of YSR in the Setting of the Campaign Agenda 141
Seeking Congress Leadership Unity in Yatras 143
Agrarian Welfare and Development: Congress Promises 146
Further Strategies for Electoral Success: Party Alliances and Another Yatra 147
An Important Audience for Campaign Performances 148
Concluding Remarks 151
Notes 153
References 154
Chapter Seven: CONGRESS FACTIONALISM REVISITED: WEST BENGAL 157
Introduction 157
Factionalism and the Congress 160
Factionalism in the West Bengal Congress: The Rise of Today’s Leaders 163
From Faction to Party: The Formation of the TMC 168
Persistent Rivalries 171
Three Phases of TMC–Congress Relations, 1998 to 2006 173
Subrata Mukherjee’s Political Career 174
An Aspiring Leader: Sudip Bandyopadhyay’s Career 176
Towards Unity? Contemporary TMC–Congress Relations 179
Conclusion: The Lakshman Rekha of Congress Factionalism 183
Notes 186
References 188
Part Three: BEYOND INDIA 193
Chapter Eight: NEPAL: GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY IN A FRAIL STATE 195
The Politics of Inequality 196
The Lack of Popular Representation 201
Community and Identity Politics 205
The State of the Bureaucracy 207
A Glass Half Full rather than Half Empty 210
Notes 211
References 212
Chapter Nine: ENTANGLEMENTS OF POLITICS AND EDUCATION IN SRI LANKA 215
Introduction: Why Politics and Education? 215
Democratisation of Education and the Development of Welfare Democracy 218
The Ethnic Agenda in Politics and Education 221
The Decay of Democracy and Education 224
Localised Patronage Politics 226
Politics in Schools 228
Local Responses to Politicised Education 230
Conclusion: The Plurality of Politics 234
Notes 235
References 236
Chapter Ten: SHIFTING BETWEEN THE LOCAL AND TRANSNATIONAL: SPACE, POWER AND POLITICS IN WAR-TORN SRI LANKA 239
Introduction 239
The Sri Lankan Tamil Political Field: Local, Diasporic and Transnational 240
Political Mobilisation and Demobilisation among Sri Lanka’s Tamils 242
Relating Transnational to Local: Politics in LTTE Controlled Areas of Eastern Sri Lanka 244
Shifts in Engagement in the Transnational Political Field 247
The Sri Lankan Tamil Political Field after the LTTE 250
Conclusion: The Shifting Centre of Gravity in the Sri Lankan Tamil Political Field 255
Notes 256
References 257
Chapter Eleven: DOMESTIC ROOTS OF INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY 261
Introduction 261
The Early Autonomy of India’s Foreign Policy Process 264
Sources of the Challenge to Autonomy of Foreign Policy 267
Conclusion 274
Notes 275
References 276
Chapter Twelve: WHEN DEMOCRACY IS NOT THE ONLY GAME IN TOWN: SECTARIAN CONFLICTS IN PAKISTAN 281
The Islamic Revolution in Iran and the Politics of Sunniisation under Zia ul-Haq 284
The Post-Soviet Jihad in Afghanistan, Kashmir and India 287
Unstable Pakistan 289
Neo-Fundamentalism and the New Potentials for Peace 290
Notes 292
References 293
End Matter 297
ABOUT THE EDITORS 297
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS 299