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Abstract
This interdisciplinary collection of essays offers a window onto the overseas Indian and Chinese communities in Asia. Contributors discuss the interactive role of the cultural and religious ‘other’, the diasporic absorption of local beliefs and customs, and the practical business networks and operational mechanisms unique to these communities. Growing out of an international workshop organized by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore and the Centre of Asian Studies at the University of Hong Kong, this volume explores material, cultural and imaginative features of the immigrant communities and brings together these two important communities within a comparative framework.
Jayati Bhattacharya is a Lecturer in the South Asian Studies Programme, National University of Singapore.
Coonoor Kripalani is Honorary Institute Fellow at the Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong.
“Groundbreaking! The essays in this extraordinary collection juxtapose the Chinese and Indian Diasporas – two of the largest in world history – in a range of unprecedented ways. Far beyond merely comparing, they also reveal how the migration processes interact and intertwine, overlap and intersect each other. As a source of insight, inspiration and information, this volume forces us to fundamentally rethink many important aspects of migration while showing exciting new possibilities in the field of diaspora studies.” —Elizabeth Sinn, author of “Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong”
“Arising from two of the largest migrations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Chinese and Indian immigrant communities are well known, little studied, and rarely compared—until now. This is a path-breaking book, which shows all the complexity and ambiguities of immigrant life in vivid comparative detail. I heartily recommend it.”—Gary G. Hamilton, Associate Director, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington
“Groundbreaking! The essays in this extraordinary collection juxtapose the Chinese and Indian Diasporas – two of the largest in world history – in a range of unprecedented ways. Far beyond merely comparing, they also reveal how the migration processes interact and intertwine, overlap and intersect each other. As a source of insight, inspiration and information, this volume forces us to fundamentally rethink many important aspects of migration while showing exciting new possibilities in the field of diaspora studies.” —Elizabeth Sinn, author of “Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong”
With the Asian economic upsurge in the recent decades, diasporas have emerged as significant agencies of the cultural diplomacy of respective nation states. Two of the most significant diasporic communities, the Indians and the Chinese, have long histories of migration to different corners of the world with considerable visibilities in different geo-political demographies. They have created many different local sites of interaction between themselves and with the host communities, particularly in Southeast Asia. The emerging concepts of ‘knowledge economy’, ‘global capitalism’, new trends of entrepreneurship, and a gradual shift of the economic power to the East has brought about a revision of relationships between homeland, diasporas and the different host nation-states.
This interdisciplinary collection of essays offers a window onto the overseas Indian and Chinese communities in Asia. Contributors discuss the interactive role of the cultural and religious ‘other’, the diasporic absorption of local beliefs and customs, and the practical business networks and operational mechanisms unique to these communities.
Growing out of an international workshop organized by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore and the Centre of Asian Studies at the University of Hong Kong, this volume explores material, cultural and imaginative features of the immigrant communities and brings together these two important communities within a comparative framework, and offers an example for further cross-disciplinary comparative study of this type.
“Arising from two of the largest migrations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Chinese and Indian immigrant communities are well known, little studied, and rarely compared—until now. This is a path-breaking book, which shows all the complexity and ambiguities of immigrant life in vivid comparative detail. I heartily recommend it.”—Gary G. Hamilton, Associate Director, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities | i | ||
CONTENTS | v | ||
FOREWORD | vii | ||
INTRODUCTION | xiii | ||
Notes | xxi | ||
Chapter 1 BLACKBIRDERS REFITTED? THE JOURNEYS OF CAPITALISTS AND LABOURERS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN, 1830s–1930s | 3 | ||
Economy | 4 | ||
Ideology | 8 | ||
Notes | 11 | ||
References | 12 | ||
Chapter 2 CONNECTING DIASPORA HISTORIES: INDIANS AND CHINESE IN COLONIAL MALAYA | 13 | ||
Comparisons and Connections | 14 | ||
The Politics of Citizenship | 16 | ||
Sojourners to Citizens? | 18 | ||
Conclusion: Disconnections | 20 | ||
Notes | 21 | ||
References | 23 | ||
Chapter 3 CHINESE AND INDIAN DIASPORA: SOME COMMON AND NOT-SO-COMMON CULTURAL PROCESSES | 25 | ||
Introduction | 25 | ||
Concept of Diaspora | 25 | ||
Localization and the Significance of Tradition | 27 | ||
Migration, Ethnicity and Cultural Identity | 30 | ||
Transnational Networks | 32 | ||
Conclusion | 34 | ||
Notes | 35 | ||
References | 38 | ||
Chapter 4 CHINA’S NATIONALITY LAWS AND THE CHINESE OVERSEAS | 43 | ||
Introduction | 43 | ||
The 1909 Law: Dual Nationality Status | 44 | ||
The 1929 Law: Still Dual Nationality Status | 45 | ||
The 1955 Afro-Asian Conference and After: Towards the Single Nationality Status | 45 | ||
The 1980 Law: Single Nationality Status and Its Challenges | 46 | ||
Why Dual Nationality? | 48 | ||
Opposition to Dual Nationality | 49 | ||
The Response of the PRC to New Demand | 50 | ||
China’s Recent Practice with regard to Citizenship Law | 51 | ||
Conclusion | 52 | ||
Notes | 53 | ||
References | 54 | ||
Chapter 5 A COMPARISON OF THE HOME REMITTANCE SYSTEMS OF INDIAN AND CHINESE MIGRANTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES | 55 | ||
Introduction: Migration and Remittance | 55 | ||
Hong Kong and Chinese Migration | 56 | ||
Expansion of the Indian Merchant Community in Singapore | 57 | ||
Home Remittances by Overseas Chinese | 59 | ||
Home Remittance and Amoy: Land and Manufacturing Investment | 61 | ||
Trading and Use of Remittance in the Exchange Market | 64 | ||
Remittance from Southeast Asia to South China | 66 | ||
Hundi Transaction and Transfer of Credit among Nakarattars | 68 | ||
Origins of Shareholding | 68 | ||
The Religious Ritual of Moneylending | 69 | ||
Conclusion: Comparison between Chinese and Indian Ties: Joint Families | 71 | ||
Notes | 72 | ||
References | 74 | ||
Chapter 6 IDENTITY, TRANSNATIONALISM AND CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT: CHINESE BUSINESS IN MALAYSIA | 77 | ||
Introduction | 77 | ||
Business, Culture and Transnationalism | 78 | ||
Chinese Enterprise in Malaysia | 81 | ||
Conclusion | 84 | ||
Notes | 86 | ||
References | 88 | ||
Chapter 7 BEYOND THE GLITTERATI: THE INDIAN AND CHINESE JEWELLERS OF LITTLE INDIA, SINGAPORE | 91 | ||
Introduction | 91 | ||
Traditional Indian Goldsmiths and Jewellers | 93 | ||
Changing Market Dynamics | 96 | ||
The Shifting Paradigm of Business Operations | 99 | ||
Success of the Chinese Goldsmiths | 101 | ||
The Present Scenario | 103 | ||
Conclusion | 104 | ||
Notes | 105 | ||
References | 108 | ||
Chapter 8 INDIAN AND CHINESE COMMUNITIES IN CONTEMPORARY BURMA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THEIR PRESENCE AND INFLUENCE | 109 | ||
Introduction | 109 | ||
A Colonial Backgrounder | 110 | ||
Indigenous Burmese Perceptions of Indian and Chinese Immigrants, between Hostility and Resentment | 114 | ||
Contemporary Significance of Burmese Indian and Chinese Communities | 119 | ||
New Challenges for Burmese Indians and Burmese Chinese in Post-1988 Burma | 126 | ||
Notes | 130 | ||
References | 134 | ||
Chapter 9 EXPRESSIONS OF FAITH IN HINDU PROCESSIONAL FESTIVALS: CASE STUDIES FROM SINGAPORE AND MALAYSIA | 137 | ||
Introduction | 137 | ||
Murukan Bhakti and Its Expression in Singapore and Malaysia | 138 | ||
Devotion to Mariamman and Its Expression in Singapore and Malaysia | 140 | ||
Festive Procession and Visible Expression of Faith | 142 | ||
Interfaith and Multicultural Practices Between Indian and Chinese Diaspora Communities | 144 | ||
Notes | 150 | ||
Glossary of Indigenous Terms | 150 | ||
References | 152 | ||
Chapter 10 BEYOND BOUNDARIES? HINDU SPACES IN THE CHINATOWNS OF KOLKATA AND SINGAPORE | 153 | ||
Religion, Urban Space and Cosmopolitanism | 154 | ||
Setting the Contexts: Chinatowns in Kolkata and Singapore | 155 | ||
Hindu Temples in Chinatowns | 157 | ||
Beyond Boundaries? Some Conclusions | 161 | ||
Notes | 161 | ||
References | 163 | ||
Chapter 11 LAW AND ITS IMPACT ON DIASPORIC PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS: THE PRACTICES OF SINCHEW AND THE WAQF IN THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS | 167 | ||
Rule against Perpetuity in the Historical Context | 167 | ||
The Straits Settlements as a Frontier Society | 168 | ||
Asian Customs and Western Law: Mutual Adjustments | 174 | ||
Conclusion | 181 | ||
Notes | 182 | ||
References | 184 | ||
Chapter 12 INDIAN SOLDIERS AND POLICEMEN IN CHINA IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD | 187 | ||
Colonial Recruitment and Deployment of Indians in China for Military and Policing Duties | 188 | ||
China as a Transit Point for Forward Migration | 189 | ||
The Rise of Militant Nationalism | 191 | ||
Conclusion | 193 | ||
Notes | 193 | ||
References | 194 | ||
Chapter 13 NEW INDIAN MIGRANTS IN GUANGZHOU AND ITS VICINITY | 197 | ||
A Surge of Indian Migrants Settling in the Pearl River Delta: The Cities of Guangzhou, Shenzen and Sanshui | 198 | ||
Basic Classifications and Professions of the Indians in Guangzhou | 201 | ||
The Living Conditions of Indians in Guangzhou and Their Promotion of Sino-Indian Trade | 205 | ||
The Perceptions of China by Indians based in Guangzhou and Their Integration with Chinese Society | 209 | ||
Conclusion | 213 | ||
Appendix I: Questionnaire on living Conditions of Indians in China | 214 | ||
Appendix II: Detailed and in-depth questions | 215 | ||
Notes | 216 | ||
References | 217 | ||
Chapter 14 WHO IS A CHINESE-INDIAN? SEARCH FOR THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE CHINESE-INDIANS IN KOLKATA, SIHUI AND TORONTO | 219 | ||
Introduction | 219 | ||
Being Chinese-Indian in Kolkata, India | 222 | ||
Being Chinese-Indian in Sihui, China | 225 | ||
Being Chinese-Indians in Toronto, Canada | 227 | ||
Conclusion | 228 | ||
Notes | 230 | ||
References | 231 | ||
Chapter 15 OVERSEAS INDIAN AND CHINESE COMMUNITIES IN FILM: DEFINING IDENTITIES THROUGH POPULAR HINDI FILM AND TRANSNATIONAL CHINESE AND INDIAN FILMS, 1990s ONWARDS | 235 | ||
The Diasporic Communities and the Films | 235 | ||
The Indian Diaspora in Popular Hindi Film | 236 | ||
The Chinese Diaspora in Film | 241 | ||
Transnational Indian Films | 247 | ||
Preserving Indian and Chinese Culture Overseas | 249 | ||
Filmography | 251 | ||
Notes | 254 | ||
References | 255 | ||
Chapter 16 THE “OTHER” NRIs: THE CASE OF LOW-WAGE INDIAN MIGRANTS IN THE GULF | 257 | ||
Introduction | 257 | ||
Non-Resident Indians, Remittances and the Indian State | 258 | ||
Indian Connections with Gulf and Dubai/UAE | 259 | ||
Indians in the UAE | 260 | ||
Global Restructuring | 261 | ||
Structural Violence | 262 | ||
Indian State Involvement | 267 | ||
Reliance on Migrant Groups and NGOs | 271 | ||
Conclusion: Call for Transnationalization of Rights | 273 | ||
Notes | 274 | ||
References | 278 | ||
Postscript SHIFTING WORLDS AND CHANGING IDENTITIES: THE RESHAPING OF THE CHINESE-INDIAN COMMUNITIES IN INDIA AFTER THE 1962 “SINO-INDIAN INCIDENT | 281 | ||
Ming’s Narrative | 284 | ||
My Narrative | 288 | ||
Notes | 290 | ||
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS | 291 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | xi | ||
INDEX | 295 |