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Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities

Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities

Jayati Bhattacharya | Coonoor Kripalani

(2015)

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Book Details

Abstract

This interdisciplinary collection of essays offers a window onto the overseas Indian and Chinese communities in Asia. Contributors discuss the interactive role of the cultural and religious ‘other’, the diasporic absorption of local beliefs and customs, and the practical business networks and operational mechanisms unique to these communities. Growing out of an international workshop organized by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore and the Centre of Asian Studies at the University of Hong Kong, this volume explores material, cultural and imaginative features of the immigrant communities and brings together these two important communities within a comparative framework.


Jayati Bhattacharya is a Lecturer in the South Asian Studies Programme, National University of Singapore.

Coonoor Kripalani is Honorary Institute Fellow at the Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong.


“Groundbreaking! The essays in this extraordinary collection juxtapose the Chinese and Indian Diasporas – two of the largest in world history – in a range of unprecedented ways. Far beyond merely comparing, they also reveal how the migration processes interact and intertwine, overlap and intersect each other. As a source of insight, inspiration and information, this volume forces us to fundamentally rethink many important aspects of migration while showing exciting new possibilities in the field of diaspora studies.” —Elizabeth Sinn, author of “Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong”


“Arising from two of the largest migrations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Chinese and Indian immigrant communities are well known, little studied, and rarely compared—until now. This is a path-breaking book, which shows all the complexity and ambiguities of immigrant life in vivid comparative detail. I heartily recommend it.”—Gary G. Hamilton, Associate Director, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington


“Groundbreaking! The essays in this extraordinary collection juxtapose the Chinese and Indian Diasporas – two of the largest in world history – in a range of unprecedented ways. Far beyond merely comparing, they also reveal how the migration processes interact and intertwine, overlap and intersect each other. As a source of insight, inspiration and information, this volume forces us to fundamentally rethink many important aspects of migration while showing exciting new possibilities in the field of diaspora studies.” —Elizabeth Sinn, author of “Pacific Crossing: California Gold, Chinese Migration, and the Making of Hong Kong”


With the Asian economic upsurge in the recent decades, diasporas have emerged as significant agencies of the cultural diplomacy of respective nation states. Two of the most significant diasporic communities, the Indians and the Chinese, have long histories of migration to different corners of the world with considerable visibilities in different geo-political demographies. They have created many different local sites of interaction between themselves and with the host communities, particularly in Southeast Asia. The emerging concepts of ‘knowledge economy’, ‘global capitalism’, new trends of entrepreneurship, and a gradual shift of the economic power to the East has brought about a revision of relationships between homeland, diasporas and the different host nation-states.

This interdisciplinary collection of essays offers a window onto the overseas Indian and Chinese communities in Asia. Contributors discuss the interactive role of the cultural and religious ‘other’, the diasporic absorption of local beliefs and customs, and the practical business networks and operational mechanisms unique to these communities.

Growing out of an international workshop organized by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore and the Centre of Asian Studies at the University of Hong Kong, this volume explores material, cultural and imaginative features of the immigrant communities and brings together these two important communities within a comparative framework, and offers an example for further cross-disciplinary comparative study of this type.


“Arising from two of the largest migrations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Chinese and Indian immigrant communities are well known, little studied, and rarely compared—until now. This is a path-breaking book, which shows all the complexity and ambiguities of immigrant life in vivid comparative detail. I heartily recommend it.”—Gary G. Hamilton, Associate Director, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities i
CONTENTS v
FOREWORD vii
INTRODUCTION xiii
Notes xxi
Chapter 1 BLACKBIRDERS REFITTED? THE JOURNEYS OF CAPITALISTS AND LABOURERS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN, 1830s–1930s 3
Economy 4
Ideology 8
Notes 11
References 12
Chapter 2 CONNECTING DIASPORA HISTORIES: INDIANS AND CHINESE IN COLONIAL MALAYA 13
Comparisons and Connections 14
The Politics of Citizenship 16
Sojourners to Citizens? 18
Conclusion: Disconnections 20
Notes 21
References 23
Chapter 3 CHINESE AND INDIAN DIASPORA: SOME COMMON AND NOT-SO-COMMON CULTURAL PROCESSES 25
Introduction 25
Concept of Diaspora 25
Localization and the Significance of Tradition 27
Migration, Ethnicity and Cultural Identity 30
Transnational Networks 32
Conclusion 34
Notes 35
References 38
Chapter 4 CHINA’S NATIONALITY LAWS AND THE CHINESE OVERSEAS 43
Introduction 43
The 1909 Law: Dual Nationality Status 44
The 1929 Law: Still Dual Nationality Status 45
The 1955 Afro-Asian Conference and After: Towards the Single Nationality Status 45
The 1980 Law: Single Nationality Status and Its Challenges 46
Why Dual Nationality? 48
Opposition to Dual Nationality 49
The Response of the PRC to New Demand 50
China’s Recent Practice with regard to Citizenship Law 51
Conclusion 52
Notes 53
References 54
Chapter 5 A COMPARISON OF THE HOME REMITTANCE SYSTEMS OF INDIAN AND CHINESE MIGRANTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES 55
Introduction: Migration and Remittance 55
Hong Kong and Chinese Migration 56
Expansion of the Indian Merchant Community in Singapore 57
Home Remittances by Overseas Chinese 59
Home Remittance and Amoy: Land and Manufacturing Investment 61
Trading and Use of Remittance in the Exchange Market 64
Remittance from Southeast Asia to South China 66
Hundi Transaction and Transfer of Credit among Nakarattars 68
Origins of Shareholding 68
The Religious Ritual of Moneylending 69
Conclusion: Comparison between Chinese and Indian Ties: Joint Families 71
Notes 72
References 74
Chapter 6 IDENTITY, TRANSNATIONALISM AND CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT: CHINESE BUSINESS IN MALAYSIA 77
Introduction 77
Business, Culture and Transnationalism 78
Chinese Enterprise in Malaysia 81
Conclusion 84
Notes 86
References 88
Chapter 7 BEYOND THE GLITTERATI: THE INDIAN AND CHINESE JEWELLERS OF LITTLE INDIA, SINGAPORE 91
Introduction 91
Traditional Indian Goldsmiths and Jewellers 93
Changing Market Dynamics 96
The Shifting Paradigm of Business Operations 99
Success of the Chinese Goldsmiths 101
The Present Scenario 103
Conclusion 104
Notes 105
References 108
Chapter 8 INDIAN AND CHINESE COMMUNITIES IN CONTEMPORARY BURMA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THEIR PRESENCE AND INFLUENCE 109
Introduction 109
A Colonial Backgrounder 110
Indigenous Burmese Perceptions of Indian and Chinese Immigrants, between Hostility and Resentment 114
Contemporary Significance of Burmese Indian and Chinese Communities 119
New Challenges for Burmese Indians and Burmese Chinese in Post-1988 Burma 126
Notes 130
References 134
Chapter 9 EXPRESSIONS OF FAITH IN HINDU PROCESSIONAL FESTIVALS: CASE STUDIES FROM SINGAPORE AND MALAYSIA 137
Introduction 137
Murukan Bhakti and Its Expression in Singapore and Malaysia 138
Devotion to Mariamman and Its Expression in Singapore and Malaysia 140
Festive Procession and Visible Expression of Faith 142
Interfaith and Multicultural Practices Between Indian and Chinese Diaspora Communities 144
Notes 150
Glossary of Indigenous Terms 150
References 152
Chapter 10 BEYOND BOUNDARIES? HINDU SPACES IN THE CHINATOWNS OF KOLKATA AND SINGAPORE 153
Religion, Urban Space and Cosmopolitanism 154
Setting the Contexts: Chinatowns in Kolkata and Singapore 155
Hindu Temples in Chinatowns 157
Beyond Boundaries? Some Conclusions 161
Notes 161
References 163
Chapter 11 LAW AND ITS IMPACT ON DIASPORIC PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS: THE PRACTICES OF SINCHEW AND THE WAQF IN THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS 167
Rule against Perpetuity in the Historical Context 167
The Straits Settlements as a Frontier Society 168
Asian Customs and Western Law: Mutual Adjustments 174
Conclusion 181
Notes 182
References 184
Chapter 12 INDIAN SOLDIERS AND POLICEMEN IN CHINA IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD 187
Colonial Recruitment and Deployment of Indians in China for Military and Policing Duties 188
China as a Transit Point for Forward Migration 189
The Rise of Militant Nationalism 191
Conclusion 193
Notes 193
References 194
Chapter 13 NEW INDIAN MIGRANTS IN GUANGZHOU AND ITS VICINITY 197
A Surge of Indian Migrants Settling in the Pearl River Delta: The Cities of Guangzhou, Shenzen and Sanshui 198
Basic Classifications and Professions of the Indians in Guangzhou 201
The Living Conditions of Indians in Guangzhou and Their Promotion of Sino-Indian Trade 205
The Perceptions of China by Indians based in Guangzhou and Their Integration with Chinese Society 209
Conclusion 213
Appendix I: Questionnaire on living Conditions of Indians in China 214
Appendix II: Detailed and in-depth questions 215
Notes 216
References 217
Chapter 14 WHO IS A CHINESE-INDIAN? SEARCH FOR THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE CHINESE-INDIANS IN KOLKATA, SIHUI AND TORONTO 219
Introduction 219
Being Chinese-Indian in Kolkata, India 222
Being Chinese-Indian in Sihui, China 225
Being Chinese-Indians in Toronto, Canada 227
Conclusion 228
Notes 230
References 231
Chapter 15 OVERSEAS INDIAN AND CHINESE COMMUNITIES IN FILM: DEFINING IDENTITIES THROUGH POPULAR HINDI FILM AND TRANSNATIONAL CHINESE AND INDIAN FILMS, 1990s ONWARDS 235
The Diasporic Communities and the Films 235
The Indian Diaspora in Popular Hindi Film 236
The Chinese Diaspora in Film 241
Transnational Indian Films 247
Preserving Indian and Chinese Culture Overseas 249
Filmography 251
Notes 254
References 255
Chapter 16 THE “OTHER” NRIs: THE CASE OF LOW-WAGE INDIAN MIGRANTS IN THE GULF 257
Introduction 257
Non-Resident Indians, Remittances and the Indian State 258
Indian Connections with Gulf and Dubai/UAE 259
Indians in the UAE 260
Global Restructuring 261
Structural Violence 262
Indian State Involvement 267
Reliance on Migrant Groups and NGOs 271
Conclusion: Call for Transnationalization of Rights 273
Notes 274
References 278
Postscript SHIFTING WORLDS AND CHANGING IDENTITIES: THE RESHAPING OF THE CHINESE-INDIAN COMMUNITIES IN INDIA AFTER THE 1962 “SINO-INDIAN INCIDENT 281
Ming’s Narrative 284
My Narrative 288
Notes 290
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 291
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi
INDEX 295