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The Deoband Madrassah Movement

The Deoband Madrassah Movement

Muhammad Moj

(2015)

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Abstract

This innovative book analyses the growth of Deobandi Islam, a religious sect whose followers include extremist groups, through the frame of a counterculture in conflict with mainstream Muslim society. Due to its relationship with the Taliban, close links to al-Qaeda, and worldwide reach through the ‘Tablighi Jamaat’ (Proselytization Group), the Deoband Madrassah Movement has come to acquire global significance. In Pakistan, Deobandi schools have increasingly been associated with the rise of an intolerant and militant strain of Islam linked with terrorist activities.


Muhammad Moj is a research fellow at the University of Western Australia. He has served as a civil servant for the government of Pakistan for more than 15 years.


 ‘In this time of strained relations between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as growing polarization among Muslims, reliable information on Islam and the Muslim world becomes of crucial importance. Mohammad Moj’s study of the Deobandis responds to this acute need. His concise but comprehensive book framing the Deobandi Madrassah network as an oppositional discourse and counterculture not only addresses the history and political significance of one of the most influential strands of modern Islamic thinking in South Asia, but also the impact of this movement on media and on the daily lives of Muslims.’—Carool Kersten, King’s College London


‘In this time of strained relations between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as growing polarization among Muslims, reliable information on Islam and the Muslim world becomes of crucial importance. Mohammad Moj’s study of the Deobandis responds to this acute need. His concise but comprehensive book framing the Deobandi Madrassah network as an oppositional discourse and counterculture not only addresses the history and political significance of one of the most influential strands of modern Islamic thinking in South Asia, but also the impact of this movement on media and on the daily lives of Muslims.’— Carool Kersten, King’s College London


In this important study, Muhammad Moj explores the Deobandi sect within Islam and its relationship to Pakistani society in an innovative way. The Deoband Madrassah Movement (DMM) has largely been studied as a political and religious reform movement, but this book interprets it rather as a counterculture, drawing on the counterculture theory of Milton Yinger.

Using analyses of Deobandi journals and interviews with madrassahs and college students, this book comprehends the DMM from a broader perspective to discover the reasons behind its clash with the mainstream society in which it operates.


‘This is an excellent study of how the Deoband madrassah movement has emerged as a countercultural movement in Pakistan. It addresses DMM’s evolution and opposition to the mainstream cultural, educational and political systems of the country. It is a must read.’ — Birol Yesilada, Portland State University


‘This is an excellent study of how the Deoband madrassah movement has emerged as a countercultural movement in Pakistan. It addresses DMM’s evolution and opposition to the mainstream cultural, educational and political systems of the country. It is a must read.’ —Birol Yesilada, Portland State University

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
CONTENTS vii
PREFACE ix
PROLOGUE xi
Organization of the Book xiv
Chapter 1: The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Research Context xiv
Chapter 2: Origin of the DMM: Seeds of a Counterculture xiv
Chapter 3: The DMM in United India: Activist Countercultural Trends xv
Chapter 4: The DMM in Pakistan: Countercultural Politics and Extremism xv
Chapter 5: Deobandi Islam: Countering Folk Islam and Popular Custom xv
Chapter 6: The DMM versus Mainstream Society: Viewpoints of Deobandi Journals and Students xvi
Epilogue xvi
Chapter 1 THE DEOBAND MADRASSAH\r\nMOVEMENT: RESEARCH CONTEXT 1
1.1 Madaris in Islam 1
1.2 A Brief History of the DMM 5
1.3 The DMM and Social Movements 13
1.4 The DMM in a Countercultural Context 19
1.5 Research Methodology and Approach 25
Chapter 2 ORIGIN OF THE DMM: SEEDS OF A COUNTERCULTURE 29
2.1 Shah Waliullah’s Movement 29
2.2 The Link between Waliullah’s Movement and the DMM 43
2.3 The DMM’s Initial Ascetic Approach 45
2.4 The Countercultural Character of the DMM 53
Chapter 3 THE DMM IN UNITED INDIA: ACTIVIST COUNTERCULTURAL TRENDS 61
3.1 The End of the DMM’s Ascetic Approach 63
3.2 The DMM’s Entry into Active Politics 70
3.3 The Countercultural Politics of Deobandi Leadership 75
3.4 Deobandi Opposition to the Pakistan Movement 79
Chapter 4 THE DMM IN PAKISTAN: COUNTERCULTURAL POLITICS AND EXTREMISM 91
4.1 The Evolution of the DMM in Pakistan 91
4.2 The DMM’s Shifting Stances in Politics 98
4.3 The Rise of Extremism in the Deobandi Movement 104
4.4 Countercultural Tendencies in the DMM since 1947 112
Chapter 5 DEOBANDI ISLAM: COUNTERING FOLK ISLAM AND POPULAR CUSTOM 119
5.1 Different Interpretations of Bidah 120
5.2 The DMM and Dominant Beliefs and Practices in Pakistan 123
5.3 The DMM against Folk Islam 127
5.4 Deobandi Opposition to Non-religious Sociocultural Practices 148
Chapter 6 THE DMM VERSUS MAINSTREAM SOCIETY: VIEWPOINTS OF DEOBANDI JOURNALS AND STUDENTS 155
Part One: Review of Deobandi Journals 155
6.1 The DMM versus Popular Customs and Practices 157
6.2 The DMM versus the Mainstream Political System 165
6.3 The DMM versus the Mainstream Educational System 173
6.4 The DMM versus Women’s Role in Society 179
Part Two: Findings of the Interviews 183
6.5 A Comparison of Madrassah and Mainstream Students 185
EPILOGUE 195
The DMM’s Impact on Pakistani Society 197
DMM’s Future in Pakistan 200
Appendix I THE DEOBANDI STANCE VIS-À-VIS MUSLIM GROUPS OTHER THAN THE BARELWIS 203
A. The DMM on Ahle Hadith 203
B. The DMM on Shia Muslims 204
C. The DMM on Jamaat-e-Islami 207
Appendix II COUNTERCULTURAL EXPOSITION OF THE DEOBANDI TALIBAN 209
Appendix III INTERVIEW GUIDE 213
GLOSSARY OF ISLAMIC TERMS 215
REFERENCES 225
INDEX 237