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Sophisticated Interdependence in Climate Policy

Sophisticated Interdependence in Climate Policy

Vivian E. Thomson

(2014)

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Book Details

Abstract

With the US as the world’s most prominent climate change outlaw, international pressure will not impel domestic action. The key to a successful global warming solution lies closer to home: in state–federal relations. Thomson proposes an innovative climate policy framework called “sophisticated interdependence.” This model is based on her lucid analysis of economic and political forces affecting climate change policy in selected US states, as well as on comparative descriptions of programs in Germany and Brazil, two powerful federal democracies whose policies are critical in the global climate change arena.


Since the Kyoto Protocol’s signing in 1997 the United States has been the world’s most prominent climate change outlaw. In the United States, air pollution policymaking starts and ends with the states, whose governmental units implement federal programs.

But we find ourselves in uncharted waters in the United States when it comes to state–federal relations in climate change: many states have developed climate change and renewable energy policies ahead of the national government, and lacking an overarching climate change law, the US Environmental Protection Agency is preparing to employ a little-used part of the Clean Air Act – which revolves around state plans rather than uniform national standards – to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from large stationary sources like power plants.

Taking on these challenges, Thomson proposes a framework for climate change policy in the United States called “sophisticated interdependence” that will help foster the coalition-building so desperately needed in the US climate change arena. This framework rests on a nine-state analysis of state-level economic and political forces in the United States and on comparative descriptions of climate change and renewable energy programs in Germany and Brazil, both strong federal democracies and key players in the global climate change policy arena.


“Packed with climate law and policy insights, this book’s most notable scholarly contribution is in illuminating conditions and motives associated with US state climate activism during periods of federal inaction. Thomson provides rich material for scholars, policymakers, and anyone interested in the policy challenges posed by climate change.” —William W. Buzbee, Professor of Law, Emory University, and author of “Fighting Westway: Environmental Law, Citizen Activism, and the Regulatory War that Transformed New York City”


“In this engaging and carefully researched book, Vivian E. Thomson offers a politically astute roadmap for reducing our dependency on fossil fuels. Even when tackling a global problem like climate change, national and local institutions are as relevant as ever.” —Paul F. Steinberg, Professor of Political Science and Environmental Policy, Malcolm Lewis Chair in Sustainability and Society, Harvey Mudd College


Vivian E. Thomson is an associate professor in the Departments of Environmental Sciences and Politics at the University of Virginia. 


“Through elaborated interconnections and an in-depth view, Thomson provides unique insights, skillfully identifying common ground and pivotal factors to break today’s stalemates in multilateral environmental agreements. Readers, regardless of their political views, will find much to stimulate their thinking in this book.” —Oswaldo Lucon, Professor, University of São Paulo, and Climate Change Adviser, São Paulo State Government

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Sophisticated Interdependence in Climate Policy i
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
TABLES AND FIGURES xiii
Introduction THE WORLD’S MOST PROMINENT CLIMATE CHANGE OUTLAW xv
The National Government Balks and then Arrives Late; The States Step In xix
A Millennial Model for Climate Change Policymaking xxviii
A Road Map for What Follows xxx
Chapter 1 CLIMATE CHANGE CONTRADICTIONS IN THE STATES 1
Nine State Climate and Energy Programs 6
Active states 7
Surprise states 13
Passive states 17
Links between State Policies and Energy Profiles 20
Chapter 2 CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES: FORCES AFFECTING STATE-LEVEL CLIMATE AND ENERGY PROGRAMS 23
Public Salience 26
Political Leadership and Problem Definition 33
Political Context: Political Culture, Legislatures, and Campaign Finance 36
Implications for a State–Federal Partnership 44
Chapter 3 GERMANY: WIR STEHEN FRÜHER AUF (WE WAKE UP EARLIER) 47
Germany’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends 48
Political Consensus and International Pressure 52
Energiekonzept and Energiewende 57
Erneuerbare Energien Sind der Motor Unserer Wirtschaftspolitik (Renewable Energies Are the Motor of Our Economic Policy) 63
Centralized, Interlocking Federalism 69
Chapter 4 BRAZIL: NO MORE COMPLEXO DE VIRA-LATA (MONGREL COMPLEX) 73
Politics, Regionalism, and Energy in Brazil 75
Public Salience of Global Warming and Environmental Issues 81
Deforestation and the National Government’s Climate Plan 82
Greenhouse Gas Policies and Politics in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro 87
Regionalism and Evolving State–National Connections 94
Chapter 5 SOPHISTICATED INTERDEPENDENCE 99
The Surprise Guest at the Greenhouse Gas Policy Table 104
Anticipating Sundry State Reactions 107
Lessons from Germany and Brazil 114
Sophisticated Interdependence in Climate Change Policy 120
NOTES 127
Introduction The World’s Most Prominent Climate Change Outlaw 127
Chapter 1 Climate Change Contradictions in the States 131
Chapter 2 Constraints and Opportunities: Forces Affecting State-Level Climate and Energy Programs 137
Chapter 3 Germany: Wir Stehen Früher Auf (We Wake Up Earlier) 140
Chapter 4 Brazil: No More Complexo de Vira-Lata (Mongrel Complex) 146
Chapter 5 Sophisticated Interdependence 154
BIBLIOGRAPHY 161
INDEX 177